生物质气化过程中碱金属和碱土金属的析出特性研究

研究了固定床上生物质及热解焦CO2气化过程中碱金属及碱土金属(AAEMs)的析出特性。利用原子吸收光谱仪,考察了不同生物质种类、不同热解制焦温度对AAEMs析出的影响。不同生物质由于其挥发分含量不同引起气化失重率的差异,焦气化活性随制焦温度升高而降低。生物质及焦气化过程中Na析出率最大,其次是K,碱土金属析出率低于碱金属,这与元素在生物质中的存在形式、金属价态有关。低温段K的析出率随热解制焦温度的提高而增加,而Na在热解与气化段总的析出率与制焦温度关系不大。生物质的种类尤其是灰中的Si含量对Ca和Mg的析出影响较大,气化效率高的生物质AAEMs析出较多。热力学计算结果显示,气化过程中Na、K多以氯化物的形式存在并析出,Ca、Mg则更倾向于形成硅酸化合物而不易析出。     

污泥与醋糟共热解特性及碱金属迁移规律

分别采用热重分析仪、真空固定床反应器和原子吸收光谱研究了污泥与醋糟共热解过程中反应动力学、产物分布和碱金属迁移行为,探究了协同效应及碱金属迁移规律。结果表明,两者共热解过程中存在明显协同效应;与理论计算相比,混合物分解所需的活化能下降了35.38%～29.49%,脱挥发指数比计算低3.5×10-8。协同效应导致气体产率增加,生物炭、液体产率降低;醋糟的存在加速了污泥的脱挥发分析出,提高了气体产物中合成气含量,加大了生物炭中大芳香环的裂解反应,使生物油中酚类和酯类物质含量明显增加;热解终止时,碱金属元素析出量达到79.19%～86.73%。     

准东高钠煤热解过程中钠的迁移特性实验研究

针对新疆准东煤田高钠煤(简称准东高钠煤)在发电锅炉燃烧时遇到结渣黏污严重的问题,基于立式管式炉热解,利用电感耦合等离子体-原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)、X射线衍射(XRD)以及扫描电镜-能谱(SEM-EDX)等检测手段,分析了准东高钠煤在不同热解温度下碱金属钠的析出特性、赋存形态以及热解半焦的微观形貌.利用Fact sage 6.1化学热力学平衡计算软件分析了碱金属的析出形式.结果表明,准东高钠煤中的碱金属钠在热解过程中有部分析出,开始的析出温度为600 ℃,当热解温度达900 ℃时,碱金属钠的析出率为40.2%;碱金属钠在热解过程中主要以NaCl的形式析出;热解温度低于900 ℃时,没有熔融态物质生成.     

玉米秸热解动力学研究

生物质能具有低硫和二氧化碳零排放的特点，其在能源结构中的地位越来越重要。作为一种高效生物质能转化途径，热化学转化可获得气、液和固态多种能源产物。其中，热解是热化学转化中最为基本的过程，是气化、液化及燃烧过程的初始和伴生反应，对热解的分析有助于热化学转化过程控制及高效转化工艺的开发。热解动力学是表征热解过程中反应过程参数对原料转化率影响的重要手段，通过动力学分析可深入了解反应过程和机理，预测反应速率及难易程度，为生物质热化学转化工艺的研究开发提供重要的基础数据。国外对纤维素热解动力学已进行了一些研究，但生物质作为纤维素、半纤维素、木质素等的复杂聚合物，其热解行为与单纯纤维素差别较大。因此本文的热解研究集中在玉米秸这种常见的软质秸秆类生物质原料。     

无机矿物质盐对生物质热解特性的影响

生物质灰中碱金属盐的存在对生物质热解行为起着重要的催化作用。选取典型的农业废弃物花生壳作为实验的研究对象,首先分析了不同脱灰方法（水洗和酸洗（5%盐酸和5%硫酸））对生物质热解特性的影响,并采用ICP-AES测试分析不同洗涤方法的脱灰效果;为了进一步考察碱金属盐对生物质热解的影响,采用添加金属盐（K2CO3和CaCO3.M gCO3）分析了脱灰样的热解特性。结果表明,酸洗明显减少了生物质样内的碱金属含量,加快了生物质的热解速度,热解温度升高,少量金属盐的增加有利于生物质的热解。     

升温速率对生物质热解的影响

稻壳、稻秆及麦秆是中国主要的农业废弃物,如何综合、有效地利用这些农业废弃物进行资源化研究显得十分必要。热解是热化学转化中最为基本的过程,是气化、液化及燃烧过程的初始和伴生反应,对热解的分析有助于热化学转化过程控制及高效转化工艺的开发。目前,国内外对生物质及其组分的热解已有大量的研究,但对中国主要的农业废弃物稻壳、稻秆及麦秆的研究较少。本研究利用热重和红外联用技术深入研究了升温速率对三种典型生物质热解气体产物的影响,并对生物质的热解动力学及热解气体产物的析出规律进行实时在线分析。     

