中国古代造酒的化学工艺

酒是人类知道火食以后,最早制造的嗜好品饮料。所以,未开化的国家。也往往有酒。但酒的制法,各国各地不同。古今的酒的制法和气味,也不能一致。我国的酒,依史籍上考证,孟子说:“禹恶旨酒”。战国策是战国时人著的,它也记载说:“仪狄(人名)作酒,禹饮而甘之。曰,后世必有以酒亡其国者。遂疏仪狄而绝旨酒”。可见,夏禹时候已有了酒。而旨酒是美酒,仪狄做的特别美。禹怕给他做的美酒耽误事,所以不愿喝他的酒,和他疏远了。想在仪狄以前,也许早有做酒的,不过史书上没有记载。有人因黄帝素问和神农本草经已载了     

我们是怎样进行复习展览的

通过通报的介绍,与友校的经验,我们于大前年举行了一次复习展览。以后每学期按期举行,并在平日选定一些专题作展览,陈列在图书馆的阅览室,与实验室门前通路上。如酸,硷,盐性质比较,金属非金属标本,煤,石油等专题。在摸索过程中,首先是贪多,选好看的,整套的多排,以致内容分散。以后又过于简略。首先是安排实验,再考虑给予思考题。后来是整理综合成为几个项目,分别拟具思考题,再研究陈列些什么东西。每次进行筹备计划性逐渐加强,考虑的问题也比较集中。(1)准备复习展览的陈列,应在钻研教材的基础上,明确重点,选择主要教材,和能说明本质的实验装置和直观教具。只有掌握化学教材的理论体系,才能给予同学生系统的巩固的科学知识。从卤素到硫氮碳     

银的回收

从化学实验室回收的、含有银的废液,都倒在一个容器中。不从容器中除去沉淀。加入过量的盐酸。仔细搅动容器中的内容物。此时,溶液中的银已转变成沉淀。如铬酸银,这样的银盐沉淀也要转变成难溶性的氯化银。加盐酸的同时,还能从溶于盐酸的,其他各种金属化合物中释出银沉淀来。这些化合物,在合并废液时,包藏了银的沉淀。然后,过滤沉淀。用稀盐酸洗涤,后用水洗涤。将沉淀移至大锥形瓶中,加入过量的,新制的硫化铵或硫     

关于蛋白质结构的吡嗪肽链学说的讨论

蛋白质是生命的基础。在自然界中,凡能表现生命现象的物质,都含有蛋白质。目前我们深信,蛋白质是一切生物体中新陈代谢和其他生理机能的体现者。由此可见,蛋白质是一类极重要的物质。我们对蛋白质的认识,直接关连着对生命现象本质的认识。不言而喻,对蛋白质的了解,在应用技术上,尤其是在医学上,亦有极大的价值。     

中学化学教材改革研讨会

会议收到论文摘要19篇,论文10篇,课本8套14种。参加会议的代表47人。会议由副理事长孙元清致开幕词。他指出,为了提高教育质量,迎接21世纪的到来,世界各国都非常重视教育改革,当前有两个基本潮流值得重视。一是教学中人际关系的改革,也就是教学中师生关系的改革。这是教学中情感方面的改革,是教学中的基础和动力。为了调动学生的积极性和主动性,积极参与教学活动,教学中师生命令与服从的关系应该改为指导与帮助的关系。这种关系的精神实质在于“真实、接受、理解”。二是课程教材改革。课程教材改革是教学内容的改革,是教学改革的核心问题,必然涉及教学思想、教学方法、教学手段、教学评价等。     

定标粒子的液体理论

引言物质有三态,即固态、液态和气态。气体理论,在十九世纪末期,即已发展到很高的阶段。固体理论,在二十世纪上半期,也有良好的发展。液体理论最为落后,可以说,一直到本世纪上半期末还没有出现一个半定量的液体理论。这个现象的存在是很容易解释的。固体稳定的条件是低温、高压。在这个条件下,固体的特征是晶体结构,即组成固体的粒子(原子、分子或离子)排列得比较整齐,因而有长程秩序。粒子间相互作用还算简单,数学处理也就容易。气体稳定的条件是高温、低压。气体的特征是没有秩序;在绝大部分的时间,分     

