Coulomb corrections to Delbrück scattering

The emission of high-energy-rays in the deexcitation of hot⁴⁰Ca and³⁹K nuclei formed in heavy-ion fusion reactions at excitation energyE _x 90 MeV has been studied. The high energy-rays were measured in coincidence with evaporation residues or light charged particles. The spectrum from the self-conjugated compound nucleus⁴⁰Ca shows an appreciable yield suppression in the Giant Dipole Resonance (GDR) energy region with respect to the³⁹K, due to isospin selection rules in the dipole-decay. The spectral line shapes of the spectra are well reproduced by using a statistical code which treats explicitly the isospin quantum number in evaluating level densities and transmission coefficients. The GDR parameters determined from the present coincidence measurements are in good agreement with the systematic in theA 40 mass region at lower bombarding energy based on the analysis of inclusive spectra.We thank M. Caldogno for technical support in the development of evaporation residues detectors. We acknowledge the participation of M. Anghinolfi, P. Corvisiero, M. Taiuti and A. Zucchiatti in the early stages of this work. Thanks are due to M. Kicinska-Habior for providing the isospin-dependent code. Discussions with B. Fornal are also gratefully acknowledged.     

Pre-equilibrium γ-ray emission in dissipative heavy-ion collisions

-rays are measured in coincidence with the dissipative complex fragments from the³⁵Cl +⁶⁴Ni reaction at 7.7 A MeV. Theoretical -ray coincidence spectra are determined through a fitting procedure using the contribution of the excited fragment statistical -decay calculated by means of the CASCADE code. Whereas the expected statistical spectra fit very well the data in the energy regionE =2 to 8 MeV, above this energy another emission mechanism in addition to the statistical decay has to be considered in order to reproduce the experimental spectra. Simulations based on the Vlasov equation suggest that this emission could come from the decay of dipole strength excited in the intermediate dinuclear system.The authors are greatly indebted with A. Boiano, A. Buccheri, M. Cipriano, F. Pagano and R. Rocco for their assistance during the set up of the experimental apparatus. Dr. J. Girard and the technical staff of the CEA/DAPNIA-DPhN are acknowledged for the valuable operation of the accelerator.     

Production of fast evaporation residues by the reaction20Ne+208Pb at projectile energies of 8.6, 11.4 and 14.9 A.MeV

Velocity distributions and production cross sections of evaporation residues have been measured in the reaction²⁰Ne+²⁰⁸Pb at projectile energies of 8.6, 11.4, 14.9 A.MeV. Essential deviations from statistical model of deexcitation have been observed. Monte Carlo simulations involving emission of non-equilibrium particles have been used in order to reproduce experimental velocity, charge and mass distributions of evaporation residues and to estimate indirectly multiplicities of pre-equilibrium particles. Communicated by V. Metag     

Maximum excitation energy in fusion-evaporation reactions from light particle multiplicity measurements in32S+58Ni at 25 MeV/A

By using two 4 detector systems for charged particles and neutrons, we measured the evaporated light particles emitted in coincidence with evaporation residues (ER) produced in the reaction³²S+⁵⁸Ni atE(³²S) 820 MeV. From the analysis of the light particle multiplicities as a function of the ER velocity, we extracted the maximum excitation energy reached in fusion evaporation reactions for the studied system.Supported by the European Community Programme Human Capital and Mobility     

Complete and incomplete fusion in12C+93Nb and16O+89Y reactions

Excitation functions for the evaporation residues for the reactions¹²C+⁹³Nb and¹⁶O+⁸⁹Y in the projectile energy range of 4 to 6.5 MeV/amu have been measured using off-line gamma spectrometry. The excitation functions for neutron(xn), proton(pxn) and one alpha(xn) emission channels are practically similar for both the reactions. However the products formed by two alpha(2xn) emission show much higher cross sections in the¹²C+⁹³Nb than the¹⁶O+⁸⁹Y system. This has been explained in terms of the incomplete fusion process involving transfer of an alpha particle from the projectile to the target in the former case.Authors thank Shri D.C. Ephraim for making the rolled metal foils and the operation crew of PELLETRON facility for their help in carrying out the irradiations. Authors are grateful to Dr. P.R. Natarajan, Head Radiochemistry Division for his keen interest in this work.     

