磷酸二氢铵水溶液构型能和径向分布函数的分子动力学模拟

采用分子动力学模拟对不同温度下磷酸二氢铵水溶液的构型能和径向分布函数进行了研究．磷酸二氢根被看作七节点模型,铵离子被看作五节点模型,而水分子则被看作简单点电荷模型．在饱和温度 附近,体系局域粒子数密度有波动．373?400 K的溶液势能增长缓慢表明磷酸二氢铵部分分解．磷酸二氢根中的氧原子与铵离子中氢原子的径向分布函数在三种不同温度下呈现明显不同,表明溶液中平均氢键数目随温度的变化明显改变．温度对磷酸二氢根中的氢原子和氧原子的结合有一定的影响,而在饱和溶液中有更多的生长基元产生．     

白酒中氢键缔合作用的研究——乙醇-水缔合体中质子间的交换作用

本文报导用核磁共振(NMR)技术研究醇-水混合体系中发生缔合作用的质子间的交换作用过程。质子间的交换速度与醇-水混合的比例有关,在中性条件下,60%乙醇含量的水溶液,质子间交换速度最大。这种交换速度随着贮存期的延长而减缓,使得缔合体的平均寿命增长。质子间的交换速度对微量酸的存在非常敏感,酸可促使缔合平衡的更快建立,但要控制过量酸的存在对缔合体稳定性的影响。     

ATR-IR分析氢氧化钠对水及离子液体/水体系氢键作用的影响

利用衰减全反射红外光谱（ATR-IR）分析NaOH对水及1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑醋酸酯离子液体水溶液（EmimAc/水）氢键网络的影响,研究结果表明,NaOH的加入会影响水分子的氢键对称性和类型,对称性氢键谱带Ⅰ（3 218 cm-1）和Ⅱ（3 375 cm-1）随着NaOH浓度的提高而降低。NaOH使水溶液氢键发生极化,产生连续吸收带,连续吸收带随着NaOH浓度的提高而增强。水对EmimAc的阳离子和阴离子均有影响。水分子的OH和EmimAc的COO-产生强的相互作用,在3 400~3 200 cm-1产生宽的吸收谱带;而水分子的质子和COO-作用使得C═O吸收谱带红移。水的加入使得EmimAc指纹区的谱带蓝移或吸收强度下降,表明水可以破坏EmimAc原有的氢键网络,形成“阴离子…HOH…阴离子”团簇,减弱了离子液体阴、阳离子之间的相互作用。NaOH替代水与EmimAc混合,ATR-IR谱图的变化并不显著,主要表现在谱带的吸收强度上。与EmimAc/水相比,EmimAc/NaOH水溶液的ATR-IR谱的吸收强度更高,表明NaOH水溶液对EmimAc氢键网络的破坏不如水显著。由此可见,可利用EmimAc/NaOH体系降低离子液体体系黏度,并且降低离子液体使用成本,对木质纤维原料预处理有一定的指导意义。     

