A highly active catalyst for the reductive cyclization of ortho-nitrostyrenes under mild conditions

A mild and efficient method for the palladium-catalyzed reductive cyclization of ortho-nitrostyrenes to afford indoles is reported. Treatment of ortho-nitrostyrenes with 0.1 mol% palladium (II) trifluoroacetate [Pd(TFA)₂] and 0.7 mol% 3,4,7,8-tetramethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (tm-phen) in DMF at 15 psig CO and 80 °C afforded indoles in good to excellent yields. When the reaction was conducted in toluene, the corresponding N-hydroxyindole was isolated. A mechanism that accounts for the formation of N-hydroxyindole is proposed.     

Magnetically separable Pd catalyst for highly selective epoxide hydrogenolysis under mild conditions

A magnetically separable palladium catalyst was synthesized simply through a sol-gel process incorporating palladium nanoparticles and superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in aluminum oxyhydroxide matrix, which is highly active and selective for epoxide hydrogenolysis at room temperature under 1 atm H2. The catalyst was recycled for 25 times without loss of the activity.     

有机-无机复合型固体酸催化剂的制备及其催化甘油乙酸甲酯酯交换反应

酸性催化剂在传统的炼化工艺和最近的生物炼制技术中均起着十分重要的作用.相较于传统的液体酸,固体酸催化剂由于具有易分离、可重复使用、无腐蚀性和环保等优点而引起了广泛的研究兴趣.在过去的几十年中,研究者们成功研制出多种不同类型的固体酸,如沸石、杂多酸、金属氧化物和磺化的碳基材料等.但是,传统的固体酸仍存在一些不足,如酸中心类型和酸强度不确定、表面酸位点分布不均以及活性位点易流失、稳定性较差等.甘油是生物柴油生产过程中的主要副产物.据统计,2022年全球生物柴油的年产量将达到1410亿升,这意味着甘油的产量也将增加.因此,将过剩的甘油催化转化制备高附加值产品具有重要的意义.甘油在酸催化的作用下可以制备得到丙酮缩甘油、甘油酯、丙烯醛和甘油醚等高附加值产品.其中,乙酸甘油酯(包括单乙酸甘油酯(MAG)、二乙酸甘油酯(DAG)和三乙酸甘油酯)在工业中具有广泛的应用,它们既可用于医药、食品和化妆品行业,又可作为燃料添加剂改善生物柴油的性能.目前乙酸甘油酯的主要合成路径为甘油与乙酸或乙酸酐酯化法,但乙酸和乙酸酐对反应设备有腐蚀性,限制了其在工业上的大规模应用.乙酸甲酯是聚乙烯醇生产过程中的主要副产物,具有来源广泛、安全、无味、易分离(沸点低)等优点,因此,以乙酸甲酯为乙酰化试剂与甘油进行酯交换反应制备乙酸甘油酯这一新的合成路径引起了关注.然而固体酸催化剂在该反应中的应用鲜有文献报道.对羟基苯磺酸(PSA)是一种有机液体强酸,可用于缩醛化、酯化、酯交换等酸催化反应中,但它不可分离、无法重复使用而且对环境污染严重.因此,本文采用一锅法,将均相PSA固载在经硅烷偶联剂KH560改性的磷酸锆载体(K-ZrP)上,制备得到一系列不同PSA含量的无机-有机复合型固体酸催化剂(PSA/K-ZrP-x).通过X射线衍射、红外光谱、固体核磁共振碳谱(13C SSNMR)表征方法研究了催化剂的精细结构,吡啶吸附红外(Py-IR)光谱结果表明催化剂的酸性中心主要是布朗斯特酸,通过热重、X射线光电子能谱表征结果计算催化剂中活性组分([H+],S)的整体与表面含量,结果表明PSA/K-ZrP-2中PSA的含量已饱和,且PSA在K-ZrP载体表面分散均匀,从而增加了表面酸位点的可接触性,通过氮气吸脱附和扫描电镜研究了PSA/K-ZrP-x的形成过程,线扫描元素分析表明PSA/K-ZrP-2具有蒲公英状结构.以甘油乙酸甲酯酯交换反应为模型反应,考察了所制备催化剂的活性,结果表明PSA/K-ZrP-2催化剂的稳定性明显高于H3PW12O40,Amberlyst-45,HBEA和HZSM-5等常见的商业化固体酸和AlCl3,FeCl3等路易斯酸.在2.2％[H+]含量的PSA/K-ZrP-2催化剂作用下,10 mmol甘油与100 mmol乙酸甲酯于100℃反应4h,甘油转化率可达81.3％,MAG和DAG的选择性之和达97.7％.在反应初期(0.17 h),该催化剂的比活性可达24028.2 mg-glycerol/g-cat/h,且五次循环使用后活性无明显降低.结合本文表征结果,偶联剂KH560可增强对羟基苯磺酸和磷酸锆之间的相互作用,从而提高催化剂的稳定性.同时,该催化剂在甘油与其它酯类的酯交换反应中也表现出优异的反应活性,表明PSA/K-ZrP-2固体酸催化剂具有较好的普适性.     

