骨料尺寸对混凝土层裂强度的影响

作为混凝土材料的主要组成部分,骨料对混凝土力学性能具有重要影响.但骨料尺寸对混凝土层裂强度的影响仍缺少研究.本文利用大直径Hopkinson杆对混凝土细长杆件进行层裂实验,通过放置在试件后方吸收杆上的波形测量混凝土层裂强度.对两种不同尺寸骨料的混凝土进行了不同冲击速度下的层裂实验研究.实验结果表明,在相同加载条件下,骨...     

混凝土层裂强度测量的新方法

提出了利用Hopkionson压杆测量混凝土层裂强度的新实验方法:用高聚物材料取代传统的金属材料透射杆,混凝土试件为细长杆,由于高聚物波阻抗比混凝土小,试件中压缩波在试件/吸收杆界面反射后形成拉伸波使试件产生层裂破坏,通过吸收杆上透射波形可以确定混凝土层裂强度。由于波在粘弹性材料中的弥散效应,吸收杆中透射波形会发生变化,但三维有限元分析表明,在利用吸收杆上透射波确定混凝土层裂强度时弥散产生的影响可以忽略。按照一维特征线理论,可以由吸收杆上的应变波形确定出混凝土材料的层裂强度。     

脆性材料中应力波衰减规律与层裂实验设计的数值模拟

对混凝土、岩石类脆性材料的层裂实验进行了有限元模拟,研究了应力波在此类材料中传播的衰减规律,包括两类机制:弹性波因大尺寸试样的几何弥散产生的小幅度线性衰减、与应变率相关的黏塑性波因本构关系导致的指数衰减。在此基础上,提出了包含常数项的指数型应力波峰值拟合公式。建议采用可以忽略应力波衰减影响的细长形试样进行层裂实验。混凝土类脆性材料层裂破坏模拟结果显示,有限元模拟得到的层裂片厚度与一维应力波理论得到的结果非常吻合,验证了按一维应力波理论确定层裂强度的实验方法的有效性。通过对比3种不同入射波形下层裂片的形状和净拉应力波形,发现不对称的入射波形状更有利于实验获得平直的层裂断面和较准确的层裂强度。     

混凝土材料的层裂特性

利用Hopkinson压杆作为实验设备,通过试件后面吸收杆上应变波形研究了混凝土材料的层裂特性。不同强度混凝土在不同加载率下的实验结果表明,混凝土层裂强度与其压缩强度以及加载速率有关,给出了层裂强度和压缩强度以及加载率之间关系的经验公式,并指出不同加载速度下混凝土裂纹扩展方式不同是层裂强度率效应的主要原因。加载压缩波损伤的影响、重复加载实验以及多次层裂的顺序都表明,损伤对混凝土的层裂过程有重要影响。     

混凝土一维应力层裂实验的全场DIC分析

基于74mm直径分离式Hopkinson杆(SHPB)实验平台进行了混凝土杆的一维应力层裂实验.采用超高速相机(采样频率:2 $\mu$s/frame)结合数字图像相关法(DIC),记录混凝土试件中的动态位移场实时变化情况,探讨了混凝土在拉伸断裂过程中的表面位移场及速度场演化规律.针对实验中出现的多重层裂现象,基于一维应力波传播理论,指出各个位置在发生层裂时,其最大拉应力均由透射压缩波与反射拉伸波叠加而成,各处层裂发生时均处于一维应力状态.并提出了根据层裂位置左右两点速度趋势变化判断层裂发生时刻的判据.该判据可以给出所有层裂的起裂时间,结合DIC分析直接给出了混凝土多重层裂应变.结果显示混凝土的拉伸强度具有明显的应变率效应,在30 s$^{-1}$的应变率下,其拉伸强度的动态增强因子(DIF)可以达到5.与传统的波叠加法和自由面速度回跳法相比,DIC全场分析法不受加载波形限制,可以精确给出每个层裂的位置和起裂时间,从而得到试件在高应变率加载下不同位置处的断裂应变、拉伸强度及相应应变率,提高了测量效率.      

