Raman spectral properties of squamous cell carcinoma of oral tissues and cells

Early diagnosis is the key of the improved survival rates of oral cancer. Raman spectroscopy is sensitive to the early changes of molecular composition and structure that occur in benign lesion during carcinogenesis. In this study, in situ Raman analysis provided distinct spectra that can be used to discriminate between normal and malignant tissues, as well as normal and cancer cells. The biochemical variations between different groups were analyzed by the characteristic bands by comparing the normalized mean spectra. Spectral profiles of normal, malignant conditions show pronounced differences between one another, and multiple Raman markers associated with DNA and protein vibrational modes have been identified that exhibit excellent discrimination power for cancer sample identification. Statistical analyses of the Raman data and classification using principal component analysis (PCA) are shown to be effective for the Raman spectral diagnosis of oral mucosal diseases. The results indicate that the biomolecular differences between normal and malignant conditions are more obviously at the cellular level. This technique could provide a research foundation for the Raman spectral diagnosis of oral mucosal diseases.     

Modeling of Neurodegenerative Diseases Using Discrete Chaotic Systems

Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases are two of the most common neurodegenerative disorders.Tremor, muscle stiffness, and slowness of movement are symptoms of Parkinson's disease. The symptoms of Huntington's disease are severe reduction in muscle control, emotional disturbance, and pathological disorders in brain cells.These diseases are caused by destruction of the cells that secrete a substance called dopamine. In this paper,a new discrete chaotic system is introduced,which can mimic the brain's behavior for neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson,Huntington, and Hypokinesia. This system is described based on the similarity between the brain's behavior in normal and abnormal conditions and the chaotic systems. Bifurcation analysis is carried out with respect to different parameters, providing full spectrum of the behavior for different parameter values.Our results can be used to mathematically study the mechanisms behind these diseases.     

渐进多焦点镜片的逐点定向曲率补偿优化设计

提出一种利用逐点定向曲率补偿法对渐进多焦点镜片初始模型进行整体优化以减小周边散光区（俗称盲区）的优化设计方法。推导出自由曲面任意方向法曲率的计算公式、确定主曲率和主方向的方法,求出镜片初始模型上各点的曲率差和最大曲率方向、最小曲率方向,通过迭加由不同曲率、不同轴向微小柱面构成的自由曲面,来实现逐点定向曲率补偿,使镜片各点的曲率差适当减小,从而减小散光。给出具体优化步骤和一个优化设计实例,并进行实际加工制作与检测。对比优化前后的光焦度和散光度的面形分布图。结果表明,逐点定向曲率补偿法能有效减小渐进多焦点镜片初始模型的最大散光并明显扩大视远区清晰视觉范围。     

人体血清中胆红素荧光光谱初步分析

利用分子荧光和紫外-可见吸收光谱仪分别测定了在模拟生理条件下的胆红素、胆红素和牛血清白蛋白混合溶液的荧光光谱和吸收光谱,同时也测定了一些体检者血清样品的荧光发射光谱。实验结果表明:不同情况下的胆红素溶液具有不同的荧光光谱和吸收光谱;血清白蛋白对胆红素荧光具有增敏效应。此外,初步认为所测得的人体血清样品位于约524 nm处的荧光不是主要来自于人体血清中白蛋白结合形式的胆红素组分贡献。     

气相-红外光谱联用技术鉴定对羟基联苯加氢产物的异构体

对羟基联苯的选择性催化加氢反应是一个平行连串复杂反应,由于反应物的两个苯环加氢的难易程度不同,使得产物中含有两个不同的苯环分别加氢或者全部加氢而生成多个异构体,用通常的分析方法难于对异构体进行区分鉴定。使用气相-红外光谱联用分析手段,通过对苯环的对位和单取代位置的波数特征进行分析,可以鉴定出加氢反应的主产物是对环己基苯酚,副产物是由对环己基环己醇和对苯基环己醇的异构体组成。气-质联用、熔点测定、核磁共振等辅助分析,进一步验证了气相-红外光谱联用分析结果的准确性,表明气-红联用技术是一个快速准确分析具有特征官能团的有机化合物异构体的现代仪器方法。     

MRI in children with postinfectious disseminated encephalomyelitis

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, an inflammatory and demyelinating disorder of central nervous system white matter, typically occurs following childhood viral infections. Although CT may demonstrate abnormalities, many children have normal CT studies in spite of widespread neurologic abnormalities. We report a series of five patients with the typical clinical presentation of disseminated encephalomyelitis who were studied using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In each case the children presented with progressive subacute neurologic abnormalities including headache, diplopia, ataxia, hemiparesis, seizures, dysarthria, and/or coma. CT was nondiagnostic. MRI clearly demonstrated multifocal white matter lesions of the cerebrum, brainstem, and cerebellum which corresponded to clinical signs. The patients improved dramatically with corticosteroid therapy. MRI showed progressive resolution of multifocal lesions in conjunction with clinical improvement.     

