Heterogeneous reaction of NO2 on the surface of NaCl particles

The heterogeneous reaction of NO₂ on NaCl particles has been investigated with the new sample preparation and the mode of gas-solid free diffusion. Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (DRIFTS) is used to characterize the adsorbed products in situ, combined with Ion Chromatographic (IC), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Scan Electron Microscopy (SEM). Our results indicate that the reaction is not limited to the surface of the NaCl particles, but penetrated into the upper layers. Surface reactive sites determine the reaction. Kinetic measurements show that nitrate formation on sodium chloride is second order in NO₂ concentration and reactive uptake coefficient is (1.54 ± 0.70) × 10⁻⁵.     

海盐颗粒物表面的NO_2非均相反应

为了深入理解沿海城市大气环境中NO2和海盐颗粒物的非均相反应规律,本研究使用漫反射红外傅立叶变换光谱(DRIFTS)比较研究了0%和20%相对湿度(relative humidty,RH)下NO2在湿海盐颗粒物表面的非均相反应.动力学测量表明硝酸盐的生成对NO2是二级反应,并且0%和20%相对湿度条件下,NO2分子浓度为1.96×1015molcules·cm-3时,反应增长阶段反应摄取系数分别为(5.51±0.19)×10-7和1.26×10-6.结果还显示相对湿度在30%以下时,海盐表面MgCl2·6H2O、CaCl2·2H2O所在点位通过释放结合水和吸附水汽,在海盐表面形成液态水的斑点,增强了反应持续能力.因此氯化钠表面非均相反应的研究可能会低估海盐颗粒物的非均相反应活性.     

黑碳颗粒物表面SO2的非均相臭氧氧化

采用漫反射红外傅里叶变换光谱(DRIFTS)结合离子色谱(IC)、 X射线光电子能谱(XPS)研究了常温常压下SO2与O3在黑碳颗粒物(以Printex U为代表, 简称UBC)表面的非均相反应. 研究发现, 在O3和水气存在的情况下, 体系的反应产物主要是SO42-, 反应在一定时间内持续进行. UBC可提供反应活性位点, 促进SO2在其表面的臭氧氧化. O3是关键的氧化剂, 能显著提高SO2非均相氧化生成SO42-的速率. 水气的存在有利于表面活性位点再生, 使反应持续发生. 当SO2和O3的浓度为1014~1015 molecule/cm3、 相对湿度为40%时, SO2在UBC(1: 400, 以NaCl为稀释剂稀释400倍)表面非均相反应生成SO42-的稳态摄取系数(γBET)为1~6×10-6, SO42-的生成速率为1014~1015 ion·s-1·g-1.     

Synergistic reaction between SO2 and NO2 on mineral oxides: a potential formation pathway of sulfate aerosol

Sulfate is one of the most important aerosols in the atmosphere. A new sulfate formation pathway via synergistic reactions between SO(2) and NO(2) on mineral oxides was proposed. The heterogeneous reactions of SO(2) and NO(2) on CaO, α-Fe(2)O(3), ZnO, MgO, α-Al(2)O(3), TiO(2), and SiO(2) were investigated by in situ Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (in situ DRIFTS) at ambient temperature. Formation of sulfate from adsorbed SO(2) was promoted by the coexisting NO(2), while surface N(2)O(4) was observed as the crucial oxidant for the oxidation of surface sulfite. This process was significantly promoted by the presence of O(2). The synergistic effect between SO(2) and NO(2) was not observed on other mineral particles (such as CaCO(3) and CaSO(4)) probably due to the lack of the surface reactive oxygen sites. The synergistic reaction between SO(2) and NO(2) on mineral oxides resulted in the formation of internal mixtures of sulfate, nitrate, and mineral oxides. The change of mixture state will affect the physicochemical properties of atmospheric particles and therefore further influence their environmental and climate effects.     

