新一代高温黑体和同步辐射装置及其在地外太阳光谱辐照度测量中的应用

在地外太阳光谱辐照度测量和大气定量遥感等项研究的推动下,近二、三十年,国际上光谱辐射计量技术发展十分迅速。基于先进的高温技术、优异的高温热解石墨材料和独特的设计,全俄光学物理测量研究所(VNIIOFI)研制出温度高达3 200～3 500 K、具有高均匀性和高稳定性的大面积普朗克高温黑体光源。基于低温绝对辐射计的滤光片辐射计迭代测温技术,使高温黑体温度测量不确定度小于0.5 K。在德国物理技术研究院(PTB),将这种高温黑体直接用于国际空间站地外太阳光谱测试仪器(SOLSPEC)的辐射定标,定标综合不确定度小于0.5%～1%。2008年德国物理技术研究院(PTB)建成名为计量光源(MLS)的新一代专用同步辐射存储环并投入使用。为调节同步辐射的光谱分布,稳态下其能量可设置为105～630 MeV任意值,相应特征波长随之从735 nm改变至3.4 nm。为在不改变光谱分布情况下改变光强,电子束流可调节 11个量级,即从 1个存储电子(相当于1 pA)到200 mA。美国国家标准技术研究院(NIST)在同步辐射紫外辐射装置(SURF Ⅲ)3号光束线上建立了使用同步辐射的光谱辐照度定标装置(FICUS),为紫外传递标准光源定标,光谱范围200～400 nm,相对测量不确定度1.2% (k=2)。新一代同步辐射装置为地外太阳光谱辐照度测量仪器,如SUSIM,SOLSTICE,SBUV,SIM和SOLSPEC等,短波段高精度辐射定标奠定了技术基础。该文描述新型高温黑体和同步辐射装置的建立与发展,光谱辐照度和光谱辐亮度标准的传递及国际比对并评述它们在太阳光谱辐照度测量中的应用。     

Comparison of infrared sources for a differential photoacoustic gas detection system

A prototype of the differential photoacoustic measurement system with an optical cantilever microphone has been developed. The system is based on gas filter correlation method. The proposed system allows real-time measurement of various IR-absorbing gases from the flowing sample or in the open air. Three setups with different kind of infrared sources were carried out to study selectivity and sensitivity of the prototype and applicability of the source types with differential method. The sources were a mechanically chopped blackbody radiator, electrically chopped blackbody radiator and mechanically chopped CO₂-laser. A detection limit for C₂H₄ was estimated with all three infrared sources. Cross sensitivity and detection limits of gases CH₄, C₂H₄ and CO₂ were measured with the mechanically chopped blackbody radiator. This crossinterference matrix was also modeled using HITRAN database and completed with CO and H₂O. The measurements indicate that at least ppb-level detection of ethylene using CO₂-laser, sub-ppm level with mechanically chopped blackbody and ppm-level with electrically modulated blackbody is possible with a proposed differential system.     

日盲紫外域拉曼激光雷达探测大气水汽技术研究

拉曼激光雷达通过探测与水汽浓度相关的大气水汽振动拉曼散射回波信号,可实现大气水汽混合比廓线的探测。然而由于振动拉曼信号非常微弱,在白天测量时振动拉曼散射光谱会淹没在太阳背景光中,多在夜间测量。为实现大气水汽的全天时测量,设计开发一套日盲紫外波段拉曼激光雷达系统。该系统选择Nd∶YAG脉冲激光器的四倍频输出-266.0 nm日盲紫外波段作为拉曼激光雷达系统的激励波长,采用镀高增益介质膜的牛顿式望远镜作为接收器,同时利用二向色镜和超窄带干涉滤光片设计高效率的高光谱分光系统,实现了大气氧气、氮气和水汽振动拉曼散射回波信号277.5,283.6和294.6 nm的精细提取。计算仿真结果表明,臭氧吸收对日盲紫外域拉曼激光雷达探测存在一定的影响,主要是探测距离的影响;氮气通道不受白天太阳背景光噪声的影响;水汽通道存在少量太阳背景光噪声,对系统探测距离略有影响。而系统信噪比计算结果表明,设计的日盲紫外域拉曼激光雷达系统可实现白天3.5 km大气水汽的探测。实际进行水汽探测时,可利用氮气和氧气通道反演出臭氧浓度廓线,修正臭氧对发射波长、各通道拉曼散射波长的吸收,进一步提升系统的探测能力和探测精度。     

