A NMR reverse diffusion filter for the simplification of spectra of complex mixtures and the study of drug receptor interactions

A reverse diffusion filter NMR experiment (Drev) is proposed for the study of small molecules in binding with macromolecules. The filtering efficiency of Drev to eliminate the signals of the macromolecule is shown to be superior to conventional transverse relaxation filters at least for macromolecules containing a significant fraction of flexible residues. The Drev filter was also a useful complement for ligand‐based NMR screening in combination with saturation transfer difference experiments. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Deterministic and statistical methods for reconstructing multidimensional NMR spectra

Reconstruction of an image from a set of projections is a well-established science, successfully exploited in X-ray tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. This principle has been adapted to generate multidimensional NMR spectra, with the key difference that, instead of continuous density functions, high-resolution NMR spectra comprise discrete features, relatively sparsely distributed in space. For this reason, a reliable reconstruction can be made from a small number of projections. This speeds the measurements by orders of magnitude compared to the traditional methodology, which explores all evolution space on a Cartesian grid, one step at a time. Speed is of crucial importance for structural investigations of biomolecules such as proteins and for the investigation of time-dependent phenomena. Whereas the recording of a suitable set of projections is a straightforward process, the reconstruction stage can be more problematic. Several practical reconstruction schemes are explored. The deterministic methods-additive back-projection and the lowest-value algorithm-derive the multidimensional spectrum directly from the experimental projections. The statistical search methods include iterative least-squares fitting, maximum entropy, and model-fitting schemes based on Bayesian analysis, particularly the reversible-jump Markov chain Monte Carlo procedure. These competing reconstruction schemes are tested on a set of six projections derived from the three-dimensional 700-MHz HNCO spectrum of a 187-residue protein (HasA) and compared in terms of reliability, absence of artifacts, sensitivity to noise, and speed of computation.     

NMR experiments for the analysis of mixtures: beyond 1D 1H spectra

State-of-the-art technologies and methodologies in NMR spectroscopy make it possible to obtain very informative and high-quality spectra in much less experimental time than classical methods by making better choices of NMR pulse sequences and acquisition parameters. This review presents some recent NMR methods allowing rapid identification, assignment and structural characterization of the components in mixtures. The relative merits of the different NMR pulse sequences are briefly discussed and recommendations are made for the preferred choice of sequences to obtain rapidly artifact-free data. This review covers diffusion experiments (DOSY), HSQC and HMBC experiments, ultra-resolved 2D spectra exploiting the property of aliasing and NOESY/ROESY experiments. It will be in particular shown that selective 1D NOESY/ROESY sequences can be more informative and reach higher resolution in less experimental time than the corresponding 2D sequences.     

Targeted projection NMR spectroscopy for unambiguous metabolic profiling of complex mixtures

Unambiguous identification of individual metabolites present in complex mixtures such as biofluids constitutes a crucial prerequisite for quantitative metabolomics, toward better understanding of biochemical processes in living systems. Increasing the dimensionality of a given NMR correlation experiment is the natural solution for resolving spectral overlap. However, in the context of metabolites, natural abundance acquisition of ¹H and ¹³C NMR data virtually excludes the use of higher dimensional NMR experiments (3D, 4D, etc.) that would require unrealistically long acquisition times. Here, we introduce projection NMR techniques for studies of complex mixtures, and we show how discrete sets of projection spectra from higher dimensional NMR experiments are obtained in a reasonable time frame, in order to capture essential information necessary to resolve assignment ambiguities caused by signal overlap in conventional 2D NMR spectra. We determine optimal projection angles where given metabolite resonances will have the least overlap, to obtain distinct metabolite assignment in complex mixtures. The method is demonstrated for a model mixture composition made of ornithine, putrescine and arginine for which acquisition of a single 2D projection of a 3D ¹H–¹³C TOCSY‐HSQC spectrum allows to disentangle the metabolite signals and to access to complete profiling of this model mixture in the targeted 2D projection plane. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Three-dimensional solution NMR spectroscopy of complex structures and mixtures

This paper reviews the non-biological applications of three dimensional NMR (3D-NMR) spectroscopy methodologies for studying chemical structures in polymer science, dendrimer research, organometallic chemistry, organosilicon chemistry, and mixtures of small organic molecules. Four methodologies for solving chemical structure problems are described, where the appropriate method is determined by the presence or absence of a third X nucleus (in addition to (1)H and (13)C) with suitable NMR properties.     