NaCl与Fe2O3混合物对SO2的有效吸收

采用DRIFTS和XPS等方法研究了SO2在NaCl和α-Fe2O3混合物表面的复相反应, 并计算了反应的吸附常数. 结果表明, 反应生成物主要为硫酸盐、硫酸氢盐以及少量的亚硫酸(氢)盐; SO2与NaCl和α-Fe2O3混合物的反应符合零级反应动力学规律; NaCl的含量对反应有影响, 随着混合物中NaCl含量的增加, BET吸附常数呈现先上升而后再下降的变化规律, 当NaCl的质量分数达到70%左右时, BET吸附常数达到最大(4.62×10-6), 是纯α-Fe2O3(5.72×10-7)的8.08倍; 反应生成的FeCl2-SO3-中间体作为SO2的储存库, 促进了更多的硫酸盐生成.     

Cluster size-dependent mechanisms of the CO + NO reaction on small Pdn (n < or = 30) clusters on oxide surfaces

The CO + NO reaction (2CO + 2NO --> N(2) + 2CO(2)) on small size-selected palladium clusters supported on thin MgO(100) films reveals distinct size effects in the size range Pd(n) with n < or = 30. Clusters up to the tetramer are inert, while larger clusters form CO(2) at around 300 K, and this main reaction mechanism involves adsorbed CO and an adsorbed oxygen atom, a reaction product from the dissociation of NO. In addition, clusters consisting of 20-30 atoms reveal a low-temperature mechanism observed at temperatures below 150 K; the corresponding reaction mechanism can be described as a direct reaction of CO with molecularly adsorbed NO. Interestingly, for all reactive cluster sizes, the reaction temperature of the main mechanism is at least 150 K lower than those for palladium single crystals and larger particles. This indicates that the energetics of the reaction on clusters are distinctly different from those on bulklike systems. In the presented one-cycle experiments, the reaction is inhibited when strongly adsorbed NO blocks the CO adsorption sites. In addition, the obtained results reveal the interaction of NO with the clusters to show differences as a function of size; on larger clusters, both molecularly bonded and dissociated NO coexist, while on small clusters, NO is efficiently dissociated, and hardly any molecularly bonded NO is detected. The desorption of N(2) occurs on the reactive clusters between 300 and 500 K.     

A new approach to determining gas-particle reaction probabilities and application to the heterogeneous reaction of deliquesced sodium chloride particles with gas-phase hydroxyl radicals

The reaction kinetics for gaseous hydroxyl radicals (OH) with deliquesced sodium chloride particles (NaCl(aq)) were investigated using a novel experimental approach. The technique utilizes the exposure of substrate-deposited aerosol particles to reactive gases followed by chemical analysis of the particles using computer-controlled scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive analysis of X-rays (CCSEM/EDX) capability. Experiments were performed at room temperature and atmospheric pressure with deliquesced NaCl particles in the micron size range at 70-80% RH and with OH concentrations in the range of 1 to 7 x 10(9) cm(-3). The apparent, pseudo first-order rate constant for the reaction was determined from measurements of changes in the chloride concentration of individual particles upon reaction with OH as a function of the particle loading on the substrate. Quantitative treatment of the data using a model that incorporates both diffusion and reaction kinetics yields a lower limit to the net reaction probability of gamma(net) > or = 0.1, with an overall uncertainty of a factor of 2.     

