Indium trichloride catalyzed sp C–H bond functionalization of 2-alkyl azaarenes under microwave irradiation

Microwave promoted indium trichloride (10 mol %) catalyzed sp³ C–H bond functionalization of 2-alkyl azaarenes 1 or 4 has been observed to construct C–C bond either with but-2-ene-1,4-diones 2 or (E)-3-(2-oxo-2-phenylethylidene)indolin-2-one (6) giving access to 2-((quinolin-2-yl)methyl)butane-1,4-diones 3, 2-((pyridin-2-yl)methyl)butane-1,4-diones 5, or 3-(quinolin-2-yl)propan-2-yl)indolin-2-ones 7 in good yields using 1,4-dioxane as solvent.     

Iodine-catalyzed efficient synthesis of azaarene substituted 3-hydroxy-2-oxindole derivatives through sp3 C–H functionalization

Iodine-catalyzed benzylic sp³ C–H bond functionalization of lutidines or picolines to isatins is described. This synthetic method provides a rapid entry towards biologically interesting 3-azaarene substituted 3-hydroxy-2-oxindole derivatives.     

Synthesis of N-benzothiazol-2-yl-amides by Pd-catalyzed C(sp~2)–H functionalization

A catalytic synthesis of N-benzothiazol-2-yl-amides from 1-acyl-3-(phenyl)thioureas was achieved in the presence of a palladium catalyst through the C(sp2)–H functionalization/C–S bond formation. This synthetic methodology can produce various N-benzothiazol-2-yl-amides in high yields with good functional group tolerance.     

Sulfonylation of C(sp3)–H bond for synthesis of 2-sulfolmethyl azaarenes catalyzed by TBAI in water

Research on Chemical Intermediates - A tetrabutylammonium iodide (TBAI)-catalyzed method for synthesis of 2-sulfolmethyl quinolone has been developed. Using water as solvent, a wide range of...     

Silver-mediated synthesis of indolizines via oxidative C–H functionalization and 5-endo-dig cyclization

An efficient strategy for the synthesis of indolizines from readily available starting materials via oxidative C–H functionalization and 5-endo-dig cyclization in one step has been demonstrated. This protocol represents wide substrate scope, high functional group tolerance, and selectivity. The structure of the product was confirmed by X-ray crystallographic studies. Ag₂CO₃ required of this tandem reaction can be recycled and reused after undergoing oxidative reaction.     

Iron-catalyzed C(sp)–H functionalization of methyl azaarenes with α-oxoesters: a facile approach to lactic acid derivatives

A highly efficient method for the C(sp³)–H functionalization of methyl azaarenes to α-oxoesters in the presence of iron(II) acetate as an inexpensive, nontoxic catalyst with moderate-to-excellent yields has been developed. This transformation represents a facile approach to medicinally important lactic acid derivatives.     

Catalytic asymmetric α-C(sp)–H functionalization of amines

In this digest review, we aim to give a brief overview of catalytic asymmetric α-C(sp³)–H functionalization of amines, mainly via internal tert-aminocyclization, intermolecular C–H oxidative couplings, and redox neutral metal insertion C–H bond.     

Synthesis of CF3-substituted isoindolones via rhodium(iii)-catalyzed carbenoid C–H functionalization of aryl hydroxamates

An efficient method for the selective preparation of trifluoro-methyl-substituted isoindolones has been developed via Rh^III catalyzed C-H activation / [4 + 1]-annulation of aryl hydroxamates with functionalized acceptor/acceptor diazo compounds as cross-coupling partners.     

Lewis acid-catalyzed Csp3–H functionalization of methyl azaarenes with α-trifluoromethyl carbonyl compounds

A Lewis acid promoted Csp³–H bond functionalization of methyl azaarenes with α-trifluoromethylated carbonyl compounds is described. Catalytic amounts of Yb(OTf)₃ provided a straightforward access to the corresponding trifluoromethylated alcohols in excellent yields up to 94% under mild reaction conditions.     

