Computer generated holograms with reduced phase errors

A rigorous elimination of the phase errors in a computer generated hologram is possible by using three apertures in each sampling cell and performing three Fourier transformations. Another way for reducing these errors approximately is the use of a larger object field. Both methods require a considerably higher amountof computation time. We compare their results in relation to their expense and propose a compromise, which also yields better reconstructions, but can be computed as quickly as a simple Lohmann hologram.     

Colour mixtures through theta-modulation technique

The sinusoidal carrier in the theta modulation defined by Lohmann is substituted by a rectangular one. In this way we are able to simplify the colouration techniques, and to a great extent to eliminate the carrier in the final image. The method can be used to obtain weighted mixtures of three colours.     

分数傅里叶变换计算全息

在计算全息和分数傅里叶变换的基础上提出了不对称分数傅里叶变换计算全息和双随机相位不对称分数傅里叶变换计算全息。在这种方法中,首先用一随机相位函数乘以输入图像信息,然后沿x方向实施α级次的一维分数傅里叶变换,再乘以第二个随机相位函数,最后,沿y方向实施β级次的一维分数傅里叶变换。采用迂回位相编码法对变换后的结果编码,绘出计算全息图。为了恢复原始图像,需要知道变换级次和随机相位函数。利用这种方法进行图像加密,使加密图像的密钥由原来两重增加到四重,从而提高了系统的保密性能。     

The Alvarez–Lohmann lens as a do-nothing machine

A do-nothing machine uses complex methods to convert an input pattern or function into an identical output pattern or function. They are of great interest because a selective modification somewhere within that machine can often accomplish useful results. Here, we start with the simplest possible optical system—a piece of glass split between the top and bottom by some simple or complex cut and rejoined perfectly. To light passing through, the cut does nothing. But, if we displace the top and bottom parts by some small amount, the combined system can serve as a variable thickness plate, a variable deflection angle prism, a variable focal length lens, etc. as first shown independently by Alvarez and Lohmann. This appears to be the first explanation of Alvarez–Lohmann lenses in such a simple way and it leads to the possibility of new structures not contemplated by either of the inventors.     

Computation of the cascaded optical fractional Fourier transform under different variable scales

A simple but effective method for calculating the cascading of the multiple stages of optical fractional Fourier transform was proposed. Unlike the previous methods for solving the problems of cascading the optical fractional Fourier transform, we did not change the structures of the optical setups proposed by Lohmann but calculate the cascaded optical fractional Fourier transform with modified transform orders obtained by our method. Computer-simulation and experimental results were presented and a good agreement between them was obtained.     

The fractional Fourier transform of Airy beams using Lohmann and quadratic optical systems

Based on the generalized Huygens–Fresnel integral, the analytical expressions for Airy beams through three types of fractional Fourier transform (FRFT) optical systems (Lohmann I, Lohmann II and quadratic graded-index systems) are derived. Using the two analytical expressions, the propagation properties of Airy beams for the three types of FRFT optical systems are discussed in detail with numerical examples. Results indicate that the intensity of Airy beams periodically changes and remains form-invariant with the changing of fractional order p for the three types of FRFT optical systems.     

Microcomputer-generated holograms

A microcomputer system consisting of a personal computer and a plotter has been used to produce good quality computer-generated holograms of the Lohmann type.     

一种可用于原子全息光刻的二元计算全息新方法

 原子全息光刻即采用二元计算全息片掩模来操纵原子，实现微细结构的制作。传统二元计算全息产生的全息片在重现时会产生不止一个实像，这对于原子全息光刻的操作是不利的。提出了一种非相位编码的方法，该方法利用基元函数叠加方式产生实的编码前全息图，再利用类似罗曼Ⅲ型的编码方式产生二元计算全息图。模拟结果表明，利用该方法产生的掩模板可以产生单一的同原始图案相对应的微细结构。     

原子束计算全息片的设计与制作研究

在分析原子束计算全息片特点的基础上,提出采用罗曼Ⅲ型傅里叶变换计算全息图设计原子束计算全息片,给出设计步骤,然后提出采用电子束光刻编码矩孔图形,ICP各向异性刻蚀SiN薄膜的全息片制作方案,对全息片的制作工艺流程详细予以介绍,最后给出制作完成的SiN薄膜计算全息片.     

