Proton magnetic relaxation in ethylene oxide,tetrahydrofuran, and triethylene diamine as clathrate deuterates

Proton spin-lattice relaxation times (T ₁) have been measured for triethylene diamine, ethylene oxide, and tetrahydrofuran as clathrate deuterates. The results are interpreted in terms of anisotropic rotation of the guest molecules. Triethylene diamine is thought to be undergoing rotation about its C ₃ axis with a correlation time given by τ_c/s = 4·87 × 10^-14 exp (1680 K/T) at temperatures between 120 K and the decomposition point (308 K). Between 77 K and 120 K, T ₁ is dominated by conformational distortions of the guest molecule. Ethylene oxide and tetrahydrofuran rotate about at least two axes in the deuterate at rates sufficient to produce some motional narrowing. At high temperatures the relaxation is caused in both cases by rotation about an axis perpendicular to the C ₂ axis, and at lower temperatures by rotation about the C ₂ axis itself. The correlation times are for ethylene oxide τ_c/s = 6·76 × 10^-14 exp (450 K/T), T < 160 K; and for tetrahydrofuran τ_c/s = 4·79 × 10^-14 exp (470 K/T), T < 140 K.

The free induction decay shapes indicate that, in each case, low frequency motion is occurring about all axes throughout the temperature range studied (77 K to the decomposition temperature in each case). From the lack of an observable signal from the clathrate deuterates of hexamethylene tetramine and dioxan, it is deduced that there is no reorientational motion of these guests at frequencies greater than their rigid-lattice linewidths.     

用正电子湮没技术研究形变铁的恢复

本文介绍应用正电子湮没寿命和多普勒加宽方法研究60％形变铁等时退火各阶段中缺陷的恢复行为,实验结果说明正电子湮没平均寿命τ及多普勒加宽的S参数都是退火温度的函数,完整晶体中湮没寿命τ_f=111±lPS,缺陷中湮没寿命τ_d=162±lps,本文还根据捕获模型计算了正电子的捕获速率及τ₁,结果证明与理论预期的完全一致,经计算得出捕获正电于的相对缺陷浓度的范围为10^-7-10^-4数量级。 关键词：     

Influence of microwaves on the order parameter relaxation time of superconducting aluminium

Experimentally is found that at constant temperatures the order-parameter relaxation time, τ_Δ, decreases with increasing power of the microwaves, coupled into a superconducting strip. If the same increase in critical current, that corresponds with a given power of the microwaves, is obtained by lowering the temperature, the decrease in τ_Δ is smaller. This reflects the fact that quasiparticles are removed more efficiently from the gap edge by microwaves than by lowering the temperature in equilibrium. A modified time-dependent Ginzburg—Landau equation is shown to describe     

The proton relaxation of methyl cyanide in the presence of Ni(II) ions,as studied by spin-echo techniques

The proton relaxation times (T ₁ and T ₂) of methyl cyanide, in the presence of Ni(II) ions, have been measured as a function of temperature and frequency by spin-echo techniques. The observed decay times (T ₂?) have also been measured as a function of the separation, t _ep, between the pulses in a Carr-Purcell train of echos. The results obtained in the limit of long pulse separation have been fitted to existing theories. The rotational correlation time of the Ni/MeCN complex, τ _R , the electron spin relaxation time, τ _S , and the distance of closest approach of the protons to the nickel have been estimated from the results. In addition the scalar coupling constant, the exchange rate τ _B and the activation energies for τ _B , τ _S and τ _R have been evaluated. The chemical exchange parameters obtained differ significantly from those obtained by previous workers. There is evidence from the pulse dependence experiments that the complex is a distorted octahedron.     

Magnetization dynamics in isolated Ising chains

The Glauber dynamics of an Ising chain or ring is shown to be determined by two characteristic times: τ₁ for relaxation of the average magnetization per spin and τ₂ for dynamical spontaneous symmetry breaking. An analytical solution for magnetization dynamics in a finite chain with fixed spins at both ends is found by the method of images. This solution is then used to calculate the spin-spin correlation functions for rings and chains. At low temperatures, since τ₁ ? τ₂, there must exist a range of times when the chain is in one of two ordered states.     

