不同亚格子模式在后台阶湍流流动大涡模拟中的应用

本文用大涡模拟方法研究了湍流后台阶流场中的大涡演变过程,并在此基础上研究了目前大涡模拟中比较常用的六种亚格子模式。在相同的流动几何参数以及计算条件下,给出了不同亚格子模式下湍流流动瞬时压力场以及流场中瞬时粘性大小的分布,尤其给出了流场瞬时演变的大尺度涡结构。将六种亚格子模式从回流区长度、计算时间、计算结果的准确性和流场稳定性等不同角度进行了比较。为选取合适的亚格子模式深入研究湍流耗散机理奠定了基础。     

湍流边界层拟序结构的大涡模拟研究

采用动力亚格子模型,利用大涡模拟方法模拟了雷诺数为13000的充分发展槽道湍流流动。从瞬时速度和脉动 速度场、脉动速度相关、均方根脉动涡量分布、以及瞬时涡量场等多个方面,对湍流边界层流动的拟序结构进行了分析, 包括近壁区小尺度湍流结构和瞬态过程,如条纹结构、喷射和扫掠过程、以及近壁旋涡结构等。     

尾流的双尺度简化模型及其大涡模拟建模

叶轮机中存在着复杂的湍流流动结构,如何准确地模拟湍流流动一直是工程界关注的核心问题。由于湍流在大部分区域都处于强非均衡态,根据均衡能量传输假设建立起来的RANS湍流模型和大涡模拟亚格子模型都不再适用。非均衡湍流的一个经典的模型流动是尾流,但通常意义上的尾流往往是无数不同尺度相互作用的结果,难以进行简化分析。本文构造了一个极度简化的双尺度尾流模型进行了直接数值模拟(DNS),结果显示在转捩前期就存在反向的非均衡能量传输。分别采用各种传统的RANS湍流模型和大涡模拟亚格子模型进行了数值模拟,发现各种模型都无法准确预测尾流转捩。在考虑非均衡能量传输机制后,通过流向速度梯度扭率构造的理性亚格子应力模型可以使大涡模拟模拟的转捩位置相对于标准Smagorinsky模型有所改善;不采用涡粘假设的改进速度增量(IVI)模型可以得到更加接近DNS的结果。这些结果为湍流模型进一步的改进提供了思路。     

低阶格式在大涡模拟计算中的适用性

采用三维Taylor-Green涡作为研究对象,利用工程中常用的低阶数值格式,研究格式本身的数值误差对大涡模拟计算的影响.结果表明:三种数值格式的数值耗散行为都与亚格子模型行为类似,即在小雷诺数下,流场比较光滑时,耗散很小,当雷诺数增加,流动转捩为湍流,流场梯度增大,耗散显著增大.对于MUSCL格式和二阶有界中心格式,在高雷诺数下,亚格子尺度模型没有明显改善计算结果,但也没有使计算结果恶化.中心格式相比其它两种格式,数值耗散最小,但是在高雷诺数湍流情况下,中心格式的数值耗散仍然主导了能量的耗散,再添加亚格子模型,计算结果反而变得稍差.对于工程中的低阶格式而言,采用中心格式计算大涡模拟是比较好的选择,而且在计算不存在稳定性问题时,采用不添加亚格子模型的隐式大涡模拟效果更好.     

理性亚格子建模的实践与反思

亚格子建模是大涡模拟中的核心问题之一.理性亚格子建模的初衷是为尽量去除建模过程中的经验和唯象的成分,让建模过程中的每一步都在物理和数学上有迹可循.根据理性亚格子建模的理论已经发展出一系列不依赖经验常数和唯象模型的亚格子模型,但在实际问题中的效果却仍有不足,从而引发了近年来对亚格子建模思想本身的反思.本文回顾已有的研究和新的进展,目标是对未来的大涡模拟给出理性且自洽的理论指导.     

双大涡模拟方法模拟提升管内气固两相流动

基于Smagorinsky涡黏模型以及颗粒动理学理论,建立了气固两相流双大涡模拟模型。考虑大涡模拟中过滤尺度的影响,给出颗粒相亚格子压力和热传导系数计算模型。考虑颗粒聚团对两相作用的影响,给出了考虑颗粒聚团作用的气固两相多尺度曳力系数模型。数值模拟了提升管内气固两相流动特性,合理地预测出了提升管内气固两相环-核流动结构。模拟结果与Knowlton等实测结果相吻合。     

