锂/铌镁催化剂中碳酸锂的熔点与甲烷氧化偶联反应的活化和失活的关系

研究了铌掺杂的Li/MgO甲烷氧化偶联催化剂的反应性质及铌的助剂作用。铌的引入使得该催化剂上甲烷氧化偶联反应的活化温度降低50℃以上, 使此温度降到了催化剂中碳酸锂的熔点附近。试验观察到部分催化剂上甲烷氧化偶联反应的活性曲线在碳酸锂的熔点附近有一转折, 这一转折现象的出现与否及程度取决于制备条件。在碳酸锂的熔点附近, 含有铌的催化剂得到活化, 观察到无稀释气体时的反应引燃现象, 即温度增加几度活性便达到最大值。当在比碳酸锂熔点稍高的温度下且不稀释时反应, 含铌催化剂活性很高但很快失活, 在稍低于此熔点下则不失活, 但活性较低。这些试验结果表明, 含铌催化剂的活化与失活均与催化剂中的碳酸锂的相变化有关。试验还观察到了在稍高于碳酸锂的熔点下做寿命试验时, 甲烷氧化偶联反应的振荡现象。     

铁丝在氧气中燃烧的实验改进

“铁丝在氧气中燃烧”是初中化学教材中证明氧气化学性质的一个演示实验,该实验证明了氧气比较活泼,在一定条件下可以和金属发生剧烈反应。但是与木炭在氧气中燃烧、硫在氧气中燃烧、蜡烛在氧气中燃烧的演示实验相比,铁丝在氧气中燃烧的实验存在着一些不足的地方,针对这些不足,对铁丝在氧气中燃烧的实验进行了改进。1实验存在的问题按照教材要求,铁丝在氧气中燃烧的实验,须将铁丝绕成螺旋状,并在铁丝的末端绑上一根火柴杆,实验时先将火柴杆点燃,待火柴杆将燃尽时,迅速伸入盛满氧气的集气瓶中。这样的操作存在2个问题:第一,火柴燃烧的程度不…     

提高纤维素酶水解效率和降低水解成本

在我国可大量转化乙醇的是纤维质材料.纤维质材料转化乙醇的关键问题是纤维质转化为糖的过程,提高纤维素酶转化效率的方法有:(1)对纤维质材料进行预处理;(2)研究纤维素酶的最适作用条件;(3)纤维素酶的重复利用;(4)合理的发酵工艺等.本文分析了纤维素的结构以及纤维素酶的作用方式,总结了目前研究较多的几种纤维质材料预处理方法,及其对纤维素酶水解率的影响,并对研究纤维素酶的最适作用条件、纤维素酶的重复利用以及合理的发酵工艺进行了综述和分析.     

银镜的实验室制备

在高中化学“烃的衍生物”,“糖类、油脂、蛋白质”2章的教学中,安排了有关银镜反应的演示实验,其目的是通过实验证明含有醛基的有机物具有还原性。按照教材的方法进行实验操作,往往由于水浴的温度掌握不好,制得银镜的效果不理想。为了快速明显地观察到银镜的产生,采用平板玻璃     

2011年国际化学年《高分子通报》征稿启示

2011年是联合国确定的国际化学年,为纪念化学学科所取得的成就以及对人类文明的贡献,2011年化学年的主题是我们的生活,我们的未来。     

CO催化氧化用纳米材料及其最新研究成果

当前,环境问题和能源危机已经威胁到人类的健康和生存。用于环境治理和化学能源合成新概念的纳米催化材料越来越受到人们的关注。催化作为一个特殊的纳米现象,是纳米材料应用领域的一个重要方向,在环境净化、能量转化和新化学品的生产等方面具有广泛的应用前景。早期的一氧化碳(CO)催化氧化研究主要集中在催化剂的制备方法以及制备条件对催化反应的影响等方面。本文针对CO催化氧化这一基础课题,以影响CO催化氧化的关键因素(如金属颗粒的大小,金属与载体之间的相互作用以及载体本身的作用等)为主线,简要概述了近年来CO催化氧化的催化机理及相关催化剂的最新研究进展。同时,结合我们课题组的一些最新研究结果,进一步指出了纳米材料在CO催化氧化方面还存在的一些值得关注的问题,并对未来CO氧化催化剂的研究做出展望,提出一些可行的研究方向。     

漫话饮用水消毒剂

饮用水消毒剂的种类很多,国内大规模工业化生产主要还是用氯气来消毒。饮用水消毒的目的是杀灭水中可能引起霍乱、伤寒、痢疾等疾病的病菌与病毒。随着科学技术的发展和人们生活水平的提高,饮用水消毒剂也在不断发展,安全、高效、经济的消毒剂将成为主流。下面就目前使用或已开     

序言——《高分子通报》创刊20周年回顾

《高分子通报》是1988年10月创刊的。回顾20年来的发展历程,《高分子通报》是在各级领导的关怀下不断成长的,是在我国高分子科学领域的专家、学者的大力支持下发展的,也是在历届编委、编辑艰苦奋斗,辛勤耕耘下不断提高和前进的。早在1981年冬,昆明功能高分子学术会议中就正式提     

