碳纳米管贮氢研究进展

综述了碳纳米管在实验和理论方面的贮氢研究工作。不同科研工作者得到的实验结果很不一致，重量百分比分布在67％～0．01％之间。理论模拟结果差别相对小一些。碳纳米管中的氢吸附受有效表面积和孔体积的强烈影响，单壁碳纳米管堆积的几何形状在氢吸附中也起着重要作用。不少研究者认为碳纳米管并不是适合的贮氢材料。其贮氢量在1(wt)％以下。     

A hydrogen storage mechanism in single-walled carbon nanotubes.

We have carried out systematic calculations for hydrogen-adsorption and -storage mechanism in carbon nanotubes at zero temperature. Hydrogen atoms first adsorb on the tube wall in an arch-type and zigzag-type up to a coverage of theta = 1.0 and are stored in the capillary as a form of H(2) molecule at higher coverages. Hydrogen atoms can be stored dominantly through the tube wall by breaking the C--C midbond, while preserving the wall stability of a nanotube after complete hydrogen insertion, rather than by the capillarity effect through the ends of nanotubes. In the hydrogen-extraction processes, H(2) molecule in the capillary of nanotubes first dissociates and adsorbs onto the inner wall and is further extracted to the outer wall by the flip-out mechanism. Our calculations describe suitably an electrochemical storage process of hydrogen, which is applicable for the secondary hydrogen battery.     

Hydrogen and methane sorption in dry and water-loaded multiwall carbon nanotubes

Both H2 and CH4 are clean energy sources. Adsorption was considered a measure to enhance their storage, and many efforts have been dedicated to creating novel materials including carbon nanotubes as efficient carriers for them. In order to understand the uptake mechanism and the viability of practical application, eight adsorption isotherms of H2 on a sample of multiwall carbon nanotubes were collected. The heat of adsorption was determined and an isotherm model was presented. Isotherms of CH4 on the same sample were also collected. While the adsorption on dry samples behaves similarly to that of H2, the sorption behavior of CH4 in the water-loaded sample is quite different and five times higher uptake capacity was observed in the wet sample due to the formation of methane hydrates. However, carbon nanotubes are unlikely to be used as an energy carrier due to its limited surface area and pore volume.     

Hydrogen adsorption on carbon-doped boron nitride nanotube

The adsorption of atomic and molecular hydrogen on carbon-doped boron nitride nanotubes is investigated within the ab initio density functional theory. The binding energy of adsorbed hydrogen on carbon-doped boron nitride nanotube is substantially increased when compared with hydrogen on nondoped nanotube. These results are in agreement with experimental results for boron nitride nanotubes (BNNT) where dangling bonds are present. The atomic hydrogen makes a chemical covalent bond with carbon substitution, while a physisorption occurs for the molecular hydrogen. For the H(2) molecule adsorbed on the top of a carbon atom in a boron site (BNNT + C(B)-H(2)), a donor defect level is present, while for the H(2) molecule adsorbed on the top of a carbon atom in a nitrogen site (BNNT + C(N)-H(2)), an acceptor defect level is present. The binding energies of H(2) molecules absorbed on carbon-doped boron nitride nanotubes are in the optimal range to work as a hydrogen storage medium.     

氧化多壁碳纳米管对Pb~(2+)的吸附性能研究

该文研究了氧化多壁碳纳米管(o-MWNTs)对Pb2+的吸附性能,考察了平衡时间、溶液pH值、溶液体积等因素对吸附行为的影响。在静态吸附条件下:Pb2+能大量并快速地被o-MWNTs吸附,45 min内即可达到吸附平衡,而活性炭(ACs)的吸附平衡时间为90 min。溶液pH值在1.0~7.0范围对吸附量有显著影响,在pH5.0~6.0时o-MWNTs对Pb2+的静态吸附容量为17.43 mg.g-1。o-MWNTs对铅离子的吸附量随着溶液体积的增加而增加,并逐渐趋于稳定,最大吸附量可达25 mg.g-1。在动态吸附实验中,30 mg.L-1的铅离子溶液在SPE小柱的穿透体积为235 mL,溶液体积为400 mL时可完全穿透。动态吸附实验表明,o-MWNTs对铅离子具有较大的吸附容量且萃取回收率高达94%。研究表明,氧化碳纳米管装填的固相萃取小柱可用于中药提取物中Pb2+的残留分析。     

玻璃基片上纳米碳管电极的集成

利用微波等离子体化学气相沉积法在玻璃孔穴中定位生长纳米碳管电极, 分析了负偏压对纳米碳管电极生长的影响. 该电极对铜离子的电化学检测性能分析结果表明, 所制备的纳米碳管电极具有良好的电化学检测性能, 位于－0.0100 V附近的铜离子的还原峰峰形良好, 其电流在铜离子浓度为0.01~0.30 mmol•L^-1时, 与Cu²⁺浓度呈良好的线性关系, 相关系数为0.9975, 且具有较好的长期稳定性和重现性.     