Titanium cation-exchanged montmorillonite as an active heterogeneous catalyst for the Beckmann rearrangement under mild reaction conditions

Titanium cation-exchanged montmorillonite acts as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for the Beckmann rearrangement of a wide range of ketoximes including aromatic, aliphatic, and alicyclic ketoximes under mild reaction conditions. After the rearrangement reaction, titanium cation-exchanged montmorillonite is easily separated by simple filtration, and can be reused with retention of high efficiency.     

Organocatalytic oxidative dehydrogenation of aromatic amines for the preparation of azobenzenes under mild conditions

(Diacetoxyiodo)benzene used as stoichiometrically and catalytically in the preparation of azobenzenes under mild reaction conditions was developed. The metal-free oxidation systems demonstrated wide substituents tolerance, alkyls, halogens, and several versatile functional groups, such as amino, ethynyl, and carboxyl substituents are compatible well, and the corresponding products could be formed with good to excellent yields. In this disclosed method, the more large scale formation of azo compounds also could be carried out successfully. Of note that 3-ethynylbenzenamine applied as a very useful cross dehydrogenative partner, which coupled with different anilines, providing asymmetrical azo compounds with acceptable yields in one step under very mild reaction conditions.     

A highly active catalyst system for the heteroarylation of acetone

A highly active catalyst system for the heteroarylation of acetone has been identified. The coupling between the in situ generated tributyltin enolate of acetone and a variety of heteroaromatic bromides, chlorides, and triflates in the presence of this catalyst system provided arylacetones in good yields.     

CoCo-PBA/tetrabutylammonium bromide as highly efficient catalyst for CO2 and epoxides coupling reaction under mild conditions

The development of effective and low-energy-consumption catalysts for CO₂conversion into high-valueadded products by constructing versatile active sites on the surface of heterogeneous compounds is an urgent and challenging task.In this study,a stable and well-defined heterogeneous cobalt hexacyanocobaltate (Co₃[Co（CN）₆]₂),typical cobalt Prussian blue analogue （Co Co-PBA） modified with tetrabutylammonium bromide （TBAB）,is proven to be the superior cata...     

Bifunctional cobalt Salen complex: a highly selective catalyst for the coupling of CO2 and epoxides under mild conditions

A bifunctional cobalt Salen complex containing a Lewis acid metal center and two covalent bonded Lewis bases on the ligand was designed and used for the coupling of CO₂ and epoxides under mild conditions. The complex exhibited excellent activity (turnover frequency = 673/h) and selectivity (no less than 97%) for polymer formation in the copolymerization of propylene oxide (PO) and CO₂ at an appropriate combination of all variables. High molecular weight of 110 200 and yield 99% were achieved at a higher [PO]/[complex] ratio of 6000:1. The complex also worked satisfactorily for the terpolymerization of CO₂, PO and cyclohexene oxide (CHO), without formation of cyclic carbonate or ether linkages to give the polycarbonate. High cyclohexene carbonate unit content in the CO₂/PO/CHO terpolymers resulted in enhanced thermal stability. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A highly efficient Pd-C catalytic hydrogenation of pyridine nucleus under mild conditions

A synergistic Pd-C catalytic hydrogenation of 4-pyridinecarboxamides straightforward to 4-piperidinecarboxamide hydrochlorides was developed in the presence of ClCH₂CHCl₂. It provided a novel strategy for highly efficient hydrogenation of pyridine nuclear by using low-cost Pd-C catalyst under mild conditions.     

A highly active ionic liquid catalyst for Morita-Baylis-Hillman reaction

The Morita-Baylis-Hillman reaction is an efficient carbon-carbon bond forming reaction for the preparation of α-methylene-β-hydroxycarbonyl compounds. A new and highly active di-naphthalene imidazolium salt has been synthesized. We have found that 1,3-bis[2-(naphthalene-2-yloxy)propyl]imidazolium bromid promoted the Morita-Baylis-Hillman reaction of various aryl aldehyde compounds in the absence of solvents. Our studies show that the Morita-Baylis-Hillman reaction by the influence of ionic liquid to give a high yield and short reaction time.     