微量元素的增龄变化

人体内有害元素含量随增龄而升高,而必需微量元素含量大多随增龄而降低。例如:美国的调查表明,老年人缺锌,发锰含量随年龄增长而下降,老年人下降特别明显。SANER发现,尿铬随增龄而减少。据上海测定,老年人发硒低于成年人。THIMAYAS等发现,青春期发硒明显高于老年期。人发硒含量一般于16~40岁开始下降,61~70岁年龄组最低。THOMSON等发现老年人血硒水平降低,关于铜的增龄变化,各测量结果很不一致。某些结果显示,血清铜的含量有随增龄而下降的趋势。据上海测定,老年人发铜明显升高。铁的增龄变化特点是,血清铁蛋白增多,铁贮量增多,骨髓利用铁下降。上海测定结果显示,老年人发铁比年轻人明显升高。微量元素的增龄变化@颜世铭     

实行边讲边做教学中讲解与实验的配合问题

化学是一门以实验为根据的科学。在教学过程中,必须由实验出发,通过实验,使学生清楚地了解到物质变化的原因及变化的结果。再由感性的认识,提高到理性的认识。这样,不但可以使学生获得巩固的知识,而且也可以很好地培养学生辩证唯物主义的世界观。因此,在教学中,教师要尽量结合实验进行讲解,同时也要让学生随堂实验。苏联的先进经验——边讲边做教学法,就具备了这一优点。实行这种教学法,在一节课内,教师既要进行讲解,还要做演示实验;同时,还要穿插上几次学生实验。这一来,一堂课的内容和形式,就非常丰富了。如果不能很好     

对化学教师利用报纸帮助教学的小建议

化学和其它学科一样,教师在传授化学知识的同时,必须要对学生进行社会主义思想教育。为完成上述任务,教师除要有正确的政治观点外,还应该随时关心时事,不断充实自己的知识,熟悉我国化学科学和化学工业的发展情况和与化学有关的社会主义建设的情况。而报纸是百科全书,它每天给我们带来很多新知识,是进行政治思想教育取之不尽、用之不竭的源泉。我们如果把每天所看到的材料搜集起来,用在教学上,将会起很大的作用。现在,个人仅在此发表一点粗浅意见,作为参考。我认为,教师在每次看报后,应该把报纸上有关化学的资料,分类的摘录在一个本子上或卡片上。如果教师本人订有报纸,就不必详细摘录,只须像编“索引”一样把题目抄下来,将来需要时再去查报纸即可。这样做不会花费很多时间,而且日积月累,教师手边将有一大批进行政治思想教育的教学参考资料。搜集资料的分类,有多种多样。例如:可以按照教学大纲的章节分类,也可以按工业、农业……等分类。而每一类中又分为国际和国内两小类。我是按照后者分类的。总之,分类方法以教师本人感到方便为宜。教师阅读报纸,搜集资料应以人民日报和本地报纸为主。因为人民日报是全国性的大报纸,消息多,资料丰富;而本地报纸上的材料给学生讲授,学生更会感到特别亲切,加深对家乡的热爱。     

结合中学化学教学进行土法炼铀

在贯彻党的教育方针中,化学科如何与生产劳动相结合的问题,引起了我校特别的重视。目前,我们以积极的边整边改的教法,想尽办法,使教学与当前的生产密切结合,尤其是土法化工生产。这学期高二化学,讲到原子结构,这是化学料中最抽象的一章内容。过去我们总认为这一章联系实际很困难,这是因为教材中理论和抽象概念较多,况且原子能的工业又是尖端的工业。但这一学期在党支部的领导和支持下,我们大胆解放思想,破除迷信,结合教学进行土法炼铀,获得成功。同学们通过土法炼铀后。打破了对原子工业的神秘观点,从而有了更大的干劲来掌握化学知识,向科学进军。现在,把我们土法炼铀的方法,介绍如下。     

Grafting nanocellulose with diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid and chitosan as additive for enhancing recycled OCC pulp fibres

Cellulose - This paper develops a novel paper additive for effectively recycling old corrugated container (OCC) by functionalizing nanocellulose (NC) with diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)...     