High performance AlxGa1−xN-based avalanche photodiodes

We report high performance solar-blind photodetectors with reproducible avalanche gain as high as 820 under ultraviolet illumination. The solar-blind photodetectors have a sharp cut-off around 276 nm. We improved the device performance by designing different epitaxial wafer structure with thinner active multiplication layer. We compare the resulting fabricated devices from these wafers in terms of dark current, photoresponse, avalanche gain performances.     

A spectroscopic blackbody radiance calibration procedure with inherent source temperature calibration

Spectroscopic measurement in n (n > 2) narrow spectral bands of a calibration blackbody source at three different temperatures leads to a set of 3n equations of spectrometer signal as a function of Planck's radiance. Solution of this set is possible by balancing calculations and results in n values of spectrometer response, spectrometer radiance and the three source temperatures—no additional temperature measurement is required.     

滤光辐射计测量黑体的温度

介绍了黑体温度测量的溯源途径及方法，分析了探测器绝对光谱响应、透镜透过率及面积效应等对黑体温度测量的影响，试验测量结果表明黑体温度可以通过标准探测器进行量值传递并溯源。与传统溯源方法相比，利用标准探测器进行量值传递测量精度可提升一个数量级，达到0.8%的水平。     

A new design of the differential photoacoustic gas detector combined with a cantilever microphone

A new prototype of a portable differential photoacoustic measurement system was designed and built. The system applies the gas filter correlation method. A blackbody radiator is used as a radiation source, which allows measurements of great variety of different IR absorbing gases. The prototype exploits the high sensitivity of a cantilever pressure sensor. The differential design allows a selective real time measurement for a single gas in open air or from the flowing sample. For the first time the photoacoustic cell geometry for an acceleration noise damping was integrated to a differential detector. The system has potential applications anywhere that sensitive in-situ-measurements are required: for example in process control technology, air quality monitoring, exhale monitoring, alarm devices and food industry. The measurement of nitric oxide was modeled in the presence of water vapor. As an example the concentration of water vapor, that is acceptable if ppb-level nitric oxide measurements are to be done, was calculated. With a typical band pass filter and a blackbody radiator the amount is 20 ppm with 1.3 s integration time. The concentration was also calculated to diode laser operating at 2.663 μm and quantum cascade laser at 5.263 μm. The respective concentrations were 2 ppm and 6600 ppm.     

Heterodyne spectroscopy for astrophysical applications using tunable laser sidebands at 10 microns

A heterodyne system was assembled from a microwave tunable sideband laser, a blackbody source, a gas cell, a CdHgTe photomixer and a filterbank. A measurement of line profiles of CH₃F is presented and compared with absorption measurements. System sensitivity is sufficient for high resolution measurement of fine structure lines from astronomical objects, though falling short by a factor of 12, when compared with the most sensitive astronomical heterodyne spectrometers. The usefulness of such a system for astrophysical applications is discussed.     

Thermal performance analysis of vacuum variable-temperature blackbody system

In this paper, the design and structure of a vacuum variable-temperature blackbody system were described, and the steady-state thermal analysis of a 3-D blackbody model was presented. Also, the thermal performance of the blackbody was evaluated using an infrared camera system. The blackbody system was constructed to operate under vacuum conditions (2.67 × 10⁻² Pa) to reduce its temperature uncertainty, which can be caused by vapor condensation at low temperatures usually below 273.15 K. A heat sink and heat shield including a cold shield were embedded around the radiator to maintain the heat balance of the blackbody. A simplified 3-D model of the blackbody including a radiator, heat sink, heat shield, cold shield, and heat source was thermophysically evaluated by performing finite elements analysis using the extended Stefan–Boltzmann’s rule, and the infrared radiating performance of the developed system was analyzed using an infrared camera system. On the basis of the results of measurements and simulations, we expect that the suggested blackbody system can serve as a highly stable reference source for the calibration and measurement of infrared optical systems within operational temperature ranges.     