A complete ridge-line potential for complex fragment emission

Cross sections were measured for fragments (4<><27) from=" the=" 5.0,6.2,6.9,8.0,10.2=" and=" 12.7=">⁶³Cu+¹²C reactions. Excitation functions were constructed for each Z value, and a nearly complete set of mass-asymmetric barriers has been obtained for⁷⁵Br. There is excellent agreement between the experimentally determined barriers and the finite-range model calculations, while there is strong disagreement with the liquid-drop model calculations.This work was supported by the Director, Office of the Energy Research, Office of High Energy and Nuclear Physics, Division of Nuclear Physics, of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC03SF00098.     

Transverse energy distributions in participant number model for ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions

The transverse energy distribution in ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions has been obtained as a convolution over the number of projectile and target participants. The latter is computed using the geometrical overlap model as a function of impact parameter. The data from 10 A GeV to 200 A GeV heavy ion beams on various targets in different pseudo-rapidity domains have been successfully described.     

Light charged particle decay in the reaction7Li+16O

Angular distributions and excitation functions for the emission of a large number of proton, deuteron, triton, and-particle groups in⁷Li+¹⁶O reactions have been measured in the vicinity of the Coulomb barrier. Within the framework of the statistical reaction model, two approaches are presented that can reproduce the only weakly anisotropic shape of the angular distributions and the absolute cross section for those groups of ejectiles where contributions from direct reaction modes are small. When a standard Woods-Saxon potential deduced from elastic scattering is used, the entrance channel angular momentum distribution must be limited to values below critical angular momental _cr which are smaller than the grazing angular momental _gr if fusion is to be described. A global proximity potential with a parameter set that has been adjusted to reproduce the fusion reactions of a variety of p- and sd-shell nuclei yields very similar results when applied to⁷Li+¹⁶O. The proximity potential effectively introduces a similar angular-momentum limitation. This analysis proves the existence of a fusion cross section limitation and the importance of strong direct reaction modes (transfer and possibly inelastic processes) in⁷Li+¹⁶O reactions at energies close to and even below the Coulomb barrier. Another aspect of⁷Li+¹⁶O is addressed briefly. The resonance-like structure observed in the heavy-ion radiative capture reaction⁷Li(¹⁶O, ₀₊₁)²³Na atE _x (²³Na)=25.4 MeV is not observed in the particle decay channels investigated in the present work.The authors would like to acknowledge the help received from B. Bellenberg, B. Dechant, H. Hemmert, T. Krischak, E. Kuhlmann, H. Putsch, and C. Scholz during the experiments.     

Few-neutron removal from238U at relativistic energies

As part of a comprehensive study of uranium fragmentation at relativistic energies at the GSI projectile fragment separator, FRS, inclusive neutron-removal cross sections have been measured for severalxn channels at projectile energies of 600 and 950A MeV using targets of Al, Cu and Pb. The variation of the experimental cross sections with target nuclear charge is used to disentangle nuclear and electromagnetic contributions. The electromagnetic cross sections agree surprisingly well with a simple harmonic oscillator calculation of giant dipole resonances based on measured photonuclear cross sections and do not require an extra enhancement of the two-phonon giant dipole excitation as concluded from similar measurements with¹⁹⁷Au.     

Entrance channel effects on preequilibrium emission and incomplete fusion in Promptly Emitted Particle model

In intermediate energy heavy ion collision prompt particles emitted in the early stages of the reaction affect the properties of the incompletely fused composite. We have studied the entrance channel effects on preequilibrium proton emission and various observables, like temperature, residual velocity, and linear momentum transfer of the incompletely fused residue, in the framework of Promptly Emitted Particle (PEP) model. The calculated preequilibrium proton energy spectra for Oxygen and Sulphur induced reactions on various targets have been confronted with the respective experimental data and the agreement between the two has been found to be quite satisfactory. Proton multiplicity has been found to decrease/increase with the increase in target/projectile mass. Residual velocity and linear momentum transfer have been found to have weak dependance on target mass. With the increase in incident energy, the calculation predicts a tendency towards limiting the temperature of the residue for all the target masses. The limiting temperature has been found to decrease with increase in the mass of the residue which is in accordance with the experimental observations.One of the authors (S.D) is thankful to R. Auble and his collaborators at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, for providing the experimental data. The authors would also like to thank Dr. S.K. Basu for his help in running the code PACE2.     