Revealing Silylation of C(sp2)/C(sp3)–H Bonds in Arylphosphines by Ruthenium Catalysis

The first aromatic C−H silylation between arylphosphines and hydrosilanes enabled by a ruthenium complex has been developed. The excellent ortho-selectivity results from a four-membered metallacyclic intermediate involving phosphorus chelation. The developed system can be extended to the benzylic C−H silylation of arylphosphines. Diverse silylated arylphosphines are produced, exhibiting broad functional group compatibility. Further functionalization of the products under mild conditions renders the formed compounds useful building blocks.     

Synthesis of indenoquinolinone through aryne-mediated Pd(II)-catalysed remote C–H activation

Research on Chemical Intermediates - Indenoquinolinones have been synthesized from 2-haloquinoline-3-carbaldehyde through Pd-mediated simultaneous C–H (aldehyde) and C–X bond...     

Silver-mediated C–H bond functionalization: one-pot to construct substituted indolizines from 2-alkylazaarenes with alkynes

A new silver-mediated highly selective C–H functionalization of 2-alkylazaarenes with internal and terminal alkynes for the creation of substituted indolizines in one-pot has been demonstrated. This process firstly represents a simple, efficient, and atom-economic way to construct polysubstituted indolizines in good yields from internal and terminal alkynes through C–H functionalization of 2-alkylazaarenes.     

Stereoselective synthesis of (−)-3-PPP through palladium-catalysed unactivated C(sp3)–H arylation at the C-3 position of l-pipecolinic acid

An efficient route for the preparation of (?)-3-PPP(preclamol) using the highly stereoselective palladium-catalysed C(sp³)-H arylation and radical decarboxylation reaction as the key steps is described. The chiral center at the C-3 position of l-pipecolinic acid derivative formed in the key reaction was completely induced by the adjacent stereocenter of the substrate, which was confirmed by the data of chiral HPLC analysis. Substitution effect of nitrogen on the efficiency of Pd-catalysed C(sp³)-H arylation reaction was explored with substantial experiments including the X-ray single-crystal diffraction analysis of palladium-complex-2.     

CuII/TEMPO-Catalyzed Enantioselective C(sp3)–H Alkynylation of Tertiary Cyclic Amines through Shono-Type Oxidation

A novel strategy for asymmetric Shono-type oxidative cross-coupling has been developed by merging copper catalysis and electrochemistry, affording C1-alkynylated tetrahydroisoquinolines with good to excellent enantioselectivity. The use of TEMPO as a co-catalytic redox mediator is crucial not only for oxidizing a tetrahydroisoquinoline to an iminium ion species but also for decreasing the oxidation potential of the reaction. A novel bisoxazoline ligand is also reported.     

Oxidation-induced ortho-selective C–H bond functionalization of 2-naphthylamine derivative

Selective C–H bond functionalization has been emerged as a versatile strategy for the construction of new chemical bonds. In the past decades, the directing group(DG)-assisted C–H bond activation has been developed as one of the most efficient methods for selective C–H functionalization. Although a great progress has been made by utilizing this traditional method, developing new strategy for selective C–H bond functionalization is still highly demanded. Hence, a novel oxidation-induced C–H bond functionalization method was demonstrated in this work. By this new method, ortho-C(sp2)–H chlorination of N-substituted 2-naphthylamine was realized in a highly selective manner.     