冲击回波法对混凝土内部损伤检测的试验研究

通过预加荷载给混凝土试件内部引入一定程度的损伤,分别测量了损伤前后试件内部弹性波的传播速度以及抗压强度,探讨了弹性波波速的降低程度与抗压强度劣化之间的关系。研究表明:在MEM卓越周期图中,主要峰值数量增加和底部边界面反射信号周期加长可作为判别损伤产生的依据;弹性波波速与混凝土内部的损伤程度具有很好的相关性,混凝土损伤程度越大,波速降低值越大;弹性波波速降低程度与抗压强度劣化之间具有线性相关性。根据试验数据拟合出了线性方程。说明采用冲击回波法对混凝土内部损伤程度检测是可行的,在混凝土结构的可靠性与安全性分析方面具有广阔的应用前景。     

Specimen Size and Strain Rate Effects on the Compressive Behavior of Concrete

Three high-performance concrete (HPC) materials with different specimen geometries were characterized using Kolsky compression bar techniques to study the strain rate and specimen size effects on their uniaxial compressive strength. A large-diameter Kolsky bar and recently established annular pulse shaping technique were used to achieve dynamic stress equilibrium and constant strain-rate deformation in the experiments. A complimentary effort was conducted using a 19-mm-diameter Kolsky compression bar to understand the strain rate and specimen size effects on failure strength and dynamic increase factor (DIF) for concrete. It was found that, for all three concrete materials investigated, the failure strength is highly dependent on the specimen geometry, however such a relationship is not apparent for the DIF. The DIF observed in this study shows significantly lower values compared to historical data, which may indicate the importance of well-controlled dynamic testing conditions on the accuracy and validity of experimental results for concrete materials.     

球(柱)孔扩张问题的扩孔压力与扩孔半径分析

为研究无黏性土中沉桩扩孔和静力触探试验等岩土工程问题,采用Tresca准则对球(柱)孔扩张问题的扩孔压力和扩孔半径关系进行理论分析。以圆孔扩张理论为基础,利用弹塑性交界面处的边界条件建立平衡方程,推导出球(柱)孔扩张问题中塑性区半径rp与扩孔压力p和扩孔半径a的关系,并结合孔周土体体积变化规律,得到了初始半径a0、扩孔半径a和对应的扩孔压力p三者之间的理论关系;同时为判断孔周围土体是否进入弹塑性状态,确立了可由扩孔半径a判定的公式。此外,基于上述理论公式推导出了不排水条件下球(柱)孔扩张的应力场、位移场和扩孔压力极限值pu。分析结果表明:同一初始状态下,扩孔压力p随初始半径a0与扩孔半径a的比值而变化;且塑性区半径rp仅与扩孔半径a的变化有关;当扩孔半径a大于某一定值时孔周土体进入弹塑性状态。最后通过算例分析,对球(柱)孔扩张中应力场和位移场分布、塑性区半径、扩孔压力以及扩孔压力极限值的变化规律进行了分析。     

混凝土冲击破坏动态力学及能量特性分析

动强度和能量耗散规律是研究混凝土动力特性的主要内容。为探究混凝土在冲击荷载作用下的动态力学、变形以及能量演化特征,利用直径为100 mm的霍普金森杆装置对骨料率为0、32%、37%和42%的混凝土试样,分别进行了冲击速度为5、6、7 m/s的冲击压缩试验。探讨了冲击速度和骨料率对试样变形、动强度以及分形维数的影响,建立了动强度关于冲击速度和骨料率的表达式,并对试样吸收能和裂纹表面能之间的关系进行了对比分析。结果表明:混凝土试样破坏时出现了变形滞后现象,破坏形式主要以劈裂拉伸破坏为主;动强度随冲击速度、骨料率的增大而增大,用所建动强度公式可以较好地预估混凝土动强度;混凝土破坏碎块分形维数、吸收能和裂纹表面能均随冲击速度的增大而增大,随骨料率的增大而减小,且吸收能始终高于裂纹表面能,当骨料率为37%时,吸收能转化率最高,约91%转化为裂纹表面能。     

Deformation rate effects on failure modes of open-cell Al foams and textile cellular materials

The compressive behavior of open-cell aluminum alloy foam and stainless steel woven textile core materials have been investigated at three different deformation rate regimes. Quasi-static compressive tests were performed using a miniature loading frame, intermediate rates were achieved using a stored energy Kolsky bar, and high strain rate tests were performed using a light gas gun.In agreement with previous studies on foam materials, the strain rate was not found to have a significant effect on the plateau stress of metallic foams. For all the tests, real time imaging of the specimen combined with digital image correlation analysis allowed the determination of local deformation fields and failure modes. For the Kolsky bar tests, the deformations in the foam specimen were found to be more distributed than for the quasi-static test, which is attributed to moderate inertia effects. The differences in failure mode are more dramatic for the gas gun experiments, where a full compaction shock wave is generated at the impact surface. The stresses in front and behind the shock wave front were determined by means of direct and reverse gas gun impact tests, i.e., stationary and launched specimen, respectively. A one-dimensional shock wave model based on an idealized foam behavior is employed to gain insight into the stress history measurements. We show that the predictions of the model are consistent with the experimental observations. Woven textile materials exhibited moderate dependence of strength on the deformation rate in comparison with open-cell foam materials.     