大气复合污染及灰霾形成中非均相化学过程的作用

城市和区域大气复合污染的特征为污染源排放的一次污染物通过大气中的化学反应生成高浓度的氧化剂(臭氧等)及细颗粒物等二次污染物,它们在静稳天气下积累,导致低能见度的灰霾现象并严重影响人体健康和气候.大气复合污染中同时存在高浓度的一次排放和二次转化的气态及颗粒污染物,这为细颗粒表面非均相反应提供了充足的反应物;而气态污染物在细颗粒表面的非均相反应可改变大气氧化性及颗粒物的化学组分、物化性质和光学性质,从而可能对大气复合污染和灰霾的形成起到促进的作用.利用漫反射红外傅里叶变换光谱和单颗粒显微拉曼原位在线技术,我们对大气气态污染物NO2、SO2、O3、甲醛在CaCO3、高岭石、蒙脱石、NaCl、海盐、Al2O3和TiO2等大气主要颗粒物表面的反应进行了系统的反应动力学和机制研究,我们发现反应主要产物为硫酸盐、硝酸盐或甲酸盐,它们可极大改变颗粒物吸湿性和消光性质.通过分析这些非均相反应的动力学过程,我们识别出NO2-颗粒物-H2O、SO2-颗粒物-O3、有机物/SO2-颗粒物-光照等三元反应体系的协同作用机制,这些协同机制对于阐明大气复合污染及灰霾形成的反馈机制和非线性过程提供了实验证据和理论依据.     

Reactive uptake of NO3 radicals by unsaturated fatty acid particles

The reactive uptake of NO(3) by particles containing four unsaturated fatty acid species was studied for the first time in a flow tube reactor coupled to a chemical ionization mass spectrometer (CIMS). Using a mixed-phase relative rates technique, the reactive uptake coefficients, γ(part), were determined to be (0.27 ± 0.06) for oleic acid (OA), (0.53 ± 0.12) for linoleic acid (LA), (0.72 ± 0.17) for linolenic acid (LNA), and (1.01 ± 0.18) for conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in N(2) bath gas. In the presence of 20% O(2), their uptake coefficients are (0.31 ± 0.09) for OA, (0.55 ± 0.12) for LA, (0.78 ± 0.17) for LNA, and (1.08 ± 0.17) for CLA. All the uncertainties are 2σ and represent precision only. The products of the NO(3) reactions with these organic particles were studied in the presence and absence of O(2) using CIMS. It was found that the detected yields and compositions of the products were substantially different with or without O(2). Based on the observed products and general gas-phase chemistry of NO(3) radicals, a reaction mechanism is proposed for NO(3) reactions with unsaturated organic particles. The atmospheric implications of the heterogeneous chemical processes involving NO(3) are also discussed.     

Heterogeneous reactions of gaseous methanesulfonic acid with NaCl and sea salt particles

Methanesulfonic acid (MSA) has been identified as one of the most important intermediate products of DMS reactions in the atmosphere. Although considerable amounts of MSA have been found in the marine boundary layer, little is known about the interaction of gaseous MSA with sea salt particles. To understand the fate of MSA in the atmosphere and its potential importance in atmospheric chemistry, the heterogeneous reactions of gaseous MSA with micron-scale NaCl and sea salt particles were studied using diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectrometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The CH₃SO₃Na and CH₃SO₃ ⁻ were the major products of the condensed phase of the reaction of gaseous MSA with NaCl and with sea salt particles. The steady-state uptake coefficient was determined to be (5.94±2.32)×10⁻⁷ (1 σ) for the reaction of gaseous MSA with NaCl particles and (2.23±1.25)×10⁻⁷ (1 σ) for the reaction of gaseous MSA with sea salt particles. The heterogeneous reaction of MSA with NaCl particles was found to be first-order for MSA. The reaction mechanisms were discussed. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40490265) and the National Basic Research Priorities Program (Grant No. 2002CB410802)     

Raman micro-spectrometry as a technique for investigating heterogeneous reactions on individual atmospheric particles

Investigating the heterogeneous reaction on individual atmospheric particles is important because it approximates actual atmospheric conditions and can aid in reducing artifacts in elucidating real mechanisms and processes,and determining real kinetic parameters of the atmosphere relevance.This study developed a Raman microspectrometry method to investigate heterogeneous reactions on individual particles.The method was applied to the reaction of NO2 with individual CaCO3 particles.It was demonstrated that R...     