表面活性剂及水溶性功能高分子的NMR研究

核磁共振（NMR）技术是研究表面活性剂在溶液中聚集状态的一种非常有用的工具,本文运用多种NMR技术研究了几种不同类型表面活性剂及水溶性功能高分子在水溶液中的聚集行为： 1. 季铵盐型双子表面活性剂16-4-16的聚集行为季铵盐型双子表面活性剂N,N′-双(十六烷基二甲基)-α,ω-丁烷溴化铵(16-4-16)分子中联接基团及靠近离子头的质子位于胶束的壳层, 运动受到一定限制. 而距离离子头较远的烷烃链位于胶束的内部,运动相对自由. 与对应的单链表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)相比,16-4-16形成的胶束堆积更为紧密. 通过NOESY谱中交叉峰强度的定量计算,认为16-4-16在胶束中分子以上下交错排列的方式形成球形聚集体.  2. 脱氧胆酸钠与十六烷基三甲基溴化铵的相互作用在脱氧胆酸钠(NaDC)溶液中,NaDC质子H3与其他质子不同,其横向弛豫时间(T₂)表现为双指数衰减,表明此质子可能存在两种不同的状态. 实验证明,其它胆酸盐的H3的横向弛豫也呈现双指数衰减. 因此推测在胆酸盐的稀溶液中,3-OH质子和羰基氧之间有可能存在氢键作用,形成了头尾相连的分子对结构.  在NaDC和CTAB的混合溶液中,两者形成1∶1的混合胶束. 用NOESY和ROESY研究混合胶束的结构,显示CTAB的离子头位于NaDC的羧酸基团附近. 这可能是正负离子之间的静电性相互作用的结果.  3. 丙烯酰胺/丙烯酸模板共聚物的微结构研究了不同pH值条件下,丙烯酰胺和丙烯酸共聚物分子在水溶液中的聚集形态. 在酸性溶液中,分子内的氢键致使聚集体形成较为紧密的堆积,侧链的苯氧基团运动受阻;随着溶液pH值的增大,丙烯酸电离产生的阴离子使得分子间的静电斥力增大,分子链变得伸展,分子间的氢键作用导致了聚集体体积变大. 当溶液呈强碱性,丙烯酸完全电离,氢键作用力被破坏,分子呈现自由伸展的状态,侧链的苯氧基团运动相对自由.     

紫外光辐照聚乙烯醇的1H NMR研究

用¹H NMR谱,自旋-晶格弛豫时间（T₁）和X-射线衍射研究了聚乙烯醇(PVA)在紫外光（UV）辐照后-OH基团与溶剂中残余水质子间氢键的生成与质子交换. 结果表明随着UV光辐照时间的增长,水峰与-OH质子峰逐渐相互靠近,同时水峰逐渐变宽,向低场方向移动,这与-OH基团与溶剂DMSO中残余水的质子之间既有氢键生成又有质子交换有关. 对辐照前后的PVA的DMSO溶液进行变温氢谱的研究,表明随着温度的升高,二者的-OH基团共振峰均逐渐变弱,溶剂残余水峰与-OH基团峰逐渐移向高场. PVA辐照前后随着浓度增大,羟基质子峰“变钝”. 辐照后的PVA的X-射线衍射表明聚集态结构中部分分子间氢键受到了破坏.     

用密度泛函理论研究氨质子化团簇(NH_3)_nH~+(n=1～8)的结构

运用Gaussian 03W程序中的密度泛函B3LYP方法,在6-31 G(d)基组水平上对氨质子化团簇(NH3)nH (n=1～8)的可能的几何构型进行了结构优化,得到了该系列团簇的稳定结构及其对应的总能量.结果表明,氨质子化团簇的稳定结构是质子与一个氨分子结合形成一个NH 4离子核,其它氨分子通过氢键作用形成氨链后与该离子核的四个氢以氢键结合形成的,它们之间的结合力均为中强氢键.另外,我们还利用能量的二阶差分理论对团簇的稳定性进行了研究,并计算了团簇的平均束缚能,发现随着团簇尺寸的增大,团簇的平均束缚能逐渐减小.     

Structures and Hydrogen Bonding Interactions in Urea-water System Studied by All-atom MD Simulation and Chemical Shifts in NMR Spectrum

采用分子动力学模拟方法结合核磁共振化学位移和粘度对尿素水溶液在稀浓度范围内的结构和弱相互作用进行研究. 从径向分布函数(RDF)分析看出,尿素水溶液中存在着几种不同类型、不同氢键形成能力的传统氢键. 氢键网络分析发现尿素水溶液体系在水富集区域,水分子倾向于自身缔合形成稳定的分子簇结构,而随着尿素浓度的逐渐增加,水的有序结构受到破坏,水分子和尿素分子发生了交叉缔合作用形成氢键,尿素分子有形成自身缔合的趋势. 分子动力学统计的平均氢键数与核磁共振化学位移和粘度数据结果进行比较,发现它们的变化趋势一致,证明了实验和理论结果有很强的可靠性.     