Identification of chemical modification in single human keratinocyte cells exposed to low doses of chlorpyriphos by Raman micro‐spectroscopy

Raman micro‐spectroscopy can be used to investigate biological single cells exposed to different chemicals. Since chronic exposure at low doses of pesticides can promote several diseases, the investigation of cellular changes induced by exposure to non‐cytotoxic doses of pesticides is of increasing interest. The efficiency of Raman micro‐spectroscopy to detect chemical modification in normal human keratinocytes induced by exposure to non‐cytotoxic doses of chlorpyriphos, an organophosphate pesticide present in many plant‐protection products, was investigated. Such modification affects mainly proteineous components (both single amino acids and amide linkages between amino acids) of the nucleus, cellular membranes and cytoplasm as well as the nucleic acid component of the nucleus. Chemical modifications are already detectable after 24 h exposure of keratinocytes at a chlorpyriphos concentration of 10⁻⁶ M , which is three orders of magnitude lower than the cytotoxic concentration (10⁻³ M ). Heavy damage to the lipid component occurs after exposure to the nearly cytotoxic concentration (10⁻⁴ M ). Atomic force microscopy images of keratinocyte cells exposed for 24 h to various chlorpyriphos concentrations show a progressive deterioration of the morphology of cellular membrane as the chlorpyriphos concentration increases. The results of this work may have wide applications in the monitoring of molecular changes in single human cells exposed to toxic agents. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

照相物镜移植应用的研究

对于用逐步修改法设计光学系统,初始结构的选择是重要环节。除在典型形式中寻求初始结构外,也可以借鉴其它系统的光学结构进行相似创新。照相物镜移植应用指的是不同系统物镜因成像功能相似,故可实施光学结构的优化替代。本文研究了各种物镜成像功能的相似性,不同系统大孔径、大视场物镜光学特性的边缘性;根据像差理论阐明了照相物镜是大孔径、大视场系统理想的结构替代源;结合照相物镜丰富的光学结构资源的实际情况,指出移植应用是可行的。将照相物镜移植应用于其它系统大孔径、大视场物镜设计中,生产出与照相物镜结构相似、像质优良的镜头。实践证明了移植应用的实用性与可操作性。     

血液的荧光光谱特征分析及应用研究

把荧光分析技术应用于血液分析,给出了正常血液与异常血液用不同光波激发测得的荧光光谱曲线,通过比较正常血液与血糖、血脂及胆固醇异常血样的光谱特性,分析其光谱之间的差异。实验结果表明:高血糖全血和高胆固醇、高甘油三脂血清的荧光比正常全血的强,通过荧光强度比较可判断血样是否异常;高血糖全血、高胆固醇血清都表现出特定的荧光峰位,可通过特征荧光峰检测出血清中胆固醇与甘油三脂含量的高低;通过比较Stokes位移的差异,可判断血样是否异常。文章提出的新方法,克服了传统血液检测方法的诸多不足,为血液检测分析提供一种新的途径。与传统的血液检测方法相比,文章提出的方法具有操作简单、分析方便等特点,其研究具有一定的先进性,为疾病诊断提供了有用的实验依据。     

皮肤颜色检测仪的研究

皮肤颜色检测仪可用来对正常皮肤和病变皮肤进行对比测量,经过数据分析为医生对皮肤病的诊断及治疗提供科学的依据。皮肤颜色检测仪由衍射光栅分光式单色系统及单片计算机系统构成。为提高仪器的实用性,采用了光纤探头装置。光纤探头具有体积小、不怕弯曲等特点,可方便地对人体各部位进行检测。其检测数据可由打印机打印,也可由显示器显示。本仪器通过临床应用收效良好,并通过了省级科研成果鉴定,为国内首创。本仪器不仅适用于皮肤颜色的检测,而且可用于布匹等其它物体表面的测色。     