The properties of liquid nitrogen

Measurements are reported of the nitrogen-nucleus spin-lattice relaxation time, T ₁, in liquid nitrogen ¹⁴N₂ and liquid nitrogen ¹⁵N₂ along the liquid-vapour coexistence line from 77·3 K up to the critical temperature and for the fluid at the critical density up to 145 K. Values of the molecular reorientational correlation time, τ _Q , and the molecular angular momentum correlation time, τ _sr , are determined. The values of τ _Q and τ _sr and the relation between them are discussed in terms of various theories of molecular reorientation in molecular liquids. The values of τ _Q and τ _sr are also compared with those predicted by computer simulation methods. It is concluded that the molecular reorientation in liquid nitrogen is not by classical reorientational diffusion except possibly at temperatures near the triple point. It is suggested that at higher temperatures the reorientation is on average by rather large angles and that the process may be quantum mechanical to some extent. (For paper I in this series see reference [8].)     

A study of molecular reorientation in a series of liquid n-alkanes using light-scattering spectroscopy

The spectra of the depolarized (VH) light scattered from the n-alkanes C₆H₁₄, C₈H₁₈, C₁₀H₂₂, C₁₂H₂₆, C₁₄H₃₀, C₁₅H₃₂ and C₁₆H₃₄ have been measured using a high resolution piezo-electrically scanned Fabry-Perot interferometer. The values of the molecular relaxation times τ _s derived from the spectra are compared with relaxation times τ _f derived from flow birefringence. The experimental results are discussed in terms of a phenomenological activation energy and also in terms of the coupling between the molecular reorientation and the hydrodynamic shear modes, allowing estimates of the strength of the coupling between these modes to be made.     

Direct determination of the electron energy confinement time of a tokamak plasma

A method of determining the electron energy confinement time τ_E is presented which does not require the absolute electron temperatures and densities, or their spatial profiles. A short heating pulse is applied to the plasma; the subsequent decay of electron temperature yields τ_E.     

A two-band electron-phonon model for superconductivity in graphite intercalation compounds

A two-band electron-phonon model for superconductivity in graphite intercalation compounds is developed. A new mechanism for the relaxation times due to interband scattering of intraband pairs is proposed for a superconductor with a two-component order parameter. Two distinct relaxation times τ₁ and τ₂ of the order parameters are predicted for C₆K and C₈K.     

Quantum efficiency of non-radiative energy transfer from Eu3+ → Pr3+ in calibo glass

Study of energy transfer from optically excited Eu³⁺ to Pr³⁺ has been carried out in calibo glass. Probabilities (P_da) and efficiencies (η_T) of energy transfer from Eu³⁺ to Pr³⁺ have been calculated from the life time and emission intensity of Eu³⁺ + Pr³⁺. At low acceptor concentrations, P_da varies linearly with C_a showing migration of energy among donors. At high acceptor concentrations, P_da depends linearly on (C_a + C_d)², which is consistent with Fong and Diestler theory of dipole-dipole mechanism of energy transfer. At low temperatures the probability and the efficiency decrease due to increase in the emission intensity and life time, which suggests that at room temperature the energy is transferred to lattice by donor lowering life time and intensity. At high temperatures no emission from higher levels of donor is obtained which suggests blurring out of energy levels in glassy matrix.     

无序Cu33Y67低温电阻和磁阻中的相互作用和弱定域化

文中报道非晶Cu₃₃Y₆₇低温电阻和磁阻的测量结果。这种合金是在He气氛中以熔化-自旋技术制备的。相互作用效果可以为4.5K以下的低温电阻提供一个-T^1/2形式的贡献。在稍高的温度,其变化规律也可以通过相互作用和弱定域化的联合来解释。上至1.8T的磁阻测量揭示出一个具有自旋-轨道散射较强影响的弱定域化效果。Cu₃₃Y₆₇的磁阻测量值比弱定域化预言的大。如果把弱定域化的理论预言强度增大3倍,则可以在 关键词：     