Spectroscopic separation of 13C NMR spectra of complex isomeric mixtures by the CSSF‐TOCSY‐INEPT experiment

Isomeric mixtures from synthetic or natural origins can pose fundamental challenges for their chromatographic separation and spectroscopic identification. A novel 1D selective NMR experiment, chemical shift selective filter (CSSF)‐TOCSY‐INEPT, is presented that allows the extraction of ¹³C NMR subspectra of discrete isomers in complex mixtures without physical separation. This is achieved via CSS excitation of proton signals in the ¹H NMR mixture spectrum, propagation of the selectivity by polarization transfer within coupled ¹H spins, and subsequent relaying of the magnetization from ¹H to ¹³C by direct INEPT transfer to generate ¹³C NMR subspectra. Simple consolidation of the subspectra yields ¹³C NMR spectra for individual isomers. Alternatively, CSSF‐INEPT with heteronuclear long‐range transfer can correlate the isolated networks of coupled spins and therefore facilitate the reconstruction of the ¹³C NMR spectra for isomers containing multiple spin systems. A proof‐of‐principle validation of the CSSF‐TOCSY‐INEPT experiment is demonstrated on three mixtures with different spectral and structural complexities. The results show that CSSF‐TOCSY‐INEPT is a versatile, powerful tool for deconvoluting isomeric mixtures within the NMR tube with unprecedented resolution and offers unique, unambiguous spectral information for structure elucidation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Improved NMR methods for the direct 13C-satellite-selective excitation in overlapped 1H-NMR spectra

Improved pulsed-field gradient echo methods are presented and discussed for the direct selective excitation of the (13)C-satellite lines in overcrowded (1)H NMR spectra of small molecules. Sensitivity enhancements in (13)C spin-state selection can be achieved by combining multiple-proton-frequency excitation and Hadamard phase encoding. Several satellite-selective (SATSEL) NMR experiments are proposed and exemplified by measuring the sign and the magnitude of small, long-range proton-carbon coupling constants for (1)H resonances showing several levels of signal overlapping.     

Cs NMR study of the cryptand-222-Cs complex in binary solvent mixtures

The formation constants of the cryptand-222 complex with the cesium ion were studied by ¹³³Cs NMR measurements in four binary solvent systems: acetonedimethylsulfoxide (Me₂Co---Me₂SO), acetonitrile (MeCN)---Me₂SO, propylene carbonate(PC)---Me₂SO and PC-dimethylformamide (DMF). In the neat solvents the formation constant increases in the order Me₂SO < DMF < Me₂CO < PC < MeCN, which is the inverse order of their solvating abilities as given by the Gutmann donor number. In binary mixtures the stabilities varied monotonically with the decomposition. As expected, there is no correlation between the stabilities of the complexes and the dielectric constant of the medium. It seems that, for aprotic solvents with similar Pearson basicities and in the absence of ion pair formation, the donor ability of a binary solvent mixture can be qualitatively predicted from the donicities of the two solvents and the composition of the mixture.     

Methods of the decomposition of spectra of various origin in the analysis of complex mixtures

Different algorithms of the decomposition of spectral curves are compared by the precision of identification and quantitative analysis of complex mixtures. The available conventional methods of self-modeling curve resolution (SIMPLISMA, MCR-ALS) and algorithms implementing the independent component analysis (MILCA, SNICA) are used. The results are illustrated by a series of examples of different spectral signals (UV, IR, Raman, fluorescence).     

Predicting NMR spectra by computational methods: structure revision of hexacyclinol

[structure: see text] The structure of the natural product hexacyclinol was reassigned from endoperoxide 1 to the diepoxide 7 on the basis of calculated (13)C chemical shift data using HF/3-21G geometries and mPW1PW91/6-31G(d,p) GIAO NMR predictions. These predictions correlate very well with experimental data for three other highly oxygenated natural products, elisapterosin B, maoecrystal V, and elisabethin A. Hexacyclinol is proposed to arise from acid-catalyzed rearrangement of panepophenanthrin in the presence of methanol.     

High-resolution NMR spectra and phase equilibria in poly(phenylacetylene)-diluent mixtures

The C-13 NMR spectra of partly crystalline poly(phenylacetylene) (PPA) in CDCl₃ CCl₄ are rather well resolved and the peaks can be matched with those of 1, 3,5-triphenylbenzene. A different, less-well-resolved C-13 spectrum is characteristic of a disordered PPA obtained by heating. We conclude that crystalline PPA has the chain conformation of a cis-cis-oid helix. This interpretation is consistent with the proton NMR spectra and is supported by the fluorescence spectra, which can display two bands, one concluded to be characteristic of the cis-cis-oid conformation, the other of chain conjugation in the disordered polymer. Phase equilibria of PPA in the presence of chloroform were determined and are represented as those of the quasiternary mixture cis-cis-oid helix, disordered polymer, and chloroform.     

配合物Zn(II)-BPHA的^1H NMR谱

测定了各pD值下BPHA[BPHA是N,N'-bis(2-aminoethyl)-1,3-propanediaminehexaaceticacid的简称,中文名称为二胺乙基丙二胺六乙酸]和Zn^2^+-BPHA的^1HNMR谱。BPHA两端羧甲基上亚甲基质子的化学位移δ~a和中间羧甲基上亚甲基质子的化学位移δ~b随pD值交替变化。Zn^2^+-BPHA的^1HNMR谱有3种情况:pD<6,对应Zn(II)-H~2BPHA^4^-,有一特征尖峰,显示自由-NH^+(CH~2COO^-)~2残基存在;pD=6-9,对应Zn(II)-HBPHA^5^-,该峰消失,显示4个胺基全部配位;pD>9,对应Zn(II)-BPHA^6^-,该峰再次出现,1个N(CH~2COO^-)~2脱离配位体系。在3种形态的配合物中,Zn-N键都是非活性的,Zn-O键在后两种形态配合物中是非活性的。     