Co—MgO催化剂上NO—程序升温表面反应和NO—CH4反应

ＮＯ，程序升温表面反应（ＴＰＳＲ），ＮＯ－ＣＨ４反应，Ｃｏ－ＭｇＯ     

纳米-微米铁修饰的维氏体氨合成催化剂

我们以商业预还原的维氏体(Fe1-xO)氨合成催化剂为载体,采用Fe(NO)3 ·9H2O和H2C2O4·2H2O进行原位室温固相反应制备纳米铁或微米铁修饰的铁基氨合成催化剂,并通过XRD、SEM、TG-DTG、H2-TPR等进行了表征.结果表明:Fe(NO)3·9H2O和H2C2O4·2H2O室温固相反应完全生成产物Fe2(C2O4)3·5H2O,且产物分散于载体维氏体催化剂表面.通过纳米铁-微米铁的修饰,催化剂的氨合成活性有很大提高且稳定性好.催化剂活性随着Fe负载量的增加先增加后降低,负载量5％时催化活性最好,反应器出口氨浓由450℃(12.4％)、425℃(11.0％)、400℃(9.4％)分别提升至450℃(15.6％)、425℃(14.8％)、400℃(13％).通过一步简单的修饰,维氏体催化剂的氨合成活性提高约25％ ～38％.由于焙烧和还原,生成的Fe1xO或铁粒子与铁催化剂表面发生强相互作用,因此,反应过程中纳米铁或微米铁粒子能稳定存在,催化剂有较高的稳定性.     

显微拉曼光谱用于研究大气单颗粒表面非均相反应

大气单颗粒表面的非均相反应研究因更接近大气实际条件,避免了堆积态研究中人为引入的误差,能够得到真实的反应过程与机理,获得反映大气实际条件的动力学参数.本研究建立了使用显微拉曼光谱研究大气单颗粒非均相反应的研究方法,并初步用于研究NO2与单颗粒CaCO3的非均相反应.研究结果表明显微拉曼光谱可同时获得颗粒物的化学组成和形貌变化,并能得到化学环境如相态的信息,对于研究反应过程很有帮助;而颗粒物沉降在基质上得到的拉曼光谱因不受形貌共振影响,有利于获得高质量的光谱.此外,将拉曼光谱研究单颗粒的方法与其他单颗粒非均相反应的研究方法进行了综合比较,表明显微拉曼光谱技术在单颗粒非均相反应研究中具有重要的特点和应用价值.     

Adsorption of NO and CO over transition-metal-incorporated mesoporous catalytic materials

Novel high-surface-area mesoporous catalysts of type Al-MCM-41 containing transition metals such as iron, nickel, cobalt, zinc, copper, and cobalt were prepared and characterized using techniques such as BET, FTIR, ICP-MS, XPS, and XRD. The XPS measurements indicated that the transition-metal particles are located in the bulk or pore channels of the Al-MCM-41 materials. A detailed in situ FTIR investigation undertaken on the adsorption and disproportionation of NO and CO over the transition-metal-Al-MCM-41 mesoporous catalysts indicated the formation of various NO/CO species or complexes with active metal sites. The structure and dynamics of the metal activated complex and reactive species formed during the CO/NO reaction together with advantages of these catalysts and the influence of reaction temperature and pressure have been studied. NO adsorption at room temperature leads to the formation of adsorbed N(2)O, NO(2), MNO(2), MNO, and [M(NO)(2)] complexes. CO adsorption at room temperature leads to the formation of physisorbed carbon dioxide and cationic Lewis acid carbonyl moieties as well as transition-metal carbonyl complexes. The copper mesoporous catalysts prepared by different procedures (ion exchanged and as-synthesized) were compared for their interactions with CO and NO probe molecules.     