Measurement of the hyperfine interaction of free75As ions In H2, He,Ne, Kr and Xe buffer environments and estimate of clolision cross sections in the eV and meV energy region

With the time-integral perturbed angular correlation (TIPAC) method the pressure dependence of the perturbation of the 121.1–279.5 keV γ-γ cascade in⁷⁵As has been investigated using gaseous H₂ ⁷⁵Se sources in different buffer environments. The obtained attenuation coefficients G₂₂ (∞) in the range of 0.55 to 1.0 were fitted with a theoretical stochastic model. In the region of low density, where the correlation time τ_C is large compared to the lifetime τ of the intermediate level of the nucleus, charge transfer collision cross sections have been evaluated between 8.1·10^?16 cm² for He, 1.3·10^?14 cm² for Xe and 1.8·10^?14 cm² for the molecular H₂ buffer gas. For increasing densities of the buffer gases the correlation time τ_C became small compared to the intermediate lifetime τ. The main effect in this region is the depolarization, and we found cross sections between 5.2·10^?15 cm² for He, 8.7·10^?14 cm² for Xe and 1.2·10^?13 cm² for the H₂ buffer gas.     

Competition between different mechanisms of stability loss for the (C20)2 cluster dimer

The thermal stability of the (C₂₀)₂ cluster dimer consisting of two C₂₀ fullerenes has been numerically examined using the tight-binding method. The simulation of the dynamics of the (C₂₀)₂ dimer at temperatures of T = 2000–3500 K shows that the finite lifetime τ of this metastable system is determined by two fundamentally different processes: the decay of one of the C₂₀ fullerenes and the coalescence of two C₂₀ fullerenes to the C₄₀ cluster. The activation energies for these processes. E _a ≈ 3.4 and 2.7 eV, respectively, as well as their frequency factors, have been determined by analyzing the τ(T) dependence.     

Specific features of the optical and electrical properties of polycrystalline CdTe films grown by the thermal evaporation method

The results of studying the physical properties of thin CdTe films obtained by the thermal evaporation method have been presented. The optical constants and the band gap of the films under study have been determined (E _g = 1.46 eV). It has been established based on the investigation of optical properties and the Raman spectrum of the films that they possess high structural quality. The activation energy of the electrical conductivity of CdTe films has been determined: E _a = 0.039 eV. The measured spectral dependences of the impedance of CdTe thin films are characteristic of the inhomogeneous medium with two time constants: τ_gb = R _gb C _gb = 1/ω_gb = 1.62 × 10^?3 s and τ_g = R _g C _g = 1/ω_g = 9.1 × 10^?7 s for grain boundaries and grains, respectively.     

Molecular motion in liquid benzene by nuclear magnetic resonance

The proton spin-lattice relaxation time, T ₁, has been measured for a series of mixtures of benzene in perdeuterobenzene for the liquid in equilibrium with its vapour over the temperature range from below the normal freezing point up to the critical temperature. The two contributions to T ₁ due to interactions within the molecule (T _{1 intra}) and between molecules (T _{1 inter}) have been separated and are found to be very different in magnitude and in variation with temperature. The variation and magnitude of T _{1 inter} correlates well with other translational motion dependent properties such as self diffusion and viscosity. The correlation of T _{1 intra} with other re-orientation dependent properties such as deuteron T ₁ and Rayleigh scattering is poor.

The observed variation in T _{1 intra} and in particular the broad maximum at higher temperatures is then interpreted as due to a combination of dipolar and spin-rotation effects. This interpretation results in good agreement between the activation energies for re-orientational molecular motion deduced from proton T ₁ and deuteron T ₁. It supports the Hubbard theory for the relation between the dipolar and spin-rotation correlation times τ_d and τ_sr. It gives a rough value, 3·8 kc/s, for the spin-rotation interaction constant for protons in benzene. Reasonable values for τ_d and τ_sr are predicted and for all temperatures τ_sr < τ_d as expected.

There is clearly a considerable difference between the re-orientational and translational motion of the molecules in liquid benzene but the exact nature of the difference cannot be elucidated.     