Hydrogen capacity of palladium-loaded carbon materials

Several samples of palladium-loaded single-wall carbon nanotubes and palladium-loaded MAXSORB activated carbon were prepared by means of the reaction of the raw carbon support with Pd2(dba)3.CHCl3. When carbon nanotubes were used as the support, the palladium content in the samples reached 13-31 wt % and fine particles of 5-7 nm average size were obtained. In the case of the samples with MAXSORB as the support, the palladium content was higher (30-50 wt %) and the particle size larger (32-42 nm) than in the nanotube samples. At 1 atm and room temperature, the hydrogen capacity of the palladium-loaded samples exceeds 0.1 wt % and is much higher than the capacity of the raw carbon supports (less than 0.01 wt %). The maximum hydrogen capacity at 1 atm and room temperature was found to be 0.5 wt %. A maximum hydrogen capacity of 0.7 wt % was obtained at 90 bar in a palladium-loaded MAXSORB sample, while the capacities for the raw carbon nanotubes and MAXSORB at the same pressure were 0.21 and 0.42 wt %, respectively. At low pressure, it was observed that the H/Pd atomic ratios in the palladium-loaded samples were always higher than in the bulk Pd. The spillover effect is considered as a possible cause of the high H/Pd atomic ratios. On the other hand, the effect of the pressure increase on the spillover was observed to be very low at high pressure and room temperature.     

Hydrogen storage in nanoporous carbon materials: myth and facts

We used Grand canonical Monte Carlo simulation to model the hydrogen storage in the primitive, gyroid, diamond, and quasi-periodic icosahedral nanoporous carbon materials and in carbon nanotubes. We found that none of the investigated nanoporous carbon materials satisfy the US Department of Energy goal of volumetric density and mass storage for automotive application (6 wt% and 45 kg H(2) m(-3)) at considered storage condition. Our calculations indicate that quasi-periodic icosahedral nanoporous carbon material can reach the 6 wt% at 3.8 MPa and 77 K, but the volumetric density does not exceed 24 kg H(2) m(-3). The bundle of single-walled carbon nanotubes can store only up to 4.5 wt%, but with high volumetric density of 42 kg H(2) m(-3). All investigated nanoporous carbon materials are not effective against compression above 20 MPa at 77 K because the adsorbed density approaches the density of the bulk fluid. It follows from this work that geometry of carbon surfaces can enhance the storage capacity only to a limited extent. Only a combination of the most effective structure with appropriate additives (metals) can provide an efficient storage medium for hydrogen in the quest for a source of "clean" energy.     

Comparative study of hydrogen adsorption on carbon and BN nanotubes

The physisorption and chemisorption of hydrogen in BN nanotubes, investigated by density functional theory (DFT), were compared with carbon nanotubes. The physisorption of H2 on BN nanotubes is less favorable energetically than on carbon nanotubes; BN nanotubes cannot adsorb hydrogen molecules effectively in this manner. Chemisorption of H2 molecules on pristine BN nanotubes is endothermic. Consequently, perfect BN nanotubes are not good candidates for hydrogen storage by either mechanism. Other strategies must be utilized if BN nanotubes are to be employed as hydrogen storage media such as utilizing them as supporting media for hydrogen-absorbing metal nanoclusters.     

