宇宙射线对地表矿物晶格的损伤及其地质作用的研究

文章从理论与实验两个方面论证了宇宙射线对地表矿物晶格造成损伤的可能性。并初步计算了宇宙射线对地表矿物晶格造成损伤的大小及其对土壤形成影响的程度。把宇宙射线发挥地质作用的方式与太阳能和地球外天体的万有引力能的地质作用方式作了比较,得出宇宙射线对地表矿物晶格的损伤是地质作用研究中不可忽视的因素的结论     

宇宙射线和α放射线的地质作用

对采集到的矿物样品结合理论计算结果进行了详细分析.阐明了矿物样品上的菱形腐蚀坑,可能是宇宙射线粒子和天然放射线中的α粒子与矿物晶格碰撞后,在晶格中留下的损伤经过地层中腐蚀性液体长期腐蚀扩大形成的.讨论了这些腐蚀坑对地质作用的影响.指出这些射线对地质作用的影响,应当是地质作用研究中不可忽视的因素.     

小型宇宙射线探测仪的模拟和测量

介绍了一款小型宇宙射线探测仪。该仪器具有宇宙射线科普演示功能,主要用于实时测量μ子射线并显示计数,以及长时间尺度下（年）稳定地对不同角度的次级宇宙线通量进行监控记录。简要地展示了探测器的硬件构造和探测效率的模拟计算。探测仪单个探测器的探测效率为93.1%,两个探测器符合测量的探测效率为86.6%。根据探测器的计数率以及模拟计算的探测效率,估计了次级宇宙射线垂直地面方向的通量,为J=29±3 m-2 sr-1 s-1。另外,利用该宇宙射线探测仪,测量了兰州市区的次级宇宙射线的天顶角分布。其结果很好地满足I（θ）=IH+I₀ cosα θ经验公式,其中的角度依赖参数α=2.42±0.52。A small cosmic ray device is introduced in this paper.It has the demonstration function for popularization of science,and can be used mainly to display the μ counts in a real-time measurement,and to monitor the secondary cosmic ray flux at different angles in a very long time scale (years).We briefly show the hardware of the device and the detecting efficiency calculation by simulation.The detecting efficiency for one detector of the device is 93.1%,and the detecting efficiency is 86.6% for the coincidence measurement of two detectors.Based on the count rate by the detector and the simulated efficiency,the secondary cosmic ray flux perpendicular to the ground surface is measured,which is J=29±3 m-2sr-1 s-1.Moreover,with an application of the device,we measured the angular distribution of the secondary cosmic ray rate in Lanzhou City.The resulting angular distribution agrees well with the empirical formula as I(θ)=IH+I₀ cosα θ,in which the parameter for the angle-dependence is α=2.42±0.53.     

胡乾善对宇宙射线的研究

胡乾善(1911-2004),振动专家和工程力学教育家,1934—1937年留学英国期间师从布莱克特研究宇宙射线,曾参与宇宙射线的国际合作研究,并与苏联物理学家去高加索山4km处进行宇宙射线测量.他是最早参与宇宙射线研究的中国物理学家之一,回国后由于无研究设备,后致力于机械振动研究.该文是在胡乾善的博士论文及已发表的论文的基础上,回顾并分析了上世纪30年代胡乾善在宇宙射线方面的研究工作,目的是使读者了解当时物理学界在此方面的研究进展.2011年是胡乾善百年诞辰,2012年是宇宙射线发现100周年,谨以此文纪念.     

胡乾善对宇宙射线的研究

胡乾善(1911—2004),振动专家和工程力学教育家,1934—1937年留学英国期间师从布莱克特研究宇宙射线,曾参与宇宙射线的国际合作研究,并与苏联物理学家去高加索山4km处进行宇宙射线测量．他是最早参与宇宙射线研究的中国物理学家之一,回国后由于无研究设备,后致力于机械振动研究．该文是在胡乾善的博士论文及已发表的论文的基础上,回顾并分析了上世纪30年代胡乾善在宇宙射线方面的研究工作,目的是使读者了解当时物理学界在此方面的研究进展．2011年是胡乾善百年诞辰,2012年是宇宙射线发现100周年,谨以此文纪念．     

超高能宇宙射线的谜团

宇宙射线是指来自于太空的质子和其他原子核．少量宇宙射线具有极高的能量,可以超过10^20eV,这比世界范围内最强大的粒子加速器所能达到的最高能量还大一亿倍．这些极高能量的宇宙射线的来源一直是一个谜团．     

宇宙射线对面阵CCD器件的伤害及预防措施

研究了宇宙射线对面阵 CCD传感器的冲击伤害及产生白疵点的原因 ,并对宇宙射线冲击的物理现象作了初步的说明。针对生产 CCD传感器的单位 ,给出了实验统计数据 ,并提出了可供参考的预防措施。     

宇宙射线与云的形成

丹麦与英国的物理学家们通过将粒子束注入云室中,演示了宇宙射线如何促进地球大气中水滴的形成．这是一个最好的实验证据,表明太阳通过改变达到地球表面的宇宙射线强度来对地球气候产生影响．     

利用阻性板探测器测量宇宙射线μ子的径迹

阻性板探测器具有时间分辨好、稳定性高以及造价低等优点.将阻性板探测器平台引入实验教学中,设计了基于多层阻性板探测器的实验平台,调试气路,选择合适的参量,设置电路时序逻辑,用示波器直观显示宇宙射线μ子在气体介质中的径迹为直线,体现了μ子具有强穿透性.通过对实验数据进行处理,重建了 μ子运动径迹,计算出一维位置分辨.     

