Projectively simple rings

An infinite-dimensional N-graded k-algebra A is called projectively simple if dim_kA/I<∞ for every nonzero two-sided ideal I⊂A. We show that if a projectively simple ring A is strongly noetherian, is generated in degree 1, and has a point module, then A is equal in large degree to a twisted homogeneous coordinate ring B=B(X,L,σ). Here X is a smooth projective variety, σ is an automorphism of X with no proper σ-invariant subvariety (we call such automorphisms wild), and L is a σ-ample line bundle. We conjecture that if X admits a wild automorphism then every irreducible component of X is an abelian variety. We prove several results in support of this conjecture; in particular, we show that the conjecture is true if . In the case where X is an abelian variety, we describe all wild automorphisms of X . Finally, we show that if A is projectively simple and admits a balanced dualizing complex, then is Cohen-Macaulay and Gorenstein.     

2-Local automorphisms of operator algebras

A not necessarily continuous, linear or multiplicative function θ from an algebra A into itself is called a 2-local automorphism if θ agrees with an automorphism of A at each pair of points in A. In this paper, we study when a 2-local automorphism of a C^∗-algebra, or a standard operator algebra on a locally convex space, is an automorphism.     

Controllable Subsets in Graphs

Let X be a graph on ?? vertices with adjacency matrix A, and let S be a subset of its vertices with characteristic vector z. We say that the pair (X, S) is controllable if the vectors A ^r z for r =? 1, . . . , ?? ? 1 span ${\mathbb{R}^{\nu}}$ . Our concern is chiefly with the cases where S =?V(X), or S is a single vertex. In this paper we develop the basic theory of controllable pairs. We will see that if (X, S) is controllable then the only automorphism of X that fixes S as a set is the identity. If (X, S) is controllable for some subset S then the eigenvalues of A are all simple.     

Bass-Tits minimization of automata, quotients of trees and diameters

Let X be a tree and let G=Aut(X), Bass and Tits have given an algorithm to construct the ‘ultimate quotient’ of X by G starting with any quotient of X, an ‘edge-indexed’ graph. Using a sequence of integers that we compute at consecutive steps of the Bass-Tits (BT) algorithm, we give a lower bound on the diameter of the ultimate quotient of a tree by its automorphism group. For a tree X with finite quotient, this gives a lower bound on the minimum number of generators of a uniform X-lattice whose quotient graph coincides with G?X. This also gives a criterion to determine if the ultimate quotient of a tree is infinite. We construct an edge-indexed graph (A,i) for a deterministic finite state automaton and show that the BT algorithm for computing the ultimate quotient of (A,i) coincides with state minimizing algorithm for finite state automata. We obtain a lower bound on the minimum number of states of the minimized automaton. This gives a new proof that language for the word problem in a finitely generated group is regular if and only if the group is finite, and a new proof that the language of the membership problem for a subgroup is regular if and only if the subgroup has finite index.     

An entropy-theoretic proof of the Sucheston zero-one law

The purpose of this note is to provide a new proof to the following reformulation of the Sucheston zero-one law: An automorphism T of a Lebesgue space X is mixing if and only if, for every subsequence A of the sequence of natural numbers and every partition α of X having finite entropy, there exists a subsequence B = {b(j)} of A such that Λ_{r = 1}^∞ V_{j = r}^∞T^b(j)(α) is the trivial partition.     

SPECIAL AUTOMORPHISMS WITH CONTINUOUS SPECTRUM

Abstract

In this paper conditions are given for the primitive automorphism of a cyclic KS approximation to have continuous spectrum. If T: X → X admits a cyclic KS approximation with speed o(1/n) it is then shown that for a dense set of measurable sets A € 𝔉, T^A: X^A → X^A is weakly mixing, i.e. has continuous spectrum. In particular it is shown that if T_α is an irrational rotation on the unit circle there exists an uncountable dense set of measurable sets for which (T^α)^A has continuous spectrum.     

Oriented cohomology and motivic decompositions of relative cellular spaces

For an oriented cohomology theory A and a relative cellular space X, we decompose the A-motive of X into a direct sum of twisted motives of the base spaces. We also obtain respective decompositions of the A-cohomology of X. Applying them, one can compute A(X), where X is an isotropic projective homogeneous variety and A means algebraic K-theory, motivic cohomology or algebraic cobordism MGL.     

Answers to two questions posed by Farhi concerning additive bases

Let A be an asymptotic basis for N and X a finite subset of A such that A?X is still an asymptotic basis. Farhi recently proved a new batch of upper bounds for the order of A?X in terms of the order of A and a variety of parameters related to the set X. He posed two questions concerning possible improvements to his bounds. In this note, we answer both questions.     

On theta characteristics of a compact Riemann surface

Let σ be a nontrivial automorphism of a compact connected Riemann surface X of genus at least two. Assume that σ fixes each of the theta characteristics of X. We prove that X is hyperelliptic, and σ is the unique hyperelliptic involution of X.     

Cayley graphs on abelian groups

Let A be an abelian group and let ι be the automorphism of A defined by: ι: a ? a^?1. A Cayley graph Γ = Cay(A,S) is said to have an automorphism group as small as possible if Aut(Γ)=A?<ι>. In this paper, we show that almost all Cayley graphs on abelian groups have automorphism group as small as possible, proving a conjecture of Babai and Godsil.     

Realizing modules over the homology of a DGA

Let A be a DGA over a field and X a module over H_∗(A). Fix an A_∞-structure on H_∗(A) making it quasi-isomorphic to A. We construct an equivalence of categories between A_n+1-module structures on X and length n Postnikov systems in the derived category of A-modules based on the bar resolution of X. This implies that quasi-isomorphism classes of A_n-structures on X are in bijective correspondence with weak equivalence classes of rigidifications of the first n terms of the bar resolution of X to a complex of A-modules. The above equivalences of categories are compatible for different values of n. This implies that two obstruction theories for realizing X as the homology of an A-module coincide.     

