功率超声对酶促反应的影响

本文评述了功率超声在水溶液和有机中对酶促反应的影响,对固定化酶的影响,同时探讨了功率超声影响酶促反应的可能机理,并并评价功能超声作为一种工业生物化学反应促进手段的可能性。     

“超声技术——功率超声及其应用”评介

功率超声是利用超声振动形式的能量使物质的一些物理、化学和生物特性或状态发生改变,或使这种改变的过程加速的一门科学技术。与检测超声不同,功率超声是利用超声能量来对物质进行处理、加工,最常用的频率范围,是从几千赫到几十千赫,功率范围由几瓦到几万瓦。声能对物质的作用机制是功率超声较为独特的问题,也是一个比较复杂的问题,为此必须了解和究各种应用中的作用机理。     

功率超声在结晶过程中应用的进展

功率超声在结晶过程中的应用研究促进了结晶技术的发展,丰富了功率超声学和相关学科相互交叉的学术内容。以实例陈述了超声强化溶液结晶过程在化工、食品和制药行业中的应用,从熔融结晶和电结晶两方面阐述了超声改善金属结晶,综述了高分子材料和生物大分子等聚合物结晶过程中超声波的应用,总结了超声波对纳米晶型材料制备和性能的影响,着重说明了功率超声在食品冷冻中冰结晶过程的研究现状和发展方向。最后,总结了超声对结晶的强化机理。     

全国功率超声会议在无锡市举行

中国电子学会应用声学学会与中国声学学会于一九八一年十一月七日至十一日在江苏省无锡市联合召开了“全国功率超声”学术交流会.来自全国十个省市的专业研究机构、高等院校、工矿企业、医院及机关团体的七十六名代表出席了会议.会议交流了论文报告五十篇,其中综述报告七篇;换能器振动系统及测量十一篇;超声清洗五篇;超声加工(包括金属塑性加工)     

功率超声在废水处理中的应用

采用不同强度和频率的超声波，对几种生物难降解的有毒污染物（苯胺，硝基苯）废水进行超声处理，实验表明，降解效果主要取决于超声波在反应液中的声强及处理时间，同时，若辅以通氧气或加入催化剂，处理效果更好，这就为设计相应的超声废水处理设备提供了实验基础。     

高速摄影在生物工程研究中的应用

应用高速摄影观测运载基因子弹的运动速度,采用彩色摄影解决了黑白底片在放电时产生烟雾而使图像分辨不清的问题。通过多次实验改进了射腔结构和子弹的形状,从而获得了最佳运动速度。这种方法简单易行,解决了电测法由于高压放电产生的干扰问题以及多种模拟装置的高压放电与控制系统的同步问题。     

全国功率超声会议在无锡召开

１９９９年全国功率超声会议于１９９９年１０月１９日至２１日在江苏省无锡市召开．本次会议是近几年会议中规模较大的一次,全国近４０个单位、团体的约６０名代表出席了会议．会议开得较活泼．除论文报告交流外,会议组织了专题讨论会。会议期间,功率超声分会召开了全体委员会会议,有 ８０％以上的委员出席了会议．中国声学学会名誉理事长、中国科学院资深院士应崇福先生专程出席了本次会议。 功率超声是超声学的一大分支,功率超声技术是一项应用广泛的高新技术。当前,功率超声的应用领域已经扩展和渗透到机械、材料、石油、化工、纺…     

2005年全国功率超声学术年会在温州召开

2005年全国功率超声学术年会于2005年10月27日至29日在浙江省温州市召开。来自全国46个单位、团体的75名代表出席了会议。学术年会期间，功率超声分会召开了全体委员会会议和进行换届改选。有3／4以上的委员出席了会议。因特殊原因不能出席会议的委员，除极个别人以外都事先向分会秘书说明情况和请假。《应用声学》、《声学技术》杂志编辑部专职副主编参加了会议。声学学会总会办公室主任参加了会议。参如会议的代表们，老朋友恨见面间隔太久，新朋友恨相见太晚。代表们踊跃参加会议是功率超声事业兴旺发达的反映。     

我国功率超声的现状及其发展

这里所说的功率超声,主要是指利用较大的超声能量进行清洗、加工、处理,以及超声治疗和外科手术等,所使用的频率一般在10kHz—60kHz(有的达MHz以上),声强度从零点几瓦/cm~2到几百瓦/cm~2(一些特殊应用还要高). 我国从事功率超声的研究,已有近三十年的历史.五十年代后期,除研制出供科研用的较大型的超声设备之外,一般的功率超声设备已供应市场.目前,功率超声已渗透到国防和国民经济的许多重要领域.诸如:机械、电子、半导体、冶金、化工、能源、医药、农业、原子能以及纺织、印染和工艺美术等行业.一支功率超声的科研队伍已逐步成长起来,为国家解决了一批生产技术中的难题.特别是近几年为国家做出了显著的成绩,已有几十项成果受到省市级部门的奖励,有的还受到中央部门和国家级的奖励.设备的生产能力已达到一定的规模,每年可为市场提供约四千台设备,年产值约三千多万元.不仅通用设备已逐渐系列化,而且一些专用设备和半自动化与自动化的设备也已陆续投入市场. 国际学术交流,也陆续开展起来.近几年来已提供近十篇文章参加了国际性的学术交流,有的受到国外同行的重视和好评.我国功率超声的研究已跻身于国际行列. 下面想从功率超声的基础研究,设备的研制和生产,功率超声的应用和对国民经济建设的作用三方面,阐?     