求解分数傅里叶变换衍射积分的一种快速算法

在对Lohmann 二型分数傅里叶变换(FRT)和菲涅耳衍射积分进行比较的基础上,给出基于快速傅里叶变换(FFT)求解该分数傅里叶变换和菲涅耳衍射积分的快速算法及算法适用范围.数值模拟实验证明了理论的可靠性和算法的高效性.此快速算法为分数傅里叶变换在工程实际中的进一步广泛应用奠定了基础.     

分数域滤波的分数傅里叶变换光学成像性能分析

将分数域滤波同光学成像相结合,提出了一种基于Lohmann Ⅰ型的带有滤波孔径的两级联分数傅里叶变换光学成像系统.根据分数傅里叶变换和菲涅耳衍射之间的关系以及分数傅里叶变换的分数阶可加性,结合分数域滤波分析了分数傅里叶变换光学成像的基本理论.以点扩散函数和调制传递函数作为评价成像质量的准则,详细分析了不同分数阶光学系统...     

高斯-谢尔模型光束在有色差的分数傅里叶变换系统中的光谱特性

基于柯林斯(Collins)积分公式,导出了高斯-谢尔模型(GSM)光束在有色差的分数傅里叶变换(FRFT)系统中的光谱传输表达式,并以Lohmann Ⅱ型系统为例,通过数值计算与分析,研究了色差大小、分数傅里叶变换阶数、以及相对横向坐标对输出面归一化光谱和相对谱移动的影响.研究表明,相对谱移动随FRFT阶数的变化而改...     

Noise immune unwrapping based on phase statistics and self-calibration

Unwrapping is an important step for precise phase measurement in an interferometric technique. Due to the effects of noises and speckles, an accurate unwrapping has been quite difficult. To address this issue, a new phase unwrapping method is proposed. The new method uses the wrapped phase statistics together with the limited smoothness characteristics of the interference phase. In this method, statistical parameters of the wrapped phase are firstly obtained. The step is then followed by a self-calibration process to identify and correct corrupted data points to obtain preliminary unwrapped phases. Finally, a phase revision step is taken to remove the effects of the residual errors. A computational testing was carried out to demonstrate the performance of the proposed method at six different levels of noise injection. An experimental test was also carried out using a lateral shearing interferometer. The success and the precision achieved using the proposed algorithm show that the method is quite effective and accurate for phase recovery under the condition of noise contaminations.     

两步相移实现投影栅相位测量轮廓术

提出一种新的投影栅相位测量方法--两步相移法。该方法只需两幅相移条纹图，因此计算量小，速度快。给出了实验及计算结果，并同四步相移法进行了比较，证明了该方法具有较高的精度。     

A new analysis for extending the measurement range of the retardation-modulated differential interference contrast (RM-DIC) microscope

While considering measurements of grating-type samples with the retardation-modulated differential interference contrast (RM-DIC) microscope, we found a problem of phase objects. The problem is that smaller measured values than the actual phase distribution are obtained when phase objects are beyond the weak phase approximation range. We analyze the image characteristics of phase objects and show that the problem is caused by the effect of an image component which is proportional to the square of the phase distribution.To overcome this disadvantage, we propose a new analysis method named self phase-correction (SPC). The SPC method corrects the phase distribution of the first order approximation under the weak phase condition and obtains the actual phase distribution of an object’s phase beyond the weak phase approximation range. We propose a two-image SPC method and a three-image SPC method for the RM-DIC microscope, and examine the suitability of these methods.We confirm that the three-image SPC method effectively overcomes the problem, and that the measurement range of the RM-DIC microscope can thus be extended to a half-wavelength phase difference.     