Maps preserving the nilpotency of products of operators

Let B(X) be the algebra of all bounded linear operators on the Banach space X, and let N(X) be the set of nilpotent operators in B(X). Suppose ?:B(X)→B(X) is a surjective map such that A,B∈B(X) satisfy AB∈N(X) if and only if ?(A)?(B)∈N(X). If X is infinite dimensional, then there exists a map f:B(X)→C?{0} such that one of the following holds:

(a)

There is a bijective bounded linear or conjugate-linear operator S:X→X such that ? has the form A?S[f(A)A]S^-1.

(b)

The space X is reflexive, and there exists a bijective bounded linear or conjugate-linear operator S : X′ → X such that ? has the form A ? S[f(A)A′]S⁻¹.

If X has dimension n with 3 ? n < ∞, and B(X) is identified with the algebra M_n of n × n complex matrices, then there exist a map f:M_n→C?{0}, a field automorphism ξ:C→C, and an invertible S ∈ M_n such that ? has one of the following forms:

     

On the generalization of a retrocirculant

We study the properties of matrices of the form P(σ)A where σ is induced by an automorphism of an abelian group G and A is a group matrix. P(σ)A is a generalization of a retrocirculant. We also determine the eigenvalues of P(σ)A.     

Making holes in hyperspaces

Let X be a metric continuum and C(X) the hyperspace of all nonempty subcontinua of X. Let A∈C(X), A is said to make a hole in C(X), if C(X)−{A} is not unicoherent. In this paper we study the following problem.Problem: For which A∈C(X), A makes a hole in C(X).In this paper we present some partial solutions to this problem in the following cases: (1) A is a free arc; (2) A is a one-point set; (3) A is a free simple closed curve; (4) A=X.     

Relative ranks of Lipschitz mappings on countable discrete metric spaces

Let X be a countable discrete metric space and let XX denote the family of all functions on X. In this article, we consider the problem of finding the least cardinality of a subset A of XX such that every element of XX is a finite composition of elements of A and Lipschitz functions on X. It follows from a classical theorem of Sierpiński that such an A either has size at most 2 or is uncountable.We show that if X contains a Cauchy sequence or a sufficiently separated, in some sense, subspace, then |A|≤1. On the other hand, we give several results relating |A| to the cardinal d; defined as the minimum cardinality of a dominating family for NN. In particular, we give a condition on the metric of X under which |A|≥d holds and a further condition that implies |A|≤d. Examples satisfying both of these conditions include all subsets of Nk and the sequence of partial sums of the harmonic series with the usual euclidean metric.To conclude, we show that if X is any countable discrete subset of the real numbers R with the usual euclidean metric, then |A|=1 or almost always, in the sense of Baire category, |A|=d.     

Approximately spectrum-preserving maps

Let X and Y be superreflexive complex Banach spaces and let B(X) and B(Y) be the Banach algebras of all bounded linear operators on X and Y, respectively. If a bijective linear map Φ:B(X)→B(Y) almost preserves the spectra, then it is almost multiplicative or anti-multiplicative. Furthermore, in the case where X=Y is a separable complex Hilbert space, such a map is a small perturbation of an automorphism or an anti-automorphism.     

On derivable mappings

A linear mapping δ from an algebra A into an A-bimodule M is called derivable at c∈A if δ(a)b+aδ(b)=δ(c) for all a,b∈A with ab=c. For a norm-closed unital subalgebra A of operators on a Banach space X, we show that if C∈A has a right inverse in B(X) and the linear span of the range of rank-one operators in A is dense in X then the only derivable mappings at C from A into B(X) are derivations; in particular the result holds for all completely distributive subspace lattice algebras, J-subspace lattice algebras, and norm-closed unital standard algebras of B(X). As an application, every Jordan derivation from such an algebra into B(X) is a derivation. For a large class of reflexive algebras A on a Banach space X, we show that inner derivations from A into B(X) can be characterized by boundedness and derivability at any fixed C∈A, provided C has a right inverse in B(X). We also show that if A is a canonical subalgebra of an AF C^∗-algebra B and M is a unital Banach A-bimodule, then every bounded local derivation from A into M is a derivation; moreover, every bounded linear mapping from A into B that is derivable at the unit I is a derivation.     

Upper bounds for the order of an additive basis obtained by removing a finite subset of a given basis

Let A be an additive basis of order h and X be a finite nonempty subset of A such that the set A?X is still a basis. In this article, we give several upper bounds for the order of A?X in function of the order h of A and some parameters related to X and A. If the parameter in question is the cardinality of X, Nathanson and Nash already obtained some of such upper bounds, which can be seen as polynomials in h with degree (|X|+1). Here, by taking instead of the cardinality of X the parameter defined by , we show that the order of A?X is bounded above by . As a consequence, we deduce that if X is an arithmetic progression of length ?3, then the upper bounds of Nathanson and Nash are considerably improved. Further, by considering more complex parameters related to both X and A, we get upper bounds which are polynomials in h with degree only 2.     

Rings of differential operators on curves

Let k be an algebraically closed field of characteristic 0 and let A be a finitely generated k-algebra that is a domain whose Gelfand-Kirillov dimension is in [2, 3). We show that if A has a nonzero locally nilpotent derivation then A has quadratic growth. In addition to this, we show that A either satisfies a polynomial identity or A is isomorphic to a subalgebra of D(X), the ring of differential operators on an irreducible smooth affine curve X, and A is birationally isomorphic to D(X).