功率超声对溶液性质的影响

本文研究了在功率超声作用下，电解质溶液，小分子溶液和大分子溶液的粘度，表面张力和电导率等物理化学性质的变化规律。实验结果表明，在超声波作用下，溶液的粘度和表面张力暂时下降，而电导率长期升高。     

Formulation of poorly water-soluble Gemfibrozil applying power ultrasound

The dissolution properties of a drug and its release from the dosage form have a basic impact on its bioavailability. Solubility problems are a major challenge for the pharmaceutical industry as concerns the development of new pharmaceutical products. Formulation problems may possibly be overcome by modification of particle size and morphology. The application of power ultrasound is a novel possibility in drug formulation. This article reports on solvent diffusion and melt emulsification, as new methods supplemented with drying in the field of sonocrystallization of poorly water-soluble Gemfibrozil. During thermoanalytical characterization, a modified structure was detected. The specific surface area of the drug was increased following particle size reduction and the poor wettability properties could also be improved. The dissolution rate was therefore significantly increased.     

Recent advances in applications of power ultrasound for petroleum industry

Power ultrasound, as an emerging green technology has received increasing attention of the petroleum industry. The physical and chemical effects of the periodic oscillation and implosion of acoustic cavitation bubbles can be employed to perform a variety of functions. Herein, the mechanisms and effects of acoustic cavitation are presented. In addition, the applications of power ultrasound in the petroleum industry are discussed in detail, including enhanced oil recovery, oil sand extraction, demulsification, viscosity reduction, oily wastewater treatment and oily sludge treatment. From the perspective of industrial background, key issue and resolution mechanism, current applications and future development of power ultrasound are discussed. In addition, the effects of acoustic parameters on treatment efficiency, such as frequency, acoustic intensity and treatment time are analyzed. Finally, the challenges and outlook for industrial application of power ultrasound are discussed.     

Influence of ultrasound power and frequency upon corrosion kinetics of zinc in saline media

This paper is devoted to zinc corrosion and oxidation mechanism in an ultrasonically stirred aerated sodium sulfate electrolyte. It follows a previous study devoted to the influence of 20 kHz ultrasound upon zinc corrosion in NaOH electrolytes [Ultrason. Sonochemis. 8 (2001) 291]. In the present work, various ultrasound regimes were applied by changing the transmitted power and the wave frequency (20 and 40 kHz). Unlike NaOH electrolyte which turns the zinc electrode into a passive state, Na₂SO₄ saline media induces soft corrosion conditions. This allows a study of the combined effects of ultrasonically modified hydrodynamic and mechanical damage (cavitation) upon the zinc corrosion process. A series of initial experiments were carried out so as to determine the transmitted power and to characterize mass transfer distribution in the electrochemical cell. Zinc corrosion and oxidation process were subsequently studied with respect to the vibrating parameters. When exposed to a 20 kHz ultrasonic field, and provided that the electrode is situated at a maximum mass transfer point, the corrosion rate reaches values six to eight times greater than in silent conditions. The zinc oxidation reaction, in the absence of competitive reduction reactions, is also activated by ultrasound (20 and 40 kHz) but probably through a different process of surface activation.     

Novel power MOSFET-based expander for high frequency ultrasound systems

The function of an expander is to obstruct the noise signal transmitted by the pulser so that it does not pass into the transducer or receive electronics, where it can produce undesirable ring-down in an ultrasound imaging application. The most common type is a diode-based expander, which is essentially a simple diode-pair, is widely used in pulse-echo measurements and imaging applications because of its simple architecture. However, diode-based expanders may degrade the performance of ultrasonic transducers and electronic components on the receiving and transmitting sides of the ultrasound systems, respectively. Since they are non-linear devices, they cause excessive signal attenuation and noise at higher frequencies and voltages. In this paper, a new type of expander that utilizes power MOSFET components, which we call a power MOSFET-based expander, is introduced and evaluated for use in high frequency ultrasound imaging systems. The performance of a power MOSFET-based expander was evaluated relative to a diode-based expander by comparing the noise figure (NF), insertion loss (IL), total harmonic distortion (THD), response time (RT), electrical impedance (EI) and dynamic power consumption (DPC). The results showed that the power MOSFET-based expander provided better NF (0.76 dB), IL (−0.3 dB) and THD (−62.9 dB), and faster RT (82 ns) than did the diode-based expander (NF (2.6 dB), IL (−1.4 dB), THD (−56.0 dB) and RT (119 ns)) at 70 MHz. The −6 dB bandwidth and the peak-to-peak voltage of the echo signal received by the transducer using the power MOSFET-based expander improved by 17.4% and 240% compared to the diode-based expander, respectively. The new power MOSFET-based expander was shown to yield lower NF, IL and THD, faster RT and lower ring down than the diode-based expander at the expense of higher dynamic power consumption.     