Polymeric coacervate coating for flame retardant paper

Cellulose - Cellulosic paper (from wood fibers) is a highly flammable material that is used in corrugated carboard, packaging, printing, and construction. While there is significant work focused on...     

Surface anchoring of rodlike molecules on corrugated substrates

We studied the mechanism of surface anchoring of rodlike molecules on substrates with the surfaces corrugated at molecular scale by molecular-dynamics simulation. We constructed a model for substrates that can have anisotoropic topographical patterns such as corrugation. The structural and thermodynamic properties of rodlike molecules on the corrugated surfaces, including the elastic and anchoring properties, were calculated and the influence of the surface structure on the anchoring was discussed. We found that the rodlike molecules are aligned along the grooves of the corrugated surfaces guided by the anisotropic molecular interaction between the molecules and the corrugated surface. The strength of anchoring was found to be increased when the period of corrugation is decreased at molecular level.     

AFM studies of solid-supported lipid bilayers formed at a Au(111) electrode surface using vesicle fusion and a combination of Langmuir-Blodgett and Langmuir-Schaefer techniques

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been used to characterize the formation of a phospholipid bilayer composed of 1,2-dimyristyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC) at a Au(111) electrode surface. The bilayer was formed by one of two methods: fusion of lamellar vesicles or by the combination of Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) and Langmuir-Schaefer (LS) deposition. Results indicate that phospholipid vesicles rapidly adsorb and fuse to form a film at the electrode surface. The resulting film undergoes a very slow structural transformation until a characteristic corrugated phase is formed. Force-distance curve measurements reveal that the thickness of the corrugated phase is consistent with the thickness of a bilayer lipid membrane. The formation of the corrugated phase may be explained by considering the elastic properties of the film and taking into account spontaneous curvature induced by the asymmetric environment of the bilayer, in which one side faces the gold substrate and the other side faces the solution. The effect of temperature and electrode potential on the stability of the corrugated phase has also been described.     

The phase behavior of two-dimensional symmetrical mixtures in a weak external field of square symmetry

Using Monte Carlo simulation methods in the grand canonical and semigrand canonical ensembles, we study the phase behavior of two-dimensional symmetrical binary mixtures of Lennard-Jones particles subjected to a weakly corrugated external field of a square symmetry. It is shown that the both vapor-liquid condensation and demixing transition in the liquid phase are not appreciably affected by a weakly corrugated external field. On the other hand, even a weakly corrugated external field considerably influences the structure of solid phases and the liquid-solid transition. In particular, the solid phases are found to exhibit uniaxially ordered distorted hexagonal structure. The triple point temperature increases with the corrugation of the external field, while the triple point density becomes lower when the surface corrugation increases. The changes in the location of the triple point are shown to lead to the changes of the phase diagram topology. It is also demonstrated that the solid phase undergoes a demixing transition, which is also very slightly affected by the weakly corrugated external potential. The demixing transition in the solid phase is shown to belong to the universality class of the Ising model.     

Mechanics of planar beams focusing on buckling phenomena

A methodology for the analysis of the mechanical behaviour of beams is presented, which relies on the lemma of stroboscopy. This problem traces back to Euler's work. Starting from a discrete model of the shape of the beam, stroboscopy enables us to built a continuous model for the variation of the angular position along the corrugated beam. The angular position is characterised as the solution of a differential equation. The main originality of the work is the study of buckling conditions of corrugated beams.     