一种红外目标模拟器黑体辐射源选型的计算方法

在光电系统测试中目标模拟器是必不可少的测试设备,黑体辐射源是红外目标模拟器的关键部件,它的选型直接影响着红外目标模拟器的性能。从黑体探测灵敏度与系统探测灵敏度的关系,推导出黑体辐射源的温度计算公式,以此计算黑体辐射源所需的最低温度点。通过仿真验证了计算方法的正确性,为黑体辐射源的选型提供了理论依据。     

用单色亮度比较法确定高温黑体的温度

高温黑体温度的测量水平将直接影响光谱辐射度量值的不确定度。我国的高温温标截止于 2 2 0 0℃。确定2 2 0 0℃以上范围内的温度必须进行温度延伸。从Planck公式的定义出发 ,推导出用单色亮度比较法进行温度延伸的原理和方法。在国家光谱辐射度基准改造中 ,该方法被用来确定高温黑体的温度。实验证明 :使用参考灯替代法能够有效消除探测器灵敏度漂移带来的误差。此外 ,旁证实验用来验证该方案的可行性。     

光谱辐射照度量值复现中计算大口径固定点黑体拐点温度的新方法

我国光谱辐射照度基准量值复现的理论基础是普朗克定律,它揭示了波长、温度和光谱辐射照度之间存在着精确的定量关系。采用比较法、通过卤钨灯来进行光谱辐射照度量值的保存与传递。其中,黑体的温度测量在量值复现中是最主要的不确定来源。以往都是采用变温黑体作为量值复现的辐射源,其温度通过高温计溯源至温标固定点黑体。为满足我国对地观测、气象遥感、应对气候变化、海洋水色等领域对光谱辐射照度高精度的测量需求,中国计量科学研究院NIM建立了一套14 mm大口径钨碳-碳WC-C高温固定点黑体系统,作为基准辐射源直接复现光谱辐射照度量值,进一步缩短了量值溯源链,减少了温度测量误差。实验中高温计用来测量黑体的相对温度,采用固定点熔化温坪曲线的拐点POI值校准后得到温度绝对值。因此拐点POI的合理评估计算就十分重要。与小口径WC-C固定点黑体不同,大口径固定点的熔化温坪曲线的持续时间更长,但温度起伏也更大,因此广泛用于小口径固定点的传统拐点POI算法不再适用。提出了一种可筛选多次拟合法,用于计算大口径固定点黑体的拐点温度。采用3 mm小口径WC-C和Re-C固定点对新方法的有效性进行验证,结果表明新方法与三种传统方法的平均值的最大偏差为-0.007和-0.001 K,在500 nm引入的光谱辐射照度测量误差分别为0.002 2%和0.000 3%。进一步采用14 mm大口径WC-C大口径固定点对新方法的稳健性进行验证。分析比较了筛选条件、数据平滑处理、拟合范围对拐点POI计算结果的影响,新方法和三种传统POI计算方法的最大影响量分别为0.001和0.633 K,在500 nm引入的光谱辐射照度不确定度分别为0.000 3%和0.20%。所提出的新方法能够有效减小外界因素引入的温度误差,进一步提升光谱辐射照度量值的复现准确度,更适用于大口径高温固定点黑体拐点温度的计算。     