纳米结构储氢材料的计算研究与设计

对B原子掺杂的石墨烯、碳纳米管和富勒烯、MB2纳米管和ca表面覆盖的纳米管体系的氢气吸附和存储性能进行了第一原理计算,结果表明在表面曲率比较大的碳材料体系中掺B可以增强其对H2的吸附作用;过渡金属原子与H2由于Kubas作用而表现出很大的H2吸附能;碱土金属Ca离子化后的带电电荷的材料体系,由于与H2发生极化作用,也会增强氢气的吸附性能．综合我们的结果和储氢材料研究的最新进展,讨论了影响储氢材料性能的相关因素,就如何增强材料与H2之间的相互作用,使H2吸附能在0．2～0．4eV之间,能够在温和的条件下吸／放氢,并且具有较大的重量和体积储氢量等问题作了简要论述,这些原理对纳米结构储氢材料的设计有一定的指导意义．     

纳米碳管电极的制备与电化学检测性能研究

纳米碳管由于其独特的物理和化学性能及广阔的应用前景而备受关注,其相关研究涉及到众多领域[1￣3]。在电化学分析领域,与其它碳电极材料相比,纳米碳管电极具有较大的电极表面积和较高的电子传递速率,其使用能增大响应电流、降低检出限,是目前电化学分析电极中一个十分引人注目     

Derivated titanate nanotubes and their hydrogen storage properties

Titanate nanotubes and their derivates, Pd-loaded and Co²⁺, Zn²⁺, Cu²⁺, and Ag⁺ ion-exchanged titanate nanotubes, were respectively prepared and characterized by XRD, HR-TEM, and EDS. Their hydrogen storage properties were investigated, and the results revealed that the derivated titanate nanotubes had better hydrogen storage characters. Pd-loaded titanate nanotubes exhibited the highest hydrogen storage capacity of 1.03 wt%, which is three times higher than that of raw titanate nanotubes. The ion-exchanged titanate nanotubes also showed enhanced capacity. Especially, Co-TiNT reached a storage capacity of 0.80 wt%. The reason why hydrogen storage capacity was enhanced in titanate nanotubes was a pilot study. These results indicated that oxide nanotubes provided some new opportunities for hydrogen energy applications.     

Sulfidative purification of carbon nanotubes integrated in transistors

We demonstrate a simple purification method of carbon nanotubes via sulfidation reaction of carbon, C + 2S --> CS2, to selectively remove carbonaceous impurities from nanotubes. The sulfidative purification of carbon nanotubes integrated in field-effect transistors results in a dramatic improvement of switching characteristics due to removal of carbonaceous impurities.     

Iron-doped carbon aerogels: novel porous substrates for direct growth of carbon nanotubes

We present the synthesis and characterization of Fe-doped carbon aerogels (CAs) and demonstrate the ability to grow carbon nanotubes directly on monoliths of these materials to afford novel carbon aerogel-carbon nanotube composites. Preparation of the Fe-doped CAs begins with the sol-gel polymerization of the potassium salt of 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid with formaldehyde, affording K+-doped gels that can then be converted to Fe2+- or Fe3+-doped gels through an ion exchange process, dried with supercritical CO2, and subsequently carbonized under an inert atmosphere. Analysis of the Fe-doped CAs by TEM, XRD, and XPS revealed that the doped iron species are reduced during carbonization to form metallic iron and iron carbide nanoparticles. The sizes and chemical composition of the reduced Fe species were related to pyrolysis temperature as well as the type of iron salt used in the ion exchange process. Raman spectroscopy and XRD analysis further reveal that, despite the presence of the Fe species, the CA framework is not significantly graphitized during pyrolysis. The Fe-doped CAs were subsequently placed in a thermal CVD reactor and exposed to a mixture of CH4 (1000 sccm), H2 (500 sccm), and C2H4 (20 sccm) at temperatures ranging from 600 to 800 degrees C for 10 min, resulting in direct growth of carbon nanotubes on the aerogel monoliths. Carbon nanotubes grown by this method appear to be multiwalled (approximately 25 nm in diameter and up to 4 microm long) and grow through a tip-growth mechanism that pushes catalytic iron particles out of the aerogel framework. The highest yield of CNTs was grown on Fe-doped CAs pyrolyzed at 800 degrees C treated at CVD temperatures of 700 degrees C.     