Study of cosmic ray diurnal variation on a day-to-day basis

From a careful examination of the diurnal variation of cosmic ray intensity at high energies and the interplanetary field characteristics, the average characteristics of diurnal variation were recently explained by us in terms of a balance between outward convection and field aligned diffusion, the latter arising out of a positive radial density gradient. In this paper, we extend this new concept to explain the large variability observed in the diurnal variation on a day-to-day basis and further demonstrate that the measurement of diurnal anisotropy characteristic of cosmic ray particles on a day-to-day basis can be used directly to infer the nature and scale sizes of interplanetary field parameters. Comparing with the magnetic field vector, we show that this simple concept holds good on more than 80% of days. On the rest 20% of days which have a predominant morning maxima, the diurnal anisotropy characteristics seem to indicate the presence of a significant component of transverse diffusion current in addition to the normal convection and diffusion flow. Such days are found to be present in the form of trains of consecutive days and are found to be associated with abrupt changes in the interplanetary field direction having scale sizes >4 hr. The value ofK _⊥/K _‖ which is normally about ⩽0.05 is found to be ≈1.0 on non-field aligned days.     

宇宙线研究进展评述与展望

近年来,宇宙线探测技术发展迅速,天基和地基宇宙线实验均取得了多项重要成果,打破了宇宙线研究领域多年来的沉寂．多手段复合观测是精确测量宇宙线能谱和成分的必要途径,甚高能伽玛射线天文学成为探索宇宙线起源这一世纪之谜的最有效手段．高海拔宇宙线观测站(LHAASO)计划将以最高的超高能伽玛射线探测灵敏度和甚高能伽玛射线巡天灵敏度以及最宽的宇宙线能量覆盖范围探索领域的基本问题．     

Deformations of the spin currents by topological screw dislocation and cosmic dispiration

We study the spin currents induced by topological screw dislocation and cosmic dispiration. By using the extended Drude model, we find that the spin dependent forces are modified by the nontrivial geometry. For the topological screw dislocation, only the direction of spin current is bent by deforming the spin polarization vector. In contrast, the force induced by cosmic dispiration could affect both the direction and magnitude of the spin current. As a consequence, the spin-Hall conductivity does not receive corrections from screw dislocation.     

光线速度方程的根与光线轴

详细分析了光线速度方程的根,并由此定出光线轴的位置.     

A study on the sharp knee and fine structures of cosmic ray spectra

The paper investigates the overall and detailed features of cosmic ray(CR) spectra in the knee region using the scenario of nuclei-photon interactions around the acceleration sources.Young supernova remnants can be the physical realities of such kind of CR acceleration sites.The results show that the model can well explain the following problems simultaneously with one set of source parameters:the knee of CR spectra and the sharpness of the knee,the detailed irregular structures of CR spectra,the so-calledc...     

Transmission of an X‐ray beam through a two‐dimensional photonic crystal and the Talbot effect

Results of computer simulations of the transmission of an X‐ray beam through a two‐dimensional photonic crystal as well as the propagation of an X‐ray beam in free space behind the photonic crystal are reported. The photonic crystal consists of a square lattice of silicon cylinders of diameter 0.5 µm. The amount of matter in the path of the X‐ray beam rapidly decreases at the sides of the cylinder projections. Therefore the transmission is localized near the boundaries, and appears like a channeling effect. The iterative method of computer simulations is applied. This method is similar to the multi‐slice method that is widely used in electron microscopy. It allows a solution to be obtained with acceptable accuracy. A peculiarity in the intensity distribution inside the Talbot period z_T in free space was found when the intensity is approximately equal to the initial value at a distance 0.46z_T, and it is shifted by half a period at distance 0.5z_T. The reason for this effect is the existence of a periodic phase of the wavefunction of radiation inside the intensity peaks. Simulations with zero phase do not show this effect. Symmetry rules for the Talbot effect are discussed.     

Installation and cosmic ray test of the high voltage system of the BESⅢdrift chamber

After examination of the designed high voltage power supply system of the BESⅢ drift chamber in the beam test of the full length prototype of drift chamber,a full system covering all the channels of high voltage was installed.The system's training and the high voltage value adjustment were carried out in the cosmic ray test of the BESⅢ drift chamber.The cosmic ray test for the full system and its final installation on the BESⅢ drift chamber were reported.The full system of high voltage power supply works stably and reliably.     

Cosmic ray muons at a depth of 754 hg/cm2 in the Kolar gold Mines

A telescope of area 4 m², consisting of horizontal layers of plastic scintillators, neon flash tubes and absorbers was operated at a depth of 754 hg/cm² in the Kolar Gold Mines. New values for the vertical intensities of muons have been obtained from observations of the angular distribution over the slant depths ∼ 750–2300 hg/cm² and are compared with the existing measurements. From the angular distribution observed, we conclude that muons are produced wholly through the decay of pions and kaons up to energies of the order of 1 TeV. A value of 0.3±0.2 is estimated for theK/π ratio at production, for muon energies around 500 GeV. A decoherence distribution has been obtained for parallel muon events up to distances of the order of 10 m. From this we conclude that the averageP _t of the parents of muons of energy ∼ 250 GeV is of the order of 0.3 GeV/c. From an analysis of rock showers, we obtain the cross section for inelastic interaction of muons of mean energy 100 GeV as (3.8±1.5)×10⁻³⁰ cm²/nucleon.