Total decay-energy measurement in the fusion reactions90Zr(89Y,p)178Pt and90Zr(89Y, α)175Ir

In the fusion reactions⁹⁰Zr(⁸⁹Y,p)¹⁷⁸Pt and⁹⁰Zr(⁸⁹Y,)¹⁷⁵Ir the sum energy of all emitted rays as well as the energy of the promptly emitted charged particle were measured. From these data the mass-excess values for the evaporation residues¹⁷⁸Pt and¹⁷⁵Ir were extracted to be(¹⁷⁸Pt)=(–32.4±1.1)MeV/c² and(¹⁷⁵Ir)=(–32.0±1.2) MeV/c². The method provides absolute mass values for nuclides far from stability which can be produced in fusion reactions as evaporation residues in the 1p or 1 channel. The sources of the experimental uncertainties of the method are discussed, and the potential for considerable improvements is outlined.Dedicated to P. Armbruster on the occasion of his 60th birthday     

Study of superdeformed bands in nuclei withA ∼ 150 by heavy-ion-γ coincidences

Superdeformed (SD) bands in¹⁵²Dy,¹⁵¹Dy and¹⁵¹Tb have been populated via the 5n, 6n and 5np evaporation channels, respectively, with the³³S+¹²⁴Sn reaction at 160 and 170 MeV bombarding energies. Population intensities are in good agreement with existing data for SD bands in^{151, 152}Dy and SD yrast band in¹⁵¹Tb. The excited twin SD band in¹⁵¹Tb with the same-transitions as the band in¹⁵²Dy is populated about 5 times more strongly than by the 6n evaporation channel. This might be explained in terms of competition between proton and emission out of an intermediate, excited superdeformed configuration of¹⁵²Dy.Dedicated to Prof. Dr. P. Kienle on the occasion of his 60th birthday     

Momentum distributions of projectile fragments produced in the cold and hot fragmentation of relativistic136Xe and197Au projectiles

The longitudinal-momentum distributions of projectile fragments from 0.8 A GeV¹³⁶Xe and 1 A GeV¹⁹⁷Au projectiles impinging on targets of beryllium and aluminium, respectively, have been measured using the projectile-fragment separator FRS at GSI. Different momentum distributions have been found for two different classes of fragmentation processes: the abundant hot fragmentation with several nucleons evaporated from the prefragments, and the rare cold fragmentation with only protons removed from the projectile, but no nucleons evaporated. The data are compared to model calculations.This article comprises part of the Ph.D. thesis of B. Voss     

Search for high energy γ-rays emission in28Si,32S+64Ni dissipative reactions at about 5 MeV/amu incident energy

Photons emitted in the²⁸ Si+⁶⁴ Ni and³² S+⁶⁴ Ni reactions at 143 MeV and 156 MeV incident energy respectively, have been detected in coincidence with the ejected charged fragments. An array of 48 BaF₂ -rays detector and 6 solid state silicon detector telescopes have been used. Photon energy spectra measured in the energy range from 2 to 20 MeV in coincidence with ejectiles coming from deep inelastic reactions, are consistent with statistical emission from the reaction products.Thanks are due to Dr.T.Noorman for the suggestions in the statistical calculations and to Mr.C.Marchetta for the preparation of high quality targets.     

Pion-source geometry deduced from soft-pion interferometry in heavy-ion collisions at 650 A MeV

We report transverse,R _T , and longitudinal,R _L , source sizes extracted from two-pion interferometry analysis in the Au+Au and Nb + Nb interactions at 650 A MeV. For the Nb+Nb interactions, both,R _T andR _L , do not exceed the niobium nucleus radius. In the case of Au+Au collisions, the transverse size is larger than the longitudinal one being about 12 fm for the selection ofP ⁺ < 120=" mev/c.=" we=" also=" corroborate=" the=" existence=" of=" the=" previously=" reported=" specific=" three-pion=">One of us (T.S.) wishes to thank Professor M.I. Podgoretsky and Professor R.M. Weiner for interesting discussions and comments. We also wish to acknowledge remarks of Dr. B. Lörstad.     