Effect of power ultrasound on crystallization characteristics of magnesium ammonium phosphate

Magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP) crystallization could be utilized for the recovery of phosphorus from wastewater. However, the effectiveness of the recovery is largely determined by the crystallization process, which is very hard to be directly observed. As a result, a specific ultrasonic device was designed to investigate the crystallization characteristics of MAP under various ultrasonic conditions. The results demonstrated that the metastable zone width (MZW) narrowed along with the rising of the ultrasonic power. Similarly, for the 6 mM MAP solution, with the ultrasonic power gradually enhanced from 0 W to 400 W, the induction time was shortened from 340 s to 38 s. Meanwhile, the crystallization rate was accelerated till the power reached 350 W, and then remained a constant value. It can be observed from the scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the MAP crystal became bigger in size as well as the crystal size distribution (CSD) became broad and uneven, with the increase of ultrasonic power. The results indicate that the crystallization process enhanced by power ultrasound could be used as an effective method to eliminate and recover the phosphorus from wastewater.     

Effects of power ultrasound on oxidation and structure of beef proteins during curing processing

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of power ultrasound intensity (PUS, 2.39, 6.23, 11.32 and 20.96 W cm⁻²) and treatment time (30, 60, 90 and 120 min) on the oxidation and structure of beef proteins during the brining procedure with 6% NaCl concentration. The investigation was conducted with an ultrasonic generator with the frequency of 20 kHz and fresh beef at 48 h after slaughter. Analysis of TBARS (Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) contents showed that PUS treatment significantly increased the extent of lipid oxidation compared to static brining (P < 0.05). As indicators of protein oxidation, the carbonyl contents were significantly affected by PUS (P < 0.05). SDS–PAGE analysis showed that PUS treatment increased protein aggregation through disulfide cross-linking, indicated by the decreasing content of total sulfhydryl groups which would contribute to protein oxidation. In addition, changes in protein structure after PUS treatment are suggested by the increases in free sulfhydryl residues and protein surface hydrophobicity. Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) provided further information about the changes in protein secondary structures with increases in β-sheet and decreases in α-helix contents after PUS processing. These results indicate that PUS leads to changes in structures and oxidation of beef proteins caused by mechanical effects of cavitation and the resultant generation of free radicals.     

Investigation of the effect of power ultrasound on the nucleation of water during freezing of agar gel samples in tubing vials

Nucleation, as an important stage of freezing process, can be induced by the irradiation of power ultrasound. In this study, the effect of irradiation temperature (−2 °C, −3 °C, −4 °C and −5 °C), irradiation duration (0 s, 1 s, 3 s, 5 s, 10 s or 15 s) and ultrasound intensity (0.07 W cm⁻², 0.14 W cm⁻², 0.25 W cm⁻², 0.35 W cm⁻² and 0.42 W cm⁻²) on the dynamic nucleation of ice in agar gel samples was studied. The samples were frozen in an ethylene glycol-water mixture (−20 °C) in an ultrasonic bath system after putting them into tubing vials. Results indicated that ultrasound irradiation is able to initiate nucleation at different supercooled temperatures (from −5 °C to −2 °C) in agar gel if optimum intensity and duration of ultrasound were chosen. Evaluation of the effect of 0.25 W cm⁻² ultrasound intensity and different durations of ultrasound application on agar gels showed that 1 s was not long enough to induce nucleation, 3 s induced the nucleation repeatedly but longer irradiation durations resulted in the generation of heat and therefore nucleation was postponed. Investigation of the effect of ultrasound intensity revealed that higher intensities of ultrasound were effective when a shorter period of irradiation was used, while lower intensities only resulted in nucleation when a longer irradiation time was applied. In addition to this, higher intensities were not effective at longer irradiation times due to the heat generated in the samples by the heating effect of ultrasound. In conclusion, the use of ultrasound as a means to control the crystallization process offers promising application in freezing of solid foods, however, optimum conditions should be selected.     

Applications of high-intensity focused ultrasound in medicine: Spotlight on neurological applications

High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) has the potential to become a modality of treatment for a wide range of clinical conditions. HIFU enables non-invasive, selective ablation of tissues including tumors and punctured vessels. Another promising area of research within the field of therapeutic ultrasound is the application of HIFU to treat neurological disorders by selectively targeting the brain, spinal cord, or nerves. This paper provides an overview of the current applications of focused ultrasound in medicine with an emphasis on its use in the fields of neurology and neurosurgery.