空冷岛扁平管外翅片空间的大涡模拟研究

本文基于计算流体力学软件FLUENT采用大涡模拟方法(LES)及Smagorinsky-lilly亚格子模型,对空冷岛扁平管外翅片空间的流动与换热特性进行了三维瞬态湍流数值模拟。计算结果表明大涡模拟方法能较好地模拟空冷岛扁平管外翅片空间的瞬态流动特性,能够捕获更多的流场细节信息。可得出流场中温度、压力、涡量等各参数的瞬态变化特性以及翅片空间尾流区瞬态三维涡的发展演化过程,更好地预测多尺度湍流。为进一步揭示扁平管温度场和流场的协同关系以及大型空冷系统多尺度输运规律和非线性尺度效应机理打下基础。     

不同亚格子模型在亚声速槽道流大涡模拟中的应用对比

湍流边界层流动是一种广泛存在于飞行器内部和外部的流动现象，是基础理论和模型验证的重要研究对象.能够捕捉大部分流动细节且计算量适中的大涡模拟（large-eddy simulation，LES）方法在湍流数值模拟中得到了越来越广泛的应用.文章基于格心有限差分方法，使用4阶紧致中心格式离散N-S方程无黏项，分别应用5种不同的亚格子（subgrid-scale，SGS）模型，即隐式，SM（Smagorinsky model），DSM（dynamic Smagorinsky model），WALE（wall-adapting local eddy-viscosity model）和CSM（coherent structures model），对Re = 3 000，Ma = 0.5的等温壁面槽道流动进行了大涡模拟研究.与实验值和直接数值模拟（direct numerical simulation，DNS）结果对比后发现，流场平均温度、平均密度等热力学量以及平均流向速度对亚格子模型不敏感，不适宜作为判断模型优劣的判据.亚格子模型在壁面附近的耗散越大，壁面摩擦速度以及阻力系数就越小.对于与速度相关的脉动量来说，不同模型得到的结果在壁面和脉动峰值附近误差比较大，中心线附近较小；显式模型结果在流向速度峰值处均高于参考值，而在展向和壁面法向速度脉动峰值处则均偏低.考虑显式的4种模型在壁面附近的涡黏系数分布，DSM和CSM曲线满足涡黏系数与无量纲壁面距离3次方成正比的分布规律，SM曲线斜率偏小而WALE曲线斜率偏大.      

非预混燃烧大涡模拟的代数二阶矩模型

一种改进的代数二阶矩燃烧模型被应用在Flame-D的大涡模拟中。代数二阶矩模型能够将化学反应速率的脉动项进行模拟,更准确地计算化学反应速率。在实际燃烧过程中,化学反应速率不仅与当地的温度以及组分浓度等相关,更与反应物的混合速率有密切的关系。研究考虑了亚网格尺度内混合速率对化学反应速率的影响,提出了改进的代数二阶矩模型。通过与相同模拟条件下的涡耗散概念模型的模拟结果以及实验结果进行对比,改进的代数二阶矩模型的准确性得到了验证,同时亚网格化学反应速率的模拟对总化学反应速率的影响也得到了研究。     

二维槽道湍流拟序结构的大涡模拟

本文采用大涡模拟的方法,对二维槽道湍流流动进行了数值模拟。采用Chorin的分步投影法求解大尺度涡运动的Navier-Stokes方程,小尺度涡采用三种亚格子（SGS）模式分别模拟,给出了不同亚格子涡粘性模式下的模拟结果。对固壁面采用了壁函数。模拟结果再现了二维槽道流动拟序结构的发展演变过程。通过对不同入口速度下的瞬态流场的比较,揭示了入口速度分布对流场的影响。     

Large eddy simulation of orientation and rotation of ellipsoidal particles in isotropic turbulent flows

The rotational motion and orientational distribution of ellipsoidal particles in turbulent flows are of significance in environmental and engineering applications. Whereas the translational motion of an ellipsoidal particle is controlled by the turbulent motions at large scales, its rotational motion is determined by the fluid velocity gradient tensor at small scales, which raises a challenge when predicting the rotational dispersion of ellipsoidal particles using large eddy simulation (LES) method due to the lack of subgrid scale (SGS) fluid motions. We report the effects of the SGS fluid motions on the orientational and rotational statistics, such as the alignment between the long axis of ellipsoidal particles and the vorticity, the mean rotational energy at various aspect ratios against those obtained with direct numerical simulation (DNS) and filtered DNS. The performances of a stochastic differential equation (SDE) model for the SGS velocity gradient seen by the particles and the approximate deconvolution method (ADM) for LES are investigated. It is found that the missing SGS fluid motions in LES flow fields have significant effects on the rotational statistics of ellipsoidal particles. Alignment between the particles and the vorticity is weakened; and the rotational energy of the particles is reduced in LES. The SGS-SDE model leads to a large error in predicting the alignment between the particles and the vorticity and over-predicts the rotational energy of rod-like particles. The ADM significantly improves the rotational energy prediction of particles in LES.     