Positron lifetimes in five phases of BEA

Positron lifetimes have been measured as a function of temperature in 4-butyloxybenzal-4′-ethylaniline (BEA). BEA has been previously reported to have two liquidcrystalline phases (smectic and nematic) with transition temperatures as follows: solid → smectic, 40.5° C; smectic → nematic, 51.0° C; and nematic → isotropic liquid, 65.5° C. Positron life time spectra were resolved into two components, with the shorter component τ₁ remaining approximately constant in all phases, and τ₂ exhibiting reversible changes at all of the above transitions. In addition, an irreversible discontinuity in the τ₂ lifetime was observed in the vicinity of 28° C, indicating the presence of a new phase (phase X) of BEA. The τ₂ andI ₂ values obtained for the various phases of BEA are: solid (1.25 nsec, 7.1%), phase X (1.97 nsec, 26.2%), smectic (2.36 nsec, 23.6%), nematic (2.72 nsec, 28.3%), and isotropic liquid (2.69 nsec, 29.8%).     

Electron spin relaxation by spin-rotation interaction in benzoyl and other acyl type radicals

In various studies of the spin dynamics in radical pairs, benzoyl-type radicals have been one of the two paramagnetic pair species. Their electron spin relaxation has been assumed to be slow enough to be neglected in the data analysis. This assumption is checked by measuring the electron spin relaxation in a sequence of three acyl radicals (benzoyl, 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl and hexahydrobenzoyl) by time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. In contrast to the assumed slow relaxation, rather short spin-lattice relaxation times (100–400 ns) are found for benzoyl and 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl radicals from the decay of the integral initial electron polarization to thermal equilibrium at different temperatures and viscosities. The relaxation is induced by a spin-rotation coupling arising from two different types of radical movements: overall rotation of the whole radical and hindered internal rotation of the CO group. The predominant second contribution depends on the barrier of the internal rotation. The obtained results are well explained in the frame of Bull’s theory when using a modified rotational correlation time τ _J . The size of the spin-rotation coupling due to the internal CO group rotation in benzoyl radicals is estimated to be |C _α|=1510 MHz.     

Picosecond phase fluorometry and color delay error

A new method is presented to determine wavelength-dependent delay time τ_el in photodetectors. Using ordinary flourescent samples on condition that ωτ_f? 10 an accuracy of a few picoseconds for τ_el has been obtained without external standards. Experimental results concerning silicon avalanche photodiodes are reported.     

Conductivity of Wigner liquid

The conductivity of two-dimensional electron systems with low carrier concentration is considered on the basis of the previously suggested model (Fermi liquid with a soft mode) under the assumption that the equilibrium in each of the (fermion and boson) subsystems is established faster than the impurity relaxation and the relaxation between the subsystems (hydrodynamic approximation). The conductivity of the system depends on three characteristic times: τ₁(τ₂) is determined by the fermion (boson) impurity scattering and τ₁₂ is determined by the friction between the subsystems; the respective temperature dependences are obtained. The conductivity is related to the relaxation time τ in the usual way, and τ obeys the relationship τ^?1=τ ₁ ^?1 +(τ₂+τ₁₂)^?1. It follows from the results obtained that the resistivity of pure samples should increase with temperature and tend towards saturation.     

Operation of a tokamak reactor in the radiative improved mode

The operation of a nuclear fusion reactor has been simulated within a model based on experimental results obtained at the TEXTOR-94 tokamak and other facilities in which quasistationary regimes were achieved with long confinement times, high densities, and absence of the edge-localized mode. The radiative improved mode of confinement studied in detail at the TEXTOR-94 tokamak is the most interesting such regime. One of the most important problems of modern tokamaks is the problem of a very high thermal load on a divertor (or a limiter). This problem is quite easily solved in the radiative improved mode. Since a significant fraction of the thermal energy is reemitted by an impurity, the thermal loading is significantly reduced. As the energy confinement time τ_E at high densities in the indicated mode is significantly larger than the time predicted by the scaling of ITERH-98P(y, 2), ignition can be achieved in a facility much smaller than the ITER facility at plasma temperatures below 20 keV. The revealed decrease in the degradation of the confinement time τ_E with an increase in the introduced power has been analyzed.