Synthesis of π-conjugated poly(arylene)s by polycondensation of 1,4-bis(3-methylpyridin-2-yl)benzene and aryl dibromides through regiospecific C-H functionalization process

On the basis of the Ru-catalyzed regiospecific direct double arylation of benzene rings possessing 3-methylpyridin-2-yl substituents to produce 1-aryl-2-(3-methylpyridin-2-yl)benzene derivatives, the synthesis of poly(p-phenylene) derivatives having 2,5-bis(3-methylpyridin-2-yl) substituents is described. The reaction of 1,4-bis(3-methylpyridin-2-yl)benzene with bromobenzene (2 equiv) was carried out in the presence of [RuCl₂(η⁶-C₆H₆)]₂ (5 mol %) in 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone at 120°C for 24 h to produce 1,4-bis(3-methylpyridin-2-yl)-2,5-diphenylbenzene in 99% yield as a sole product. Neither 2,6-diphenylated nor further phenylated products was produced under the examined conditions. This regiospecific double arylation process was then applied to the synthesis of π-conjugated polymers by use of aryl dibromides such as 1,4-dibromobenzene, 2,7-dibromo-9,9-dihexylfluorene, and 2,5-dibromothiophene. For example, a polymer was obtained in 73% yield by using 1,4-dibromobenzene, whose M_n and M_w/M_n were estimated to be 3300 and 1.51, respectively. The bathochromic shift of the ultraviolet (UV)–visible absorption spectrum with respect to that of the model compound, 1,4-bis(3-methylpyridin-2-yl)-2,5-diphenylbenzene, indicated the extension of the π-conjugation. The blue fluorescence was also observed for the polymer upon the UV irradiation. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2018 , 56, 2771–2777     

Synthesis of (diarylmethyl)amines using Ni-catalyzed arylation of C(sp3)–H bonds

The first nickel catalyzed deprotonative cross coupling between C(sp³)–H bonds and aryl chlorides is reported, allowing the challenging arylation of benzylimines in the absence of directing group or stoichiometric metal activation. This methodology represents a convenient access to the (diarylmethyl)amine moiety, which is widespread in pharmaceutically relevant compounds.     

Development of aqueous oxidative Ugi-type reactions by copper-catalyzed surfactant-promoted C(sp)–H direct functionalization in water

Direct assembly of α-amino amides from N-alkyl amines and isocyanides through oxidative Ugi-type reactions in aqueous conditions, has been achieved in a Cu(I)–TBHP–surfactant catalysis system. Various N-alkyl amines and isocyanides could be tolerated in this reaction and furnish α-amino amides in moderate yields.     

Synthesis of Cytotoxic Iron-Containing Macrocycles Through Unexpected C(sp2)−C(sp2) Bonds Formation

In previous reports, it has been demonstrated that cyclometalated iron(II/III) complexes can be prepared by reacting iron(0) precursors and mercurated or brominated derivatives. However, in this report, the reaction between [Fe₃(CO)₁₂] and mercurated 6-phenyl-2,2′-bipyridine or brominated 2,6-diphenyl-pyridine pincer derivatives led to compounds in which C(sp²)−C(sp²) bonds have been formed between two ligands. A 16-electron iron(II) complex ( 1Cl ) bearing a tetradentate ligand originating from the dimerization of 6-phenyl-2,2′-bipyridine was isolated, while a protonated 14-membered macrocycle with [FeBr₄]⁻ as counterion ( 2 ) was obtained from 2,6-diphenyl-pyridine. Studies by X-ray diffraction crystallography, NMR, UV-vis and cyclic voltammetry confirmed the structures. Additionally, the cytotoxicity of the new compounds toward gastric cancer cell lines was evaluated, and it was established that the presence of the iron(II) center was crucial for an elevated activity.     

Synthesis of β-Lactams by Palladium(0)-Catalyzed C(sp3)−H Carbamoylation

A general and user-friendly synthesis of β-lactams is reported that makes use of Pd⁰-catalyzed carbamoylation of C(sp³)−H bonds, and operates under stoichiometric carbon monoxide in a two-chamber reactor. This reaction is compatible with a range of primary, secondary and activated tertiary C−H bonds, in contrast to previous methods based on C(sp³)−H activation. In addition, the feasibility of an enantioselective version using a chiral phosphonite ligand is demonstrated. Finally, this method can be employed to synthesize valuable enantiopure free β-lactams and β-amino acids.