Large eddy simulation of channel flow with and without periodic constrictions using the explicit algebraic subgrid-scale model

We analyse the performance of the explicit algebraic subgrid-scale (SGS) stress model (EASSM) in large eddy simulation (LES) of plane channel flow and the flow in a channel with streamwise periodic hill-shaped constrictions (periodic hill flow) which induce separation. The LESs are performed with the Code_Saturne which is an unstructured collocated finite volume solver with a second-order spatial discretisation suitable for LES of incompressible flow in complex geometries. At first, performance of the EASSM in LES of plane channel flow at two different resolutions using the Code_Saturne and a pseudo-spectral method is analysed. It is observed that the EASSM predictions of the mean velocity and Reynolds stresses are more accurate than the conventional dynamic Smagorinsky model (DSM). The results with the pseudo-spectral method were, in general, more accurate. In the second step, LES with the EASSM of flow separation in the periodic hill flow is compared to LES with the DSM, no SGS model and a highly resolved LES data using the DSM. Results show that the mean velocity profiles, the friction and pressure coefficients, the length and shape of the recirculation bubble, as well as the Reynolds stresses are considerably better predicted by the EASSM than the DSM and the no SGS model simulations. It was also observed that in some parts of the domain, the resolved strain-rate and SGS shear stress have the same sign. The DSM cannot produce a correct SGS stress in this case, in contrast to the EASSM.     

Multi-scale properties of large eddy simulations: correlations between resolved-scale velocity-field increments and subgrid-scale quantities

We provide analytical and numerical results concerning multi-scale correlations between the resolved velocity field and the subgrid-scale (SGS) stress-tensor in large eddy simulations (LES). Following previous studies for Navier–Stokes equations, we derive the exact hierarchy of LES equations governing the spatio-temporal evolution of velocity structure functions of any order. The aim is to assess the influence of the subgrid model on the inertial range intermittency. We provide a series of predictions, within the multifractal theory, for the scaling of correlation involving the SGS stress and we compare them against numerical results from high-resolution Smagorinsky LES and from a-priori filtered data generated from direct numerical simulations (DNS). We find that LES data generally agree very well with filtered DNS results and with the multifractal prediction for all leading terms in the balance equations. Discrepancies are measured for some of the sub-leading terms involving cross-correlation between resolved velocity increments and the SGS tensor or the SGS energy transfer, suggesting that there must be room to improve the SGS modelisation to further extend the inertial range properties for any fixed LES resolution.     

Large-eddy simulations of the Richtmyer-Meshkov instability of rectangular interfaces accelerated by shock waves

A parallel algorithm and code MVFT(multi-viscous-fluid and turbulence) of large-eddy simulation(LES) is developed from our MVPPM(multi-viscous-fluid piecewise parabolic method),and performed to solve the multi compressible Navier-Stokes(N-S) equations.The effect of the unresolved subgrid-scale(SGS) motions on the large scales is represented by different SGS stress models in LES.A Richtmyer-Meshkov instability experiment of the evolution of a rectangular block of SF6,which occupies half of the height of the ...     

A new mixed subgrid-scale model for large eddy simulation of turbulent drag-reducing flows of viscoelastic fluids

A mixed subgrid-scale(SGS) model based on coherent structures and temporal approximate deconvolution(MCT) is proposed for turbulent drag-reducing flows of viscoelastic fluids. The main idea of the MCT SGS model is to perform spatial filtering for the momentum equation and temporal filtering for the conformation tensor transport equation of turbulent flow of viscoelastic fluid, respectively. The MCT model is suitable for large eddy simulation(LES) of turbulent dragreducing flows of viscoelastic fluids in engineering applications since the model parameters can be easily obtained. The LES of forced homogeneous isotropic turbulence(FHIT) with polymer additives and turbulent channel flow with surfactant additives based on MCT SGS model shows excellent agreements with direct numerical simulation(DNS) results. Compared with the LES results using the temporal approximate deconvolution model(TADM) for FHIT with polymer additives, this mixed SGS model MCT behaves better, regarding the enhancement of calculating parameters such as the Reynolds number.For scientific and engineering research, turbulent flows at high Reynolds numbers are expected, so the MCT model can be a more suitable model for the LES of turbulent drag-reducing flows of viscoelastic fluid with polymer or surfactant additives.     