A highly active zinc catalyst for the controlled polymerization of lactide

We report the preparation, structural characterization, and detailed lactide polymerization behavior of a new Zn(II) alkoxide complex, (L(1)ZnOEt)(2) (L(1) = 2,4-di-tert-butyl-6-{[(2'-dimethylaminoethyl)methylamino]methyl}phenolate). While an X-ray crystal structure revealed the complex to be dimeric in the solid state, nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometric analyses showed that the monomeric form L(1)ZnOEt predominates in solution. The polymerization of lactide using this complex proceeded with good molecular weight control and gave relatively narrow molecular weight distribution polylactide, even at catalyst loadings of <0.1% that yielded M(n) as high as 130 kg mol(-)(1). The effect of impurities on the molecular weight of the product polymers was accounted for using a simple model. Detailed kinetic studies of the polymerization reaction enabled integral and nonintegral orders in L(1)ZnOEt to be distinguished and the empirical rate law to be elucidated, -d[LA]/dt = k(p)[L(1)ZnOEt][LA]. These studies also showed that L(1)ZnOEt polymerizes lactide at a rate faster than any other Zn-containing system reported previously. This work provides important mechanistic information pertaining to the polymerization of lactide and other cyclic esters by discrete metal alkoxide complexes.     

Oxytrifluoromethylation of multiple bonds using copper catalyst under mild conditions

Oxytrifluoromethylation reaction of styrene derivatives and alkynes with external and internal oxygen nucleophiles, catalyzed by copper (I) salts under mild conditions, was developed. Direct formation of a β-trifluoromethylstyrene derivative from a styrene derivative was also achieved by the reaction in the presence of a Brønsted acid. Further transformation of the oxytrifluoromethylated products was conducted to demonstrate their utility.     

甲醛还原Pt/TiO2催化剂用于温和条件下高效催化氧化甲醛

通过浸渍法(IM)和沉积-沉淀(DP)法制备了一系列Pt/TiO2(P25)催化剂,并分别用甲醛溶液和氢气还原处理催化剂.利用原位红外监测催化剂表面吸附物种在反应过程中的变化,探究了催化剂制备和还原条件及Pt负载量对催化剂结构和催化氧化甲醛活性的影响.结果显示,用DP法制备并用甲醛还原的Pt/P25催化剂中Pt颗粒分散均匀,并具有合适的粒径和高浓度的表面活性氧,显示出良好的甲醛氧化活性.在空速30000 ml/(g·h)、反应温度30°C和甲醛初始浓度50 mg/m3的条件下,0.4%Pt/P25(DP-HCHO)上的甲醛转化率达到98%,并能稳定运行100 h以上.相比之下, Pt/P25(DP-H2)由于表面活性氧较少,不利于甲酸盐氧化,活性较低. Pt/P25(IM-H2)虽然具有高浓度的表面活性氧,却同时具有最大的Pt颗粒粒径,在甲醛转化为甲酸盐和甲酸盐氧化两步反应中的活性均较差,因而甲醛氧化活性最差.     

甲醛还原Pt/TiO2催化剂用于温和条件下高效催化氧化甲醛

通过浸渍法(IM)和沉积-沉淀(DP)法制备了一系列Pt/TiO2(P25)催化剂,并分别用甲醛溶液和氢气还原处理催化剂.利用原位红外监测催化剂表面吸附物种在反应过程中的变化,探究了催化剂制备和还原条件及Pt负载量对催化剂结构和催化氧化甲醛活性的影响.结果显示,用DP法制备并用甲醛还原的Pt/P25催化剂中Pt颗粒分散均匀,并具有合适的粒径和高浓度的表面活性氧,显示出良好的甲醛氧化活性.在空速30000 ml/(g·h)、反应温度30°C和甲醛初始浓度50 mg/m3的条件下,0.4%Pt/P25(DP-HCHO)上的甲醛转化率达到98%,并能稳定运行100 h以上.相比之下, Pt/P25(DP-H2)由于表面活性氧较少,不利于甲酸盐氧化,活性较低. Pt/P25(IM-H2)虽然具有高浓度的表面活性氧,却同时具有最大的Pt颗粒粒径,在甲醛转化为甲酸盐和甲酸盐氧化两步反应中的活性均较差,因而甲醛氧化活性最差.     

A manganese/copper bimetallic catalyst for C-N coupling reactions under mild conditions in water

An efficient and convenient bimetallic MnF₂/CuI catalyst in combination with trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane has been developed for the cross-coupling of nitrogen heterocycles with aryl halides in water at moderate temperature. A variety of nitrogen nucleophiles including pyrazole, 7-azaindole, indazole, indole, pyrrole and imidazole afforded the corresponding products in moderate to good yields (up to 94%) under the described arylation conditions.