SO2气体排放的紫外成像遥感监测

工业烟囱及船舶尾气中SO2气体排放是造成大气污染的重要因素。SO2容易被氧化生成硫酸雾或硫酸盐气溶胶,产生酸雨,严重危害大气生态环境平衡及人类健康。现有的SO2光学遥感测量技术,如拉曼散射激光雷达、差分吸收激光雷达(DIAL)、傅里叶变换红外吸收光谱(FTIR)、紫外差分吸收光谱(DOAS)、高分辨光谱成像等,难以兼顾气体污染监测对高时间分辨率、高空间分辨率以及便携机动等应用需求。近年来,紫外SO2相机成像探测因探测精度高、实用性强得到迅速发展,该技术时间分辨率高、空间分辨力强,能从解析图像中直观在线获取污染气体浓度在空间的二维分布及随时间的排放率,对于监测环境污染有重要作用。基于紫外SO2相机成像探测技术,围绕SO2柱浓度探测的测量原理及影响因素、仪器设计及实验方法、反演算法及结果比对等方面开展研究。取得的成果主要有:(1)利用窄带滤光片的窄波窗口,用紫外相机测量310 nm附近的SO2紫外吸收,建立了紫外成像遥感监测理论模型,介绍了紫外成像遥感检测获取SO2浓度图像的测量原理;(2)将滤光片放置镜头前后,讨论了不同入射角对滤光片中心波长及透过率曲线的影响,发现滤光片放置镜头后,相机系统对SO2的灵敏度受入射角影响更小,对SO2浓度图像的反演误差更小;(3)分析了太阳高度角对SO2浓度图像反演的影响,阐明了SO2浓度反演曲线实时校准的不可或缺性;(4)通过理论分析设计出了紫外成像遥感探测装置,开展了基于紫外成像遥感监测SO2气体排放的实验研究,通过2-IM法拟合出了人工天空背景,获得了SO2光学厚度图像,利用标准泡进行校准,反演出了SO2浓度图像;(5)采用DOAS技术对SO2气体排放进行监测,与紫外成像遥感获得的SO2浓度进行对比表明,两方法实验结果所计算得到的浓度信息趋势相一致,从而证明紫外成像遥感监测技术测量结果的准确性,同时展现了该技术在工厂烟囱及船舶尾气污染排放遥感监测中的巨大应用前景。     

200～400nm短波紫外光谱辐射照度国家基准装置的研究与建立

针对我国短波紫外光谱辐射照度测量能力缺失的问题,基于高温黑体辐射源,2017年中国计量科学研究院NIM自主研制了200~400 nm光谱辐射照度国家基准装置。组建氘灯副基准灯组,实现基准量值的独立复现、保存和传递。在国内形成了以氘灯为传递标准的光谱辐射照度计量基标准和量传体系,为各应用领域提供最高溯源标准。针对基准系统中温度测量、带宽、信噪比、荧光等主要误差源,逐一突破关键测量技术,提升基准的测量准确度：将高温黑体的温度测量直接溯源至铂-碳Pt-C和铼-碳Re-C固定点黑体,采用钨碳-碳WC-C高温共晶点测温技术进行验证,在3 021 K固定点与俄罗斯计量院VNIIOFI的偏差仅0.07 K,将200 nm的测量不确定度减小0.2%;针对黑体和氘灯光谱形状显著差异导致的光谱带宽误差,提出基于微分求积的七点带宽修正法,在200 nm,误差减小0.86%;提出绝对和相对互补型测量原理,将200 nm的测量重复性误差减小约20倍;采用选择性滤波技术,成功消除系统内荧光对测量结果的影响。3 021 K时黑体温度的测量不确定0.64 K,腔底不均匀性小于0.17 K,测量期间黑体温度漂移小于0.2 K,双光栅单色仪的波长误差不超过±0.01 nm。氘灯副基准的标准测量不确定度为：200~250 nm,U_rel=4.0%~1.3%;250~330 nm,U_rel=1.3%~1.2%;330~400 nm,U_rel=1.2%~1.9%,整体技术指标达到国际先进水平。研究成果填补了200~400 nm基于氘灯的光谱辐射照度国家基准的空白,使我国具备能力参加国际计量局组织的CCPR-K1.b国际关键比对,与传统以卤钨灯为传递标准的光谱辐射照度国家基准实现了有效衔接。在250~400 nm重合波段,两种传递标准量值的平均相对偏差为0.39%,在声称的不确定度范围内一致。     