生物质组分及温度对闪速热解挥发分的影响

生物质是一种可再生、污染小的自然资源，它可以直接燃烧产生热能，也可以转化为气体、液体燃料或化工原料。生物质热转化技术近年来受到国内外学者的广泛重视。而热转化过程中，热解是第一步，与生物质组分、热解温度、滞留时间等因素有关。热重仪（TGA）是一种研究热解机理常用的方法，它适用于慢速程序升温的热解研究。研究发现，热解条件及生物质种类对反应表观活化能与表观频率因子等动力学参数有很大影响。层流炉闪速加热设备，已经用于煤的热解研究。本文利用自己设计的以热等离子体为热源的层流炉系统，对椰子壳、棉花秆和稻壳粉末进行了闪速热解实验研究及模型理论分析，探讨了生物质化学组分、热解温度和滞留时间对挥发分的影响，为生物质闪速热解提供了一定的基础数据。     

碱金属赋存形态对水稻秸秆热解过程的影响机制

碱金属是生物质热解过程的重要影响因素.本研究以含不同赋存形态碱金属的水稻秸秆(RS)为研究对象,采用热重-质谱联用仪(TG-MS)和热裂解-气质联用仪(Py-GC/MS)研究其热解特性、小分子气体的释放规律及原位热解焦油组成变化规律,以揭示不同赋存形态碱金属在热解过程中的作用机理.结果表明,随水稻秸秆碱金属脱除程度的提...     

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES)法测生物质中的碱金属和碱土金属

为研究并解决测试生物质样品中碱金属和碱土金属含量的干扰,采用微波消解-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES)法对生物质中的碱金属和碱土金属钾、钙、钠、镁元素进行测定,考察了样品消解后不同的酸体系,共存元素干扰对钾、钠、钙、镁含量测定的干扰研究。经过研究表明,接近分析标准曲线酸浓度的样品干扰小,铅、铟、钛、锰元素对钠元素测定造成干扰,砷、铜、镉对钙元素测定干扰,铝对钾元素测定有干扰,镁测定不受共存元素干扰影响,运用干扰系数法可以减少共存元素对测定元素的误差。各待测元素标准曲线相关系数大于0.9996,检出限为0.0014~0.023 mg/L,玉米芯各元素的相对标准偏差为0.98%~1.9%,加标回收率为80.2%~106%;西瓜皮的各元素相对标准偏差为0.91%~2.3%,加标回收率为85.3%~106%。方法用于测定国家标准物质GBW07603,各元素结果均在标准值参考范围内。方法用于测定生物质中碱金属和碱土金属的结果,用t检验法与离子色谱测定值进行比对,结果无显著性差异。     

共热解过程对褐煤焦和生物质焦氧化特性的影响

以锡盟褐煤和玉米秸秆为原料,利用固定床程序升温热解的方法制备了褐煤焦、生物质焦以及褐煤和生物质不同混合比例的共热解焦样,并进行了孔结构和化学结构的表征以及其灰成分分析。采用等温热重法在450 ℃下考察褐煤焦和生物质焦的混合样与其相同比例的共热解焦样的氧化活性,对比分析共热解过程对焦样反应活性的影响。实验结果表明,共热解过程中的二次反应对焦样结构有着明显的影响,进一步导致其反应活性下降。尤其是生物质添加量低于50%时,由于共热解过程生物质中大量挥发分的释放增强了其与半焦的二次反应,促使新生焦中部分小于五环的有机结构向更大的结构转化。但生物质添加量大于50%时,生物质焦的反应活性起主导作用,焦样中碱金属和碱土金属催化作用较明显,特别是钾的影响,使得共热解过程中挥发分与半焦的二次反应对其结构及反应性的影响减弱。     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.     

Chemistry of heterocyclic compounds at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, over 50 years (Review)

The review contains a concise historical account and information on the most significant researches undertaken by the staff at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds. Dedicated to Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences B. A. Trofimov on his 70th jubilee. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 10, pp. 1443–1502, October, 2008.     

A general and convenient synthesis of 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones and their use in amidoalkylation of hydrogen,heteroatom, and carbon nucleophiles

A general synthesis of previously unknown semicarbazone-based α-amidoalkylating reagents, 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones, has been developed. The synthesis involved three-component condensation of semicarbazones of aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes with the same or other aldehydes and p-toluenesulfinic acid. The scope and limitations of this reaction were investigated. The compounds obtained were demonstrated to be an efficient α-(4-semicarbazono)alkylating agents. They were reacted with H- (sodium borohydride), O- (sodium methylate), S- (sodium phenylthiolate), N- (pyrrolidine, sodium succinimide), P- (trialkyl phosphites), and C-nucleophiles (sodium diethyl malonate) to give the corresponding products of the tosyl group substitution, 4-substituted semicarbazones, including analogues of nitrofurazone. Among the prepared compounds tested in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activity, three nitrofuryl-containing semicarbazones exhibited high biological activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8–32 μg/mL.     

Sulfur-directed metal-free and regiospecific methyl C(sp3)–H imidation of thioanisoles

Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp³)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products.     

Synthesis of novel chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and their application in palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck couplings and asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde

A small library of new chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-imidazolium salts 1 is conveniently synthesized on multi-gram scale from inexpensive and commercially available chiral pool amino acids. The corresponding carbenes, generated by deprotonation of imidazolium salts 1, in combination with palladium(II) chloride were tested in the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction. The most significant results in terms of yields and reactivities were achieved with low catalyst loading. The catalytic activities of these imidazolium salts were also investigated in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The use of MgO nanoparticles as an additive in conjunction with these ligands played a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of these reactions.