钢纤维混凝土的层裂特征

利用大直径Hopkinson压杆作为实验设备,通过试件后面的吸收杆应变波形分析了钢纤维增强混凝土的层裂特征。实验结果表明,钢纤维混凝土的层裂强度与钢纤维含量、混凝土压缩强度以及加载速率有关,并给出了经验公式。和素混凝土相比,钢纤维混凝土具有更高的层裂强度和更好的阻止损伤演化和裂纹扩展的能力。高速摄影结果表明,钢纤维混凝土层裂时,层裂段的飞离是由于陷在层裂段中应力波的动量效应,而且在层裂段中不易出现再次层裂的现象。这些现象和相同加载条件下素混凝土的层裂破坏有明显差别,说明钢纤维可以很好地提高混凝土抗层裂能力,其结论对相关的数值模拟和防护工程设计有重要意义。     

基于SHPB的UHPC冲击试验径向惯性效应分析

为探讨UHPC试件惯性效应对SHPB加载过程的影响,采用大型有限元分析软件LS-DYNA从试件直径、长径比以及恒应变率加载等角度出发,开展了相应的数值模拟与分析。通过对软件中Karagozian-Case-Concrete (KCC)损伤模型参数取值进行优化,建立了基于SHPB技术的UHPC材料冲击压缩数值模型并与试验验证。在此基础上,开展不同UHPC试件直径、长径比以及有无整形器下的参数分析,探讨其对SHPB试验中径向惯性效应的影响。结果表明:(1)为实现加载过程中一维应力传播和UHPC试件应力平衡,试件直径建议按0.90～0.95倍杆件直径取值;(2) UHPC试件长径比对试件加载过程中的应力平衡影响较小,但综合试件中钢纤维分布均匀性以及破坏前一维应力传播,建议按0.35～0.45取值;(3)实现恒应变率加载是UHPC材料在SHPB冲击试验中消除径向惯性效应的重要前提。     

An Experimental Method to Determine the Tensile Strength of Concrete at High Rates of Strain

In the present work, dynamic tensile strength of concrete is experimentally investigated by means of spalling tests. Based on extensive numerical simulations, the paper presents several advances to improve the processing of spalling tests. The striker is designed to get a more uniform tensile stress field in the specimen. Three methods proposed in the literature to deduce the dynamic strength of the specimen are discussed as well as the use of strain gauges and a laser extensometer. The experimental method is applied to process data of several tests performed on wet micro-concrete at strain rates varying from 30 to 150/s. A significant increase of the dynamic tensile strength with strain-rate is observed and compared with data of the literature. In addition, post-mortem studies of specimens are carried to improve the analysis of damage during spalling tests.     

A New Testing Method to Investigate the Compacting Behaviour of Fresh Concretes Under Impact Loading

This paper presents a new instrumented Proctor test using a Hopkinson bar which allows for the original measurement of forces and velocities during the impact loading on soft fresh concrete samples. For this purpose, the specific points of using low impedance Nylon bar as well as the two-point measurement method to recover coupled waves are discussed. The whole test consists of successive impacts of low velocity (less than 3 m/s) exerted on the compressible specimen of a fresh concrete. The proposed original measurement allows for a quantitative comparison of the behaviour of the fresh concrete submitted to quasi-static and impact compaction. It shows that impact compaction is more efficient than quasi-static case. However, the increase of the impact velocity seems to reduce the efficiency. There exists probably an optimal loading path. The further understanding of the behaviour of fresh concrete under low velocity impact should be an interesting way to improve the industrial compacting process.     