羟基甘氨酸溶液性质研究

采用核磁共振等仪器分析与官能团鉴定相配合的方法，对乙醛酸与铵盐反应形 成的羟基甘氨酸进行了研究。确认了羟基甘氨酸的结构，探讨了羟基甘氨酸的水溶 液中的主要存在形式，得出了与普遍接受的羟基甘氨酸在水溶液中不稳定的观点相 悖的结论。并对羟基甘氨酸的溶液稳定性，氨解，水解进行了研究。本结果为乙醛 酸以及羟基甘氨酸在有机合成上的应用提供了依据。     

在血卟啉衍生物光敏体系中DMPO捕集自由基的ESR研究

光照血卟啉衍生物(HPD)用于肿瘤的诊断和治疗已取得很大的成效,对此药理过程的分子机理的探索也开始引起生物和化学工作者的重视.我们的实验表明,在HPD光敏体系中自由基起着重要作用,特别是羟基自由基可能是HPD光致杀伤肿瘤细胞的主要原因.HPD光敏过程所产生的自由基的寿命极短,用化学方法或用一般ESR直接检测非常困难,但可被     

重庆市江津区空气污染指数变化特征及影响因素分析

以2010~2014年重庆市江津区两个环境空气自动监测站逐日空气污染指数(API)、主要污染因子和空气质量级别为基础,分析了近5年该区空气质量变化特征.结果表明,重庆市江津区城市空气质量总体上以优、良天数为主,主要污染因子为可吸入颗粒物.API从时间变化上看,冬季空气质量最差,春秋季次之,夏季最好.气象因子、地理条件以及人类活动对城区空气质量影响显著.     

On-line application of ion chromatography in a thermal power plant

Complete monitoring of the “condensate-feedwater” cycle in power plants requires reliable automatic methods suitable for very low concentrations of various chemical species. A complete on-line ion-chromatography monitoring system is under development. It comprises an automatic on-line sampling system two Dionex Model QUIC (process instrument) ion chromatographs, an on-line calibration systems, and a data acquisition/processing system. The present model serves for the determination of sodium, chloride and sulfate ions. Detection limits are < 1 μg l^?1 (P = 95%) with liner ranges up to 10 μ l^?1 or about 200 μ l^?1 depending on settings. The importance of statistical evaluation of data is emphasized. The instrumentation was tested for sequential samples from crucial points of a 320-MW thermal power station with satisfactory results. Problems of reliability are discussed.     

Air quality monitoring network design to control nitrogen dioxide and ozone, applied in Malaga, Spain

Air monitoring networks are necessary to assess air quality in order to reduce pollution to levels which minimize harmful effects on human health and the environment. This paper describes a method to design or optimize air quality monitoring networks for nitrogen dioxide and ozone and its application in Malaga, a medium large city located in Andalusia, southern Spain, with traffic being the main source of air pollution. The completion of this method revealed that the old assessment network in Malaga was badly designed and made it possible to determine that one traffic-orientated and one background control station were necessary for NO₂ assessment in Malaga, as well as two control stations for O₃. First the number of stations necessary is obtained from historical data. Sampling campaigns with passive diffusion samplers at 74 sites were then carried out to obtain information on the pollution distribution in Malaga. The average concentrations found for NO₂ and O₃ were 22.8 μg/m³ and 64.3 μg/m³ respectively. Maximum values of up to 42.2 μg/m³ NO₂ were found in Malaga city centre and O₃ reached 91.5 μg/m³ downwind from the emission source. After spatial interpolation of the obtained values with Geographical Information Systems, a selection of the best locations for the monitoring stations was made, in line with the macro- and microscale siting requirements of the European Directive 2008/50/EC on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe.     

Source apportionment of gaseous atmospheric pollutants by means of an absolute principal component scores (APCS) receptor model

A multivariate statistical method has been applied to apportion the atmospheric pollutant concentrations measured by automatic gas analyzers placed on a mobile laboratory for air quality monitoring in Taranto (Italy). In particular, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) followed by Absolute Principal Component Scores (APCS) technique was performed to identify the number of emission sources and their contribution to measured concentrations of CO, NOx, benzene toluene m+p-Xylene (BTX). This procedure singled out two different sources that explain about 85% of collected data variance.     

Application of receptor models to airborne particulate matter

The human activities in their various aspects cause a change in the natural air quality. This change results more marked in very populated and in high industrialized areas. Some pollutants emitted are typical of a particular activity. Each source of pollution is identified by its profile in the composition of the emissions in the environment. Multivariate receptor models can be used in order to apportion pollutants to the different sources assessing the contribution of each source to the total pollution.This paper deals with the application of Absolute Principal Component Scores (APCS) receptor model to data obtained from the automatic network of air quality monitoring in the city of Bari (South Italy). The parameters monitored by automatic networks, as bihourly values, are PM₁₀, NO_x, CO, Benzene, Toluene, Xilene. The data shown in this paper concerning 1 month almost of sampling in different monitoring stations of Bari Municipality during the period of time from January 2005 to April 2006. Moreover preliminary results obtained applying the APCS model to daily PM_2.5 samples collected during SITECOS PRIN project are shown. The results concerning data collected in corso Cavour (Bari) during the month of October 2005.The results obtained by APCS receptor model seem to suggest a poor contribution of the “vehicular traffic source” and a relevant contribution of the “secondary particulate source” to particulate matter concentrations.     