双色反射技术在温度测量上的应用

本文以铁镍合金为例,介绍了一种测量金属表面温度的光学测量方法。试验以黑体为反射辐射源,采用FTIR光谱辐射计测量了试样在中温状态的发射辐射以及包含了黑体反射能量的有效辐射。通过建立包含反射辐射的方程组,并运用MATLAB内建的求根模型求解得到了试样表面温度。     

High-accuracy measurement of atomic polarizability in an optical lattice clock

Presently, the Stark effect contributes the largest source of uncertainty in a ytterbium optical atomic clock through blackbody radiation. By employing an ultracold, trapped atomic ensemble and high stability optical clock, we characterize the quadratic Stark effect with unprecedented precision. We report the ytterbium optical clock's sensitivity to electric fields (such as blackbody radiation) as the differential static polarizability of the ground and excited clock levels α(clock) = 36.2612(7) kHz?(kV/cm)(-2). The clock's uncertainty due to room temperature blackbody radiation is reduced by an order of magnitude to 3×10(-17).     

A camera calibration method for large field optical measurement

A camera calibration method is presented for large field optical measurement, where the camera is close to the ground and the control points can only be located close to the ground, too. In such conditions, the camera's optical center and the control points are approximately coplanar. Only a single image of these control points captured by the camera in measurement state is used in the method. Neither to distribute the control points in space rationally nor to calibrate the camera's intrinsic parameters in laboratory in advance is needed. By the presented method, the camera's principal point position, focal length, radial and transverse tangency lens distortion coefficients, and the camera's position and attitude parameters can be estimated precisely. Then the calibration results can be used for precise large field optical measurement in the conditions that the camera's longitudinal tangency lens distortion can be neglected or the objects’ movement field is close to the ground, which is usually factual in practical applications. The presented camera calibration method has been successfully used in applications, such as automatic landing of UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) based on optical measurement guidance, to calibrate the cameras precisely.     

不同非均匀性校正温度的红外测温技术

为使制冷型中波红外热像仪在不同环境温度下经过非均匀性校正后保持较高的测温精度,研究了考虑非均匀性校正温度效应的中波红外热像仪标定模型。利用不同温度的面源黑体对热像仪进行非均匀性校正,然后对黑体目标进行测温实验,获得了不同校正温度下热像灰度与黑体辐射亮度之间的变化关系,建立了目标的测温数学计算模型,最后对测温结果进行误差分析。结果表明：在不同校正温度下,热像灰度相对非均匀校正辐亮度的漂移可做线性化处理,且与目标温度变化无关。在非均匀性较低的测温范围内热像仪的测温误差小于±0.22 ℃,极大减小了制冷型中波红外热像仪在不同校正温度下非均匀性校正后的测温误差。     

热释电探测器积分响应测试系统研究

为了实现对红外探测器积分响应的自动测量,配合虚拟仪器技术搭建了一套热释电红外探测器积分响应自动测试系统。利用双绞线将测试仪器与计算机连接,以LabVIEW为开发平台编写软件测试系统,遥控测量仪器,实现计算机自动采集和处理数据实时绘制曲线,对LT-020-H型热释电红外探测器在不同调制频率下的积分响应度进行了测试并分析。在500K的黑体辐射下,探测器积分响应度达到3.5×106V/W。通过对实验结果进行分析,得到了探测器响应、黑体辐射温度以及信号调制频率之间的关系。     

红外热像仪参数的双黑体测量装置

对红外热像仪参数双黑体测量装置的工作原理进行了介绍。装置采用双黑体及反射型靶标为温差辐射源，可实现黑体温度温差准直辐射的定期校准和红外热像仪参数测量量值的溯源，也可实现红外热像仪参数的可控性，以及对它进行稳定的、可复现的精确测量。推导出利用红外热像仪参数双黑体测量装置测量信号传递函数SiTF数学模型，分析了红外热像仪参数测量装置的客观因素——仪器常数，针对仪器常数对SiTF测量的影响进行了试验。试验结果表明，仪器常数对红外热像仪SiTF参数测量精度影响较大，并同时影响时域与空域NETD及3D噪声的准确测量。