直撞式霍普金森压杆二次加载技术

利用传统分离式霍普金森压杆（split Hopkinson pressure bar, SHPB）实验技术来实现试件在较低应变率下的大变形时,需要使用超长的压杆系统,杆件的加工和实验空间限制了该技术的推广应用。鉴于此,提出一种直撞式霍普金森压杆二次加载实验技术,利用透射杆中的应力波在其末端的准刚性壁反射实现对试件的二次加载,并分析了准刚性质量块尺寸对二次加载的影响规律;采用二点波分离方法对叠加的应力波进行了有效分离和计算,在总长4 m的压杆系统中实现了1.2 ms的长历时加载,并可以准确获得试件的加载应变率曲线和应力应变关系。建立了直撞式霍普金森压杆二次加载有限元模型,数值仿真结果表明,该实验技术能有效地实现试件的二次加载,与超长SHPB系统获得的仿真结果相比较,两者的试件应力应变关系完全一致。利用该技术对1100铝合金材料进行动态压缩实验,实现了其在102 s?1量级应变率下的大变形动态力学性能测试。     

内爆和柱壳条件下无氧铜的层裂特性

利用任意反射面位移干涉系统(DISAR)激光测速技术,成功地获得了滑移内爆加载和柱壳结构条件下无氧铜的内表面（自由面）速度剖面,并对其层裂特性进行了初步分析。结果表明:(1)在固定炸药和改变无氧铜圆管壁厚条件下,层裂片厚度随着圆管壁厚h的减小而增加;以圆管壁厚h为参照进行归一化,则相对层裂片厚度(/h)随相对装药厚度(he/h)的增大而增加,这种规律与以往对20钢的研究结果一致,但圆管发生层裂的临界条件,却显示出明显的材料相关性。(2)初步来看,无氧铜的层裂强度对结构的依赖性不明显,而与加载脉冲的幅值和宽度相关。(3)受无氧铜粘性和Taylor波衰减的影响,无氧铜的层裂强度随管壁厚度的增加而略有降低;同时,材料分散性也对此有一定影响。     

盐腐蚀后混凝土的动态本构模型

为探究混凝土受盐腐蚀后的动态力学响应,配置了粉煤灰质量分数为15%的普通硅酸盐水泥混凝土,将其置于质量分数均为15%的NaCl和Na₂SO₄溶液中浸泡腐蚀60 d后,利用?100 mm分离式霍普金森压杆实验装置,测试其受腐蚀后的动态力学性能,并结合宏观唯象损伤统计理论和Weibull分布思想,建立了混凝土受盐腐蚀后的动态统计损伤本构模型。结果表明:受盐腐蚀后,混凝土试件的动态抗压强度均有不同程度的下降,且NaCl溶液腐蚀试件的降幅大于Na₂SO₄溶液腐蚀试件;模型曲线与实验曲线的拟合度较高,能够较准确地描述混凝土在冲击荷载作用下的动态力学响应规律。     

一种新的高应变率复合压剪实验技术

提出了一种新的基于Hopkinson杆实验技术的在102~103s-1高应变率下实现压剪复合加载的实验装置,并给出了相应的理论分析和数值模拟。为了获取材料在复杂应力下的本构关系,借助斜飞片冲击实验的思想,对Hopkinson杆进行改造,将入射杆的末端改进为截锥形,以便在试样中同时产生压缩和剪切应力。利用有限元分析软件LS-DYNA对试样中的应力波传播进行模拟计算,并利用改进装置进行了初步实验。计算和分析结果表明,利用所设计的装置可以实现对试样的动态压剪复合加载,获得材料在高应变率复杂应力加载下的本构响应,进而建立材料在复杂应力状态下本构行为的描述。     

High-rate Characterization of 304L Stainless Steel at Elevated Temperatures for Recrystallization Investigation

An integrated experimental technique was developed for high-rate mechanical characterization of 304L stainless steel at elevated temperatures by using a modified split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB). A sandwich structure consisting of two platens and the specimen in between was heated before mechanical loading while the bars were maintained at room temperature to eliminate the temperature gradient effect on the wave propagation in the bars. Upon contacting the cold bars, temperature gradients form in the platens, leaving the temperature in specimen constant and uniform. Pulse shaping techniques were employed to maintain constant strain-rate deformation and dynamic stress equilibrium in the specimen. Dynamic compressive stress-strain curves at elevated temperatures for the 304L stainless steel were obtained. To relate recrystallization to impact loading, a momentum trapping system was employed to apply a single loading on the specimen during one dynamic experiment. We also controlled the quenching time to study its effect on recrystallization.