Tailored core-shell-shell nanostructures: sandwiching gold nanoparticles between silica cores and tunable silica shells

Size tunable and structure tailored core-shell-shell nanospheres containing silica cores, gold nanoparticle shells, and controlled thicknesses of smooth, corrugated, or porous silica shells over the gold nanoparticles have been synthesized. The synthesis involved the deposition of gold nanoparticles on silica cores, followed by sol-gel processing of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) or sodium silicate to form dense or porous silica shells, respectively, over the gold nanoparticles. The structures and sizes of the resulting core-shell-shell nanospheres were found to heavily depend on the sizes of the core nanoparticles, the relative population of the gold nanoparticles on each core, and the concentration of TEOS. While a higher TEOS concentration resulted in thicker and more uniform silica shells around individual larger silica cores (approximately > or =250 nm in diameter), the same TEOS concentration resulted in aggregated and twin core-shell-shell nanostructures for smaller silica cores (approximately < or =110 nm in diameter). The thinner silica shells were synthesized by using a lower TEOS concentration. By using sodium silicate (Ung et al. J. Phys. Chem. B 1999, 103, 6770), the porous silica shells were synthesized. Controlled chemical etching of the core-shell-shell nanoparticles with an aqueous KCN solution resulted in corrugated silica shells around the gold nanoparticles or corrugated silica nanospheres with few or no gold nanoparticles. This has allowed synthesis of new types of core-shell-shell nanoparticles with tailored corrugated shells. The nanoporous silica shells provided accessible structures to the embedded metal nanoparticles as observed from the electrochemical response of the gold nanoparticles.     

Progressive failure numerical simulation and experimental verification of carbon-fiber composite corrugated beams under dynamic impact

To explore the axial impact energy absorption capacity of bidirectional carbon pre-impregnated (prepreg) composite corrugated beams, a solid 3D finite element model with different trigger mechanism settings and different ply designs was established. Numerical simulation of dynamic impact was performed on the model. An in-plane damage model considering shear failure was created based on continuum damage mechanics and Hashin's criteria, and a stiffness degradation model of damage failure for G803/5224 is proposed. The cohesive zone model is used and the bilinear traction-separation constitutive model is considered to simulate inter-laminar delamination failure, thereby accurately reflecting the anisotropic progressive damage characteristics of bidirectional carbon-fiber prepreg composite corrugated beams. The results show that progressive failure and damage occur under impact loading of corrugated beams. The energy-absorbing load-displacement curve and specific energy absorption were obtained through simulation. Simulation results were validated by comparison with test results. With the maximum relative error of its average crushing load less than 11%, the damage morphology and test results of the beam has improved in uniformity. Furthermore, the validity of 3D finite element models considering inter-laminar delamination damage has been validated.     

Reduced density matrix quantum approach for particle trapping and sticking on corrugated moving surfaces

A short time propagation algorithm for the reduced density matrix is derived to model the interaction of a quantum particle with a moving corrugated surface. The algorithm includes dissipative terms, which can be derived directly from the full Hamiltonian. The scattering of He from a corrugated Cu surface is examined as a function of incident energy and angle and the temperature of the substrate, with a focus on the nature of trapping. It is found that corrugation can make a significant contribution to trapping, even on a metal surface. Energy exchange with the phonons is shown to significantly modify the nature of diffraction mediated selective adsorption.     

化学混凝法处理废纸制浆废水的研究

在对瓦楞箱板纸废纸制浆废水的特性作了较系统的分析研究的基础上 ,采用自制的混凝剂LPAS及商品絮凝剂聚合氯化铝PAC ,研究了二者的最佳使用条件与对该废水的处理效果 ,结果表明 :混凝剂LPAS比商品絮凝剂PAC对该废水有更好的处理效果 ,当混凝剂LPAS用量为1 50mg/L时 ,废水CODcr、TSS的去除率分别达 71 .8%和 83.6 % ,添加助凝剂FO4 2 4 0可使絮层的沉降速度加快。