Iron in typical and atypical parkinsonism – Mössbauer spectroscopy and MRI studies

Iron may play important role in neurodegeneration. The results of comparative studies of human brain areas (control and pathological) performed by Mössbauer spectroscopy (MS) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques are presented. Mössbauer spectroscopy demonstrated a higher concentration of iron in atypical parkinsonism (progressive supranuclear palsy PSP) in the brain areas Substantia Nigra (SN) and Globus Pallidus (GP) involved in this pathological process, compared to control, while the concentration of iron in pathological tissues in typical parkinsonism (Parkinson’s disease - PD) did not differ from that in control. These results were compared with the changes in 1/T1 and 1/T2 (T1 and T2 being the relaxation times determined by MRI). A good linear correlation curve was found between the concentration of iron as determined by MS in different areas of control human brains and between 1/T1 and 1/T2. Whereas the finding in PSP-GP (the brain area involved in PSP) also fitted to such a correlation, this was not so for the correlation between pathological SN – the brain area involved in both diseases – and 1/T2, indicating a dependence of T2 on other factors than just the concentration of iron.     

Statistical characteristics of quasi-elastically scattered light in analysis of size of aggregated biological particles

The spectra of the intensity fluctuations of light scattered by large (erythrocytes of whole blood) and small (vesicles of surgical bile) particles in natural conditions were studied. It is shown that photon correlation spectroscopy can be used in analysis of variations in the size of biological particles in normal and pathological conditions and as an express method of noninvasive diagnostics of diseases.     

基于高光谱成像的小麦白粉病与条锈病识别

小麦白粉病和条锈病是我国两种最普遍、最具破坏性的小麦病害,且田间常常混合发生。由于病源和发病机理不同,有必要对这两种病害进行准确区分和识别,以采取不同的防治措施。基于ImSpector V10E高光谱成像系统采集的条锈菌侵染叶片、白粉菌侵染叶片和健康叶片(共计320个)在375～1 017 nm范围内的高光谱图像,利用高斯平滑等预处理方法得到三种小麦叶片的平均光谱曲线,发现小麦白粉病和条锈病的敏感波段均集中在550～680 nm的色素强吸收位置,且趋势基本一致。针对两种病害的响应波段交叉重叠的问题,通过主成分分析-载荷法(PCA)、连续投影算法(SPA)和竞争性自适应重加权算法(CARS)对小麦叶片的光谱信息进行有效降维,分别优选出3、6、30个敏感波段和特征波长;在此基础上,采用最小二乘-支持向量机和极限学习机两种分类算法分别基于全波段、PCA、SPA和CARS的优选波段,建立白粉病、条锈病和健康叶片的判别模型。结果表明,8种模型的准确识别率均在94.58%以上。其中,主成分分析-载荷法结合极限学习机模型最优,训练集与校正集的正确识别率分别为99.18%和100%,且结构简单,仅含有三个变量(占全波段的1.1%)。最后,通过对小麦白粉病、条锈病以及健康叶片的显微结构分析,发现病菌入侵叶片,破环细胞结构,导致叶绿素含量减少,光合作用效能降低,进而使得小麦在可见光波段光吸收程度减弱,反射率增大。可见,利用作物的高光谱图像信息能够准确地识别不同类型的小麦病害,为研发作物病害在线识别的多光谱系统提供重要的理论依据。     

Light propagation and oscillations in two-dimensional graded square photonic lattices

We have studied the optical oscillations and transitions in two-dimensional graded square photonic lattices (GSPL) formed by evanescently coupled optical waveguide arrays with parabolic confinements in all transverse directions. When we retain only the orthogonal couplings, decoupled one-dimensional models can be used to obtain the various normal modes, which correspond to a variety of optical oscillations. Six different combinations of Bloch oscillation (BO), dipole oscillation (DO), and reflections from the boundaries of finite lattice are classified on the phase diagram. If we include the diagonal couplings, transitions among various oscillations are obtained with the Hamiltonian optics approach and confirmed by the field-evolution analysis. We studied in detail a typical example in which a switching occurs from the constituent BO and DO to both DOs in the two orthogonal directions. The method to analyze the complex field evolution in GSPL can be extended to similar systems with different types of lattices and/or confinements.     