Application of quantitative artificial neural network analysis to 2D NMR spectra of hydrocarbon mixtures

Understanding relationships between the structure and composition of molecular mixtures and their chemical properties is a main industrial aim. One central field of research is oil chemistry where the key question is how the molecular characteristics of composite hydrocarbon mixtures can be associated with the macroscopic properties of the oil products. Apparently these relationships are complex and often nonlinear and therefore call for advanced spectroscopic techniques. An informative and an increasingly used approach is two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (2D NMR) spectroscopy. In the case of composite hydrocarbons the application of 2D NMR methodologies in a quantitative manner pose many technical difficulties, and, in any case, the resulting spectra contain many overlapping resonances that challenge the analytical work. Here, we present a general methodology, based on quantitative artificial neural network (ANN) analysis, to resolve overlapping information in 2D NMR spectra and to simultaneously assess the relative importance of multiple spectral variables on the sample properties. The results in a set of 2D NMR spectra of oil samples illustrate, first, that use of ANN analysis for quantitative purposes is feasible also in 2D and, second, that this methodology offers an intrinsic opportunity to assess the complex and nonlinear relationships between the molecular composition and sample properties. The presented ANN methodology is not limited to the analysis of NMR spectra but can also be applied in a manner similar to other (multidimensional) spectroscopic data.     

Automated interpretation of mass spectra of complex mixtures by matching of isotope peak distributions

Mass spectrometry is now firmly established as a powerful technique for the identification and characterization of proteins when used in conjunction with sequence databases. Various approaches involving stable-isotope labeling have been developed for quantitative comparisons between paired samples in proteomic expression analysis by mass spectrometry. However, interpretation of such mass spectra is far from being fully automated, mainly due to the difficulty of analyzing complex patterns resulting from the overlap of multiple peaks arising from the assortment of natural isotopes. In order to facilitate the interpretation of a complex mass spectrum of such a mixture, such as an MS spectrum of a stable-isotope-enriched ion species, we report on the development of a software application, 'Matching' (web accessible), that enables the automatic matching of theoretical isotope envelopes to multiple ion peaks in a raw spectrum. It is particularly useful for resolving the relative abundances of narrow-split paired peaks caused by enrichment with a stable isotope, such as 18O, 13C, 2H, or 15N.     

Synthesis,structure, and NMR spectra of a new ferrocenylbenzene tricarbonylchromium complex

Complex 1 (1,2,4-triferrocenylbenzene tricarbonylchromium), possessing four heterometals, has been synthesized efficiently by a new method in one pot. Through detailed study on the NMR chemical shifts of 1 and the ligand 2, the NMR chemical shifts of 1 shift upfield from those of 2. The NMR spectra of 1 have reduced magnetic anisotropy of benzene after Cr(CO)₃ coordination with 2. The ferrocenyl groups have electron donating effect on the central benzene ring of 1.     

Determination of the rate of intramolecular exchange between two complex spin systems from the NMR spectra

Reversible 1,2-shifts of the ethyl group in the 9-ethyl-9, 10-dimethylphenanthrenonium ion lead to a reversible change of the ring hydrogen states (A′B′C′D′ ? A″B″C″D″). Line shape analysis for the determination of the exchange rate was performed for this case of intramolecular exchange between the two multi-spin systems. The calculations are based on density matrix formalism.     

NMR spectra of pyrimidines

The chemical shifts of the protons in the even positions of the pyrimidine ring in 2- and 4-substituted pyrimidines in dimethyl sulfoxide solutions were determined. The correlation equations that link the relative chemical shifts (with allowance for corrections for the magnetic anisotropy of the substituents and the ring) with the F and R substituent constants were calculated. The ratios obtained were analyzed by comparison with the corresponding correlation equations for monosubstituted benzenes. The reasons for the significant increase in the transmission of the conjugation effects of the substituents to the even positions of the pyrimidine ring as compared with the meta positions of the benzene ring and the appreciable weakening of the conductivity of their inductive effects when the heteroring nitrogen atom is situated between a resonating proton and the substituent are discussed.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 5, pp. 673–677, May, 1978.     

NMR spectra of arylaziridines

The ¹³C and ¹H NMR spectra of 1-arylaziridines, 2-phenyl-1-arylaziridines, and 2-aryl-1-phenylaziridines were studied. The additive contributions of aziridinyl, 1-phenyl-2-aziridinyl, and 2-phenyl-1-aziridinyl substituents to the shielding of the aromatic protons were calculated. It is shown that with respect to its donor capacity the aziridine ring occupies an intermediate position between amines and amides. The temperature dependences of the PMR spectra of 1-aryl-substituted aziridines were investigated, and the barriers to inversion of the latter were calculated. The dependence of G on the ^– constants was correlated.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 3, pp. 338–341, March, 1978.