Monitoring of atmospheric pollutants by passive sampling for the protection of historic buildings and monuments

When considering the various possibilities to assess the effects of SO2 and NO2 on historic buildings and monuments, a distinction can be made according to the completeness of the scope of the assessment itself. A first approach can be limited to gathering data as they become available through the official bodies established under air quality legislation. This approach is based on a single point measurement where a "general purpose" monitoring station is located, often quite far from the monument to protect and often without investigating local and temporal variations. A more comprehensive assessment should include a generalisation that covers the territory. This can be made on the basis of the knowledge of the spatial distribution of concentrations and the knowledge of the causes of air pollution. Passive samplers allow the measurement of air quality in numerous sites and to assess the pollutant spatial distribution over a large area with a high resolution. As an application of the method, the spatial distribution of SO2 and NO2 in the city of Siracusa, Sicily, Italy, has been studied to identify areas of high deposition fluxes in relation to the protection of buildings and monuments of the historic centre.     

A New Method for Standardless Analysis in ETA-AAS Applied to the Determination of Lead Associated with Air Aerosol

The analysis ofPbassociated with air aerosols by its accumulation through electrostatic precipitation directly in a graphite tube, which is subsequently used as an atomizer in electro thermal atomization-atomic absorption spectroscopy (ETA-AAS), has already been tested and found very convenient for its simplicity and speed. However, its use as a practical and useful method of analysis was hampered by the necessity of a laborious and difficult calibration with high risks of systematic errors. These difficulties can be bypassed by resorting to an absolute or standardless method of analysis. Standardless methods of analysis have been proposed for ETA-AAS measurements and recently applied toCdandHg.With the use of a new and more powerful power supply this method has been extended toPbso that a very easy, fast, and almost on line way of measuring the level ofPbin air aerosols is possible. The system presented in this paper is manually operated but its automation, in order to obtain an automatic control station, is only a matter of convenience.     

近岸海域水环境监测的质量保证

叙述了近岸海域水环境采样前的准备及采样计划的编制、监测站住布设、样品采集贮存与运输、实验室分析、数据处理和传输等水环境监测的全过程，提出近岸海域监测的质量保证体系。     

Ozone monitoring in a Mediterranean forest using diffusive and continuous sampling

Ambient ozone was measured in a forest in Castelporziano (Italy) characterised by the prevailing presence of Holm-oak trees (Quercus ilex L.) from June to November 2003. Two methods for measuring ozone were used: long-term monitoring using diffusive samplers at three heights within the canopy, and continuous monitoring at two heights using the UV method. Results for one week mean ozone levels above and below the canopy from the diffusive samplers were compared to those obtained using the automatic analyser at the same levels. A good correlation between the two sampling techniques was found. Continuous monitoring showed a daily cycle with a midday maximum and a nocturnal minimum. While the forest floor consistently had the lowest ozone concentration, there were no differences during most daytime hours. The midday maximum is clearly due to downward mixing with O₃-rich air from above. The night-time ozone decay within the canopy is the result of dry deposition of O₃ and most likely due to reaction with biogenically produced NO. AOT40 within and above the canopy mostly exceeded the critical levels.     

Application of a Self-developed Proton Transfer Reaction-Mass Spectrometer to On-line Monitoring Trace Volatile Organic Compounds in Ambient Air

Real-time and on-line monitoring volatile organic compounds(VOCs) are valuable for real-time evalua- ting air quality and monitoring the key source of pollution. A self-developed proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometer(PTR-MS) was constructed and applied to on-line monitoring trace VOCs in ambient air in Hefei, China. With the help of a self-developed catalytic converter, the background signal of the instrument was detected and the stability of the instrument was evaluated. The relative standard deviation of signal at m/z 21 was only 0.74% and the detection limit of PTR-MS was 97 part per trillion(97×10^-12, volume ratio). As a case of the air monitoring in Hefei, the ambient air at Dongpu reservoir spot was on-line monitored for 13 d with our self-developed PTR-MS. Meanwhile, a solid-phase micro-extraction(SPME) technique coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) was also used for the off-line detection of the air. The results show that our self-developed PTR-MS can be used for the on-line and long-term monitoring of VOCs in air at part per trillion level, and the change trend of VOCs concentration monitored with PTR-MS was consistent with that detected with the conventional SPME-GC-MS. This self-developed PTR-MS can fully satisfy the requirements of air quality monitoring and real-time monitoring of the key pollution sources.