Longitudinal-differential interferometry: direct imaging of axial superluminal phase propagation

We introduce and demonstrate a new interferometric method called longitudinal-differential (LD) interferometry, which measures the spatially resolved phase difference of the scattered field by an object relative to the illumination. This method is combined with a high-resolution interference microscope that allows recording three-dimensional field distributions in amplitude and phase. The method is applied to study the axial phase behavior of Arago spots, an effect observable in low-Fresnel-number systems behind objects with a size comparable to the wavelength. We directly observe the initial phase delay in the Arago spot and prove that the local phase velocity exceeds the speed of light in air. Such LD phase studies are applicable not only to the Arago spot but also to other kinds of light interactions with wavelength-scale objects, e.g., photonic nanojets.     

Phase contrast image synthesis

A new method is presented for synthesizing arbitrary intensity patterns based on phase contrast imaging. The concept is grounded on an extension of the Zernike phase contrast method into the domain of full range [0; 2π] phase modulation. By controlling the average value of the input phase function and by choosing appropriate phase retardation at the phase contrast filter, a pure phase to intensity imaging is accomplished. The method presented is also directly applicable in dark field image synthesis.     

基于双音外差的电光相位调制器半波电压自校准测量方法

电光相位调制器是光纤通信系统、微波光子系统和相干光通信系统中的关键器件之一. 作为器件本征参数, 电光相位调制器的半波电压通常利用光谱方法和电谱方法进行测量. 光谱方法受到光源线宽和光谱仪分辨率限制, 测量的分辨率较低; 电谱方法则需要光电检测之前将相位调制转换成强度调制, 电谱方法的主要困难在于需要对探测器的不平坦响应进行额外校准. 提出了利用双音外差实现电光相位调制器半波电压自校准测量新方法, 该方法利用双音电光相位调制的边带与移频光载波的外差拍频, 对外差拍频信号进行频谱分析, 获得电光相位调制器的半波电压; 通过设定双音调制信号的频率关系, 克服了探测器光电转换中的不平坦频率响应, 实现了自校准测量. 该方法可扩展探测器和频谱仪的测试频率两倍以上, 节省至少一半的带宽需求. 与光谱测量方法相比, 该方法测试分辨率大幅提高且避免了光源线宽的影响; 与传统电域测量方法相比, 该方法无须额外校准, 无驱动功率和工作波长限制, 且对测试仪器带宽需求降低一半以上. 实验证实了所提方法获得的电光相位调制器半波电压的测量结果与光谱分析法获得的结果一致, 且大幅度地提高了测量范围和分辨率. 该方法提供了非常简单的电光相位调制器微波特性化分析方法, 对其他光电子器件分析也提供了参考.     

消除相位测量轮廓术中多路径效应的影响

提出了一种减小多路径效应带来的误差影响的方法,优化了相位测量轮廓术,利用亮度调制的差分图确定了受多路径效应影响大的区域,并根据相邻像素点的相位进行校正。实验表明,该方法有效地减小了相位误差,提高了三维测量的精度,校正后相位误差的均方根值比校正前减小了约57.3%。     

Realization of Absolute‐Phase Unwrapping and Speckle Suppression in Laser Digital Holography

In this paper, an absolute‐phase unwrapping and speckle suppression approach to reconstruct a three‐dimensional (3‐D) image of an object with laser digital holography is described. This method offers three advantages to enhance the performance of the phase reconstruction technique. First, both speckle suppression and phase unwrapping are processed in the complex amplitude domain rather than in the single phase or amplitude domain. With this approach, the phase details of the object are better preserved upon phase reconstruction. Second, the proposed algorithm requires no threshold determination and thus achieves self‐adaptive speckle suppression and robust phase unwrapping, in contrast to other methods. Finally, an improved dual‐domain image denoising method is applied to further remove speckle‐remnant‐induced phase distortion. Ideal 3‐D phase reconstruction results are obtained both theoretically and experimentally for the first time.