Diffusion-controlled reactions: hydrodynamic interaction between charged, uniformly reactive spherical reactants

In this work, different models of hydrodynamic interaction (HI) are examined in the diffusion-controlled reaction between uniformly reactive charged spherical particles. In addition to Oseen "stick" and "slip" models of HI, one is considered that accounts for the disturbance of fluid flow by the ions around one reactive partner as they interact with a neighboring reactive species. This interaction is closely related to the "electrophoretic effect" in electrokinetics and can be described by a fairly simple electrophoretic, or E-tensor. These models are applied to the electron-transfer quenching reaction of Ru(bpy)3(2+) and methyl viologen (MV2+) over a wide range of NaCl concentrations (Chiorboli, C. et al., J. Phys. Chem. 1988, 92, 156). The back reaction is also considered. From a comparison of the salt dependence of the model and experimental rates, it is concluded that the "E-tensor" model works best and ignoring HI altogether works worst. The Oseen "stick" and "slip" models fall between these.     

Photocatalytic disproportionation of nitrite to dinitrogen and nitrate in an aqueous suspension of metal-loaded titanium(IV) oxide nanoparticles

Photocatalytic reaction of a nitrite ion in aqueous suspensions of bare and metal-loaded TiO(2) particles was examined without electron and hole scavengers under irradiation of UV light. In the bare TiO(2) system, disproportionation of NO(2)(-) to N(2) (or N(2)O) and NO(3)(-) with nitrogen balance (NB) and redox balance (ROB) close to unity within experimental errors was observed, although the reaction was slow. Palladium (Pd)-loaded TiO(2) particles exhibited an extraordinarily large rate of disproportionation of NO(2)(-) in their aqueous suspension, i.e. NO(2)(-) was almost completely converted to N(2) (or N(2)O) and NO(3)(-) even after only 3 h of photoirradiation, both the values of NB and ROB being close to unity. This result suggests that Pd loaded on TiO(2) particles acted as storage sites for photogenerated electrons and effectively transferred the electrons to NO(2)(-) and, therefore, that the reduction process in the photocatalytic disproportionation of NO(2)(-) was accelerated by Pd loaded on TiO(2). Effects of the amount of Pd and pH of the suspension on the reaction rate were also examined.     

Thermal decomposition of energetic materials. 5. reaction processes of 1,3,5-trinitrohexahydro-s-triazine below its melting point

Through the use of simultaneous thermogravimetry modulated beam mass spectrometry, optical microscopy, hot-stage time-lapsed microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy measurements, the physical and chemical processes that control the thermal decomposition of 1,3,5-trinitrohexahydro-s-triazine (RDX) below its melting point (160-189 degrees C) have been identified. Two gas-phase reactions of RDX are predominant during the early stages of an experiment. One involves the loss of HONO and HNO and leads to the formation of H2O, NO, NO2, and oxy-s-triazine (OST) or s-triazine. The other involves the reaction of NO with RDX to form NO2 and 1-nitroso-3,5-dinitrohexahydro-s-triazine (ONDNTA), which subsequently decomposes to form a set of products of which CH2O and N2O are the most abundant. Products from the gas-phase RDX decomposition reactions, such as ONDNTA, deposit on the surface of the RDX particles and lead to the development of a new set of reaction pathways that occur on the surface of the RDX particles. The initial surface reactions occur on surfaces of those RDX particles in the sample that can accumulate the greatest amount of products from the gas-phase reactions. Initial surface reactions are characterized by the formation of islands of reactivity on the RDX surface and lead to the development of an orange-colored nonvolatile residue (NVR) film on the surface of the RDX particles. The NVR film is most likely formed via the decomposition of ONDNTA on the surface of the RDX particles. The NVR film is a nonstoichiometric and dynamic material, which reacts directly with RDX and ONDNTA, and is composed of remnants from RDX and ONDNTA molecules that have reacted with the NVR. Reactions involving the NVR become dominant during the later stage of the decomposition process. The NVR reacts with RDX to form ONDNTA via abstraction of an oxygen atom from an NO2 group. ONDNTA may undergo rapid loss of N2 and NO2 with the remaining portion of the molecule being incorporated into the dynamic NVR. The dynamic NVR also decomposes and leads to the formation of H2O, CH2O, N2O, NH2CHO, (CH3)2NCHO, (CH3)2NNO, C2H2N2O, and (CH3)3N or CH3NCH2CH3. The competition between reaction of the dynamic NVR with RDX and its own thermal decomposition manifests itself in a rapid increase in the rate of evolution of the NVR decomposition products as the amount of RDX remaining in the sample nears depletion. The reactions between the NVR film and RDX on the surface of the RDX particles leads to a localized environment that creates a layer of molten RDX on the surface of the particles where reactions associated with the liquid-phase decomposition of RDX may occur. The combination of these reaction processes leads to an acceleration of the reaction rate in the later stage of the decomposition process and creates an apparent reaction rate behavior that has been referred to as autocatalytic in many previous studies of RDX decomposition. A reaction scheme summarizing the reaction pathways that contribute to the decomposition of RDX below its melting point is presented.     