The role of iron in neurodegeneration--M?ssbauer spectroscopy, electron microscopy, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and neuroimaging studies

The possible role of iron in neurodegeneration was studied by various techniques: electron microscopy, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, M?ssbauer spectroscopy, atomic absorption, ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging. The measurements were made on human tissues extracted from liver and from brain structures involved in diseases of the human brain: substantia nigra (Parkinson's, PD), hippocampal cortex (Alzheimer's, AD) and globus pallidus (progressive supranuclear palsy, PSP). The sizes of the iron cores of ferritin, the main iron storage compound in tissues, were found to be smaller in brain than in liver. Brain ferritin has a higher proportion of H to L chains compared to liver. A significant decrease of the concentration of L chains in PD compared to control was found. No increase in the concentration of iron in PD versus control was detected; however, there was an increase of labile iron, which constitutes only 2‰ of brain iron. In AD an increase in the concentration of ferritin was noticed, without a significant increase in iron concentration. In PSP an increase of total iron was observed. Our findings suggest that the mechanisms leading to the death of nerve cells in these three diseases may be different, although all may be related to iron mediated oxidative stress.     

Modeling the effects of social impact on epidemic spreading in complex networks

We investigate by mean-field analysis and extensive simulations the effects of social impact on epidemic spreading in various typical networks with two types of nodes: active nodes and passive nodes, of which the behavior patterns are modeled according to the social impact theory. In this study, nodes are not only the media to spread the virus, but also disseminate their opinions on the virus—whether there is a need for certain self-protection measures to be taken to reduce the risk of being infected. Our results indicate that the interaction between epidemic spreading and opinion dynamics can have significant influences on the spreading of infectious diseases and related applications, such as the implementation of prevention and control measures against the infectious diseases.     

Characterisation of structural changes in collagen with Raman spectroscopy

Raman spectroscopy can detect conformational changes in collagen structures and these findings are reviewed in this article. More specifically, some progressive diseases are mainly caused by alterations of collagen molecules but what is occurring at the biochemical level of this complex molecule usually remains unclear. While it may be true that a number of analytical techniques can analyze collagen, most of them have a series of limitations that limit their applicability to a wide range of samples. To understand in more detail the progression of a disease due to changes in the collagen structure, a technique that can detect subtle alterations at the biochemical level is needed. Raman spectroscopy is a label-free and noninvasive technique that can easily pick up on any conformational changes reflected primarily at the lipids, amides and proline and hydroxyproline regions. This review is the first compilation of studies of conformational changes in collagen molecules, providing help to understand changes in collagen biochemistry that can be of relevance to the human wound healing, ageing and pathologies.     

Optimal Purification of Arbitrary Quantum Mixed States

The quantum state purification is very important in quantum information processing. Our purpose is to purify arbitrary mixed state into some pure state. We present one simple method to purify arbitrary mixed state from its normal Schmidt decomposition. This scheme is also simplified by using only two special unitary transformations, and can be used to prove the typical entanglement thresholds for random mixed states.     

Research on the Raman spectral character and diagnostic value of squamous cell carcinoma of oral mucosa

Early diagnosis of oral carcinomas is essential for successful treatment. The purpose of the present study is to apply near‐infrared Raman spectroscopy to detect oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and leukoplakia (OLK), in order to establish the diagnostic model of the Raman spectra of oral diseases. We collected Raman spectra of normal, OLK and SCC by near‐infrared Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy. The biochemical variations between different lesions were analyzed by the characteristic bands in the subtracted mean spectra. Gaussian radial basis function support vector machines (SVM) were used to classify spectra and establish the diagnostic models. Major differences were observed in the range between 800 and 1800 cm⁻¹. Compared with normal mucosa, high contents of protein, DNA and lipid in SCC and OLK were observed, but the difference between OLK and normal tissue was not as much as that between normal and SCC. SVM displayed a powerful ability in the classifying of normal and SCC, and the specificity, sensitivity and accuracy were 100, 97.56 and 98.75%, respectively. In discriminating between the OLK and normal groups, the three parameters were 85, 68 and 72.5%. The algorithm showed good ability in grouping and modeling of OLK and SCC, and the three parameters were 95, 97.43 and 96.25%. Combined with SVM, near‐infrared Raman spectroscopy can detect biochemical variations in oral normal mucosa, OLK and SCC, and establish diagnostic models accurately. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.