Particle subgrid scale modelling in large-eddy simulations of particle-laden turbulence

This study is concerned with particle subgrid scale (SGS) modelling in large-eddy simulations (LESs) of particle-laden turbulence. Although many particle-laden LES studies have neglected the effect of the SGS on the particles, several particle SGS models have been proposed in the literature. In this research, the approximate deconvolution method (ADM) and the stochastic models of Fukagata et al. (Dynamics of Brownian particles in a turbulent channel flow, Heat Mass Transf. 40 (2004), 715–726) Shotorban and Mashayek (A stochastic model for particle motion in large-eddy simulation, J. Turbul. 7 (2006), 1–13) and Berrouk et al. (Stochastic modelling of inertial particle dispersion by subgrid motion for LES of high Reynolds number pipe flow, J. Turbul. 8 (2007), pp. 1–20) are analysed. The particle SGS models are assessed using both a priori and a posteriori simulations of inertial particles in a periodic box of decaying, homogeneous and isotropic turbulence with an initial Reynolds number of Re_λ = 74. The model results are compared with particle statistics from a direct numerical simulation (DNS). Particles with a large range of Stokes numbers are tested using various filter sizes and stochastic model constant values. Simulations with and without gravity are performed to evaluate the ability of the models to account for the crossing trajectory and continuity effects. The results show that ADM improves results but is only capable of recovering a portion of the SGS turbulent kinetic energy. Conversely, the stochastic models are able to recover sufficient SGS energy, but show a large range of results dependent on the Stokes number and filter size. The stochastic models generally perform best at small Stokes numbers, but are unable to predict preferential concentration.     

A mixing controlled direct chemistry (MCDC) model for diesel engine combustion modelling using large eddy simulation

A mixing controlled direct chemistry (MCDC) combustion model with sub-grid scale (SGS) mixing effects and chemical kinetics has been evaluated for Large Eddy Simulation (LES) of diesel engine combustion. The mixing effect is modelled by a mixing timescale based on mixture fraction variance and sub-grid scalar dissipation rate. The SGS scalar dissipation rate is modelled using a similarity term and a scaling factor from the analysis of Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) data. The chemical reaction progress is estimated from a kinetic timescale based on local internal energy change rate and equilibrium state internal energy. An optical research engine operating at conventional operating conditions and Low Temperature Combustion (LTC) conditions was used for evaluation of the combustion model. From the simulation results, the effect of SGS scalar mixing is evaluated at different stages of combustion. In the context of LES, the new approach provides improved engine modelling results compared to the Direct Chemistry Solver (DCS) combustion model.     

A priori analysis of sub-grid variance of a reactive scalar using DNS data of high Ka flames

Direct numerical simulations (DNS) of low and high Karlovitz number (Ka) flames are analysed to investigate the behaviour of the reactive scalar sub-grid scale (SGS) variance in premixed combustion under a wide range of combustion conditions (regimes). An order of magnitude analysis is performed to assess the importance of various terms in the variance evolution equation and the analysis is validated using the DNS results. This analysis sheds light on the relative behaviour among turbulent transport and production, scalar dissipation and chemical processes involved in the evolution of the SGS variance at different Ka. The common expectation is that the variance equation shifts from a reaction-dissipation balance at low Ka to a production–dissipation balance at high Ka with diminishing reaction contribution. However, in large eddy simulation (LES), a high Ka alone does not make the reaction term negligible, as the relative importance of the reaction term has a concurrent increase with filter size. The filter size can be relatively large compared with the Kolmogorov length scale in practical LES of high Ka flames, and as a consequence a reaction–production–dissipation balance may prevail in the variance equation even in a high Ka configuration, and this possibility is quantified using the DNS analysis in this work. This has implications from modelling perspectives, and therefore two commonly used closures in LES for the SGS scalar dissipation rate are investigated a priori to estimate the importance of the above balance in LES modelling. The results are explained to highlight the interplay among turbulence, chemistry and dissipation processes as a function of Ka.     

Large-eddy simulation of MILD combustion using partially stirred reactor approach

Subgrid-scale (SGS) parameterization and method for calculating filtered reaction rate are critical components of an accurate large-eddy simulation (LES) of turbulent flames. In this study, we integrate gradient-type structural SGS models with a partially stirred reactor approach by using detailed chemical kinetics to simulate a turbulent methane/hydrogen jet flame under moderate or intense low-oxygen dilution (MILD) conditions. The study examines two oxygen dilution levels. The framework is assessed through a systematic and comprehensive comparison of temperature, and mass fractions of major and minor species with experimental data and other reference simulation results. Overall, the statistics of the combustion field show excellent agreement with measurements at different axial locations, and a significant improvement compared to some previous simulations. It suggests that the proposed nonlinear LES framework is able to accurately model MILD combustion with reasonable computational cost.     

An improved dynamic subgrid-scale model and its application to large eddy simulation of rotating channel flows

Rotating turbulence occurs extensively in nature and engineering circumstances. Meanwhile, understanding physical mechanisms of the rotating turbulence is important to the fundamental research of turbulence. The turbulent flow in rotating frames undergoes two kinds of Coriolis force effects. First, a secondary flow is induced in the case that there is a mean vorticity component perpendicular to the rotating axis. Second, there are augmenting or suppressing effects on the turbulence if there i…