Heterogeneous reactions of gaseous HNO3 and NO2 on the clay minerals kaolinite and pyrophyllite

Airborne clay mineral particles have long atmospheric lifetimes due to their relatively small size. To assess their impact on trace atmospheric gases, we investigated heterogeneous reactions on prototype clay minerals. Diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy identified surface-adsorbed products formed from the uptake of gaseous nitric acid and nitrogen dioxide on kaolinite and pyrophyllite. For kaolinite, a 1:1 phyllosilicate, HNO3 molecularly adsorbed onto the octahedral aluminum hydroxide and tetrahedral silicon oxide surfaces. Also detected on the aluminum hydroxide surface were irreversibly adsorbed monodentate, bidentate, bridged, and water-coordinated nitrate species as well as surface-adsorbed water. Similar adsorbed products formed during the uptake of NO2 on kaolinite at relative humidity (RH) of 0%, and the reaction was second order with respect to reactive surface sites and 1.5 +/- 0.1 for NO2. Reactive uptake coefficients, calculated using Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller surface areas, increased from (8.0 +/- 0.2) x 10(-8) to (2.3 +/- 0.4) x 10(-7) for NO2 concentrations ranging from 0.56 x 10(13) to 8.8 x 10(13) molecules cm(-3). UV-visible spectroscopy detected gaseous HONO as a product for the reaction of NO2 on wet kaolinite. The uptake of HNO3 on pyrophyllite, a 2:1 phyllosilicate, resulted in stronger signal for nitric acid molecularly adsorbed on the silicon oxide surface compared to kaolinite. Monodentate, bridged, and water-coordinated nitrate species bound to aluminum sites also formed during this reaction indicating that reactive sites on edge facets are important for this system. The uptake of NO2 on pyrophyllite, gammaBET = (7 +/- 1) x 10(-9), was significantly lower than kaolinite because NO2 did not react with the dominant tetrahedral silicon oxide surface. These results highlight general trends regarding the reactivity of tetrahedral silicon oxide and octahedral aluminum hydroxide clay surfaces and indicate that the heterogeneous chemistry of clay aerosols varies with mineralogy and cannot be predicted by elemental analysis.     

A Study on the Reaction of O(1D) and N2O by Trajectory Calculation and Time-Resolved FTIR Spectroscopy

O(¹D) atoms, generated via the laser photodissociation of N₂O at 193 nm, reacting with N₂O was studied by Time-Resolved Fourier Transform Infrared (TR-FTIR) Spectroscopy. The IR emission from NO(v? 1–11.) was collected at 30 μs after the laser was fired. Several instrumental corrections were made to obtain reliable experimental results. The vibrational temperature of the nearly-nascent NO product was estimated to be Tv ? 9,000 K. A Quasi-Classical Trajectory (QCT) calculation of the reaction was performed. The calculated results, corresponding to a head-on attack mechanism, agree with the experimental data. Additional reaction channel with side-on attack producing N₂ and O₂ was also studied by QCT, where vibrationally hot O₂(a ¹ Δ_g) and cold N₂(X¹∑_g⁺) products are predicted.