Selective removal of metallic single-walled carbon nanotubes with small diameters by using nitric and sulfuric acids

Coexistence of metallic and semiconducting carbon nanotubes has often been a bottleneck in many applications and much fundamental research. Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) were dissolved in HNO3/H2SO4 mixture to confirm differing reactivity between metallic (m) and semiconducting (s) SWCNTs. With HNO3/H2SO4 treatment, s-SWCNTs remained intact, while m-SWCNTs were completely removed for SWCNTs with small diameters less than 1.1 nm, which was confirmed by resonant Raman and optical absorption spectra. We also showed that nitronium ions (NO2+) dissolved in the HNO3/H2SO4 solution could preferably attack the m-SWCNTs, which was supported by our theoretical calculation. This clear selectivity can be explained by the preferential adsorption of positively charged NO2+ on m-SWCNTs due to more available electron densities at the Fermi level in the m-SWCNTs. We report for the first time a selective removal of small-diameter m-SWCNTs by using HNO3/H2SO4 solution, which presented a striking contrast to the diameter-selective removal of SWCNTs by oxidative etching reported previously.     

固体单相催化剂CVD法制备成束或分散MWCNT

CVD法制备纳米碳管的催化剂多是以Al2O3、SiO2或MgO作载体,Fe、 Ni或Co等过渡族金属为活性组分[1-3].     

Fe/Co alloys for the catalytic chemical vapor deposition synthesis of single- and double-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs). 1. The CNT-Fe/Co-MgO system

Mg(0.90)Fe(x)Co(y)O (x + y = 0.1) solid solutions were synthesized by the ureic combustion route. Upon reduction at 1000 degrees C in H2-CH4 of these powders, Fe/Co alloy nanoparticles are formed, which are involved in the formation of carbon nanotubes, which are mostly single and double walled, with an average diameter close to 2.5 nm. Characterizations of the materials are performed using 57Fe M?ssbauer spectroscopy and electron microscopy, and a well-established macroscopic method, based on specific-surface-area measurements, was applied to quantify the carbon quality and the nanotubes quantity. A detailed investigation of the Fe/Co alloys' formation and composition is reported. An increasing fraction of Co2+ ions hinders the dissolution of iron in the MgO lattice and favors the formation of MgFe2O4-like particles in the oxide powders. Upon reduction, these particles form alpha-Fe/Co particles with a size and composition (close to Fe(0.50)Co(0.50)) adequate for the increased production of carbon nanotubes. However, larger particles are also produced resulting in the formation of undesirable carbon species. The highest CNT quantity and carbon quality are eventually obtained upon reduction of the iron-free Mg(0.90)Co(0.10)O solid solution, in the absence of clusters of metal ions in the starting material.     

Fluoride and lead adsorption on carbon nanotubes

The properties and applications of CNT have been studied extensively since Iijima discovered them in 1991[1,2]. They have exceptional mechanical properties and unique electrical property, highly chemical stability and large specific surface area. Thus far, they have widely potential applications in many fields. They can be used as reinforcing materials in composites[3], field emissions[4], hydrogen storage[5], nanoelectronic components[6], catalyst supports[7], adsorption material and so on.…     

扶手椅形单壁碳纳米管环氧异构体的理论研究

用半经验AM1方法对不同直径的单壁碳纳米管(3,3)/C₄₂H₁₂,(4,4)/C₅₆H₁₆,(5,5)/C₇₀H₂₀和(6,6)/C₈₄H₂₄本体及其环氧衍生物进行了理论研究.结果表明,对于直径较大的(5,5)C₇₀H₂₀和(6,6)/C₈₄H₂₄单壁碳纳米管,可以得到4种不同的环氧化异构体.而直径较小的单壁碳纳米管(3,3)/C₄₂H₁₂和(4,4)/C₅₆H₁₆,只能得到3种异构体.讨论了这些异构体的生成热(H_f)、离子势、电子亲和能、最低非占据轨道和最高占据轨道的能级差E_g等参数及其与单壁碳纳米管直径的关系,并排列了这些异构体的稳定性次序.同时,用POAV程序分析了单壁碳纳米管中sp²碳原子轨道的再次杂化和张力的大小.     

纳米碳管储能的化学原理与储存容量研究

通过在大温度、压力范围内系统地测定氢在纳米碳管粉末与压片上的吸附等温线和对所得等温线的理论分析,计算出吸附热,并用超临界气体的吸附模型充分地描述了氢在纳米碳管上的吸附行为,证明纳米碳管储氢的原理是超临界吸附;比表面积和储气温度控制着储气容量.甲烷在干纳米碳管上的吸附机理与氢气相同,但在湿纳米碳管中的存储机理在于甲烷水合物的生成,因此孔容控制储气容量.单位质量多壁管的湿储容量是干储容量的5.1倍 ,单壁管可能产生更大的增强存储作用.