Investigation of the fusion of heavy nearly symmetric systems

Excitation functions in the vicinity of the Coulomb barrier have been measured for the formation of evaporation residues in¹⁰⁰Mo-induced fusion reactions with^{90, 92, 96}Zr,^{92, 96, 98, 100}Mo,¹⁰⁴Ru and¹¹⁰Pd as well as for the system⁹⁶Zr+⁹⁶Zr. From these data the fusion probability in central collisions was extracted covering a range of 4 orders of magnitude. At the fusion barriers expected from systematics we find that the fusion probability is suppressed by one to three orders of magnitude. It is rising very gradually at higher energies and reaches for the heaviest systems saturation only at energies as high as 30 MeV above the barrier. The observed hindrance of the fusion process increases roughly with the growing Coulomb repulsion between the collision partners, but there is also a distinct influence of their individual nuclear structure. The data are compared to the extra-push model, the surface-friction model and the diabatic fusion model. A parameterisation of the extra-push energy and its fluctuation in terms of a macroscopic quantity like the Coulomb repulsion combined with a microscopic quantity characterizing the nuclear structure is proposed. As a byproduct of this work a new alpha emitter,¹⁹¹Po, could be identified. Its half-life is (15.5 _–2.5 ⁺⁶ ) ms, the alpha energy is (7314±20) keV.     

Resonant state expansions of the continuum

It is shown that the set of bound states and single-pa tide esonances consisting of the outgoing solutions of the Schödinge equation can be used as a ep esentation to describe p ocesses taking place in the continuum part of nuclear spectra. This is the first thoough investigation of completeness properties using realistic nuclear wave functions.This work was supported in part by the OTKA Foundation Hungary (contract number 3010) and by the Swedish Natural Science Research Council.     

Energy dependence of collective flow of neutrons and protons in197Au+197Au collisions

We investigate the beam energy dependence of neutron and proton squeeze-out in collisions of¹⁹⁷Au+¹⁹⁷Au atE/A=400—800 MeV. The azimuthal anisotropy that describes the enhanced emission of mid-rapidity neutrons perpendicular to the reaction plane rises strongly with the transverse momentum of the neutrons. This dependence of the azimuthal anisotropy follows a universal curve — independent of beam energy — if the neutron momenta are measured in fractions of the projectile momentum per mass unit. Analogously, the kinetic energy spectra of mid-rapidity neutrons exhibit a universal behaviour as a function of the kinetic energy of the projectile. The members of the FOPI-collaboration: J.P. Alard, Z. Basrak, N. Bastid, I.M. Belayev, M. Bini, R. Bock, A. Buta, R. aplar, C. Cerruti, N. Cindro, J.P. Coffin, M. Crouau, P. Dupieux, J. Erö, Z.G. Fan, P. Fintz, Z. Fodor, R. Freifelder, L. Fraysse, S. Frolov, A. Gobbi, Y. Grigorian, G. Guillaume, N. Herrmann, K.D. Hildenbrand, S. Hölbling, O. Houari, S.C. Jeong, M. Jorio, F. Jundt, J. Kecskemeti, P. Koncz, Y. Korchagin, R. Kotte, M. Krämer, C. Kuhn, I. Legrand, A. Lebedev, C. Maguire, V. Manko, T. Matulewicz, G. Mgebrishvili, J. Mösner, D. Moisa, G. Montarou, P. Morel, W. Neubert, A. Olmi, G. Pasquali, D. Pelte, M. Petrovici, G. Poggi, F. Rami, W. Reisdorf, A. Sadchikov, D. Schüll, Z. Seres, B. Sikora, V. Simion, S. Smolyankin, U. Sodan, N. Taccetti, K. Teh, R. Tezkratt, M. Trzaska, M.A. Vasiliev, P. Wagner, J.P. Wessels, T. Wienold, Z. Wilhelmi, D. Wohlfarth, A.V. Zhilin.