PVP在水/丙酮混合溶剂中分子运动行为的研究

通过对粘度、自旋-自旋弛豫时间以及1H NMR谱的测定,研究了PVP在不同体积配比的水/丙酮溶液中的特性粘数变化和分子运动规律,并讨论了引起这些变化的原因.结果表明:随着丙酮的不断加入,PVP的特性粘数[η]先增加后减小,而T2H先减小后增大.[η]出现最大值也是T2H出现最小值的时候,丙酮的体积百分数为40%.丙酮的加入破坏了水分子间自身氢键相互作用形成的网状结构,解离出来的水分子被PVP优先吸附到大分子链上,部分与羰基形成氢键,另一部分以自由水的形式被包裹在大分子线团内.水分子的不断进入以及与水形成新的氢键使PVP链逐渐伸展,引起特性粘数的增大,分子运动受阻.当丙酮含量增加到一定程度时,水的含量不足以使大分子链继续膨胀,故链呈卷缩状态,使大分子运动逐渐恢复自由.1H NMR谱中各质子的化学位移变化也证实了此过程中的氢键变化规律.     

Molecular Dynamics Study on Microstructure of Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphates Solution

用分子动力学模拟方法研究了不同温度下磷酸二氢钾(KDP)水溶液的内能和微结构. 水分子被看作简单点电荷模型,磷酸二氢根被看作七节点模型. 另外系统地研究了溶液的内能和径向分布函数. 在饱和温度附近,局域粒子数密度有很大的波动;饱和溶液的比热要比不饱和溶液的比热高表明溶液在低于饱和温度的过程中经历了结晶过程;水中的氧原子跟磷酸二氢根中的氢原子的径向分布函数表明二者之间形成很强的氢键结构;在KDP水溶液中,钾阳离子跟磷酸二氢根中的氧原子有很强的相互作用,并且在饱和溶液中形成的离子对数量更多.     

应用分子动力学模拟和拉曼光谱对钙、镁、氯离子 水化现象的研究

应用分子动力学方法,模拟了298 K下,密度为1.0 g/cm~3的水溶液中Ca²⁺,Mg²⁺,Cl~-的水化现象,得到了相应离子周围水分子的微观分布情况.发现在钙离子周围,水分子以其氧离子去靠近中心离子;而在氯离子周围,水分子则以其中的一个氢原子去靠近中心离子.通过分析三种离子的径向分布函数、配位数曲线、水化数、水化半径,发现Ca²⁺的水化数和水化半径均大于Mg²⁺,即Ca²⁺的水合能力比Mg²⁺强.与以往研究结果相比,本文计算所得的自扩散系数更接近实验所得结果.为了使模型更好的代表真实水溶液体系,本文还应用分子动力学和拉曼光谱法研究了不同浓度的CaCl₂水溶液.分子动力学研究发现随着浓度的升高,CaCl₂溶液中Ca²⁺,Cl~-的配位数分别呈降低趋势.同时,随着浓度的升高,Ca²⁺,Cl~-的自扩散系数也呈现降低的趋势.作者推断这是由于浓度的升高,加剧了离子的微观反...     

铵根离子在水和甲醇溶液中的转动机制

Dynamics of ammonium and ammonia in solutions is closely related to the metabolism of ammoniac compounds, therefore plays an important role in various biological processes. NMR measurements indicated that the reorientation dynamics of NH₄⁺ is faster in its aqueous solution than in methanol, which deviates from the Stokes-Einstein-Debye rule since water has higher viscosity than methanol. To address this intriguing issue, we herein study the reorientation dynamics of ammonium ion in both solutions using numerical simulation and an extended cyclic Markov chain model. An evident decoupling between translation and rotation of methanol is observed in simulation, which results in the deviation of reorientation from the Stokes-Einstein-Debye rule. Slower hydrogen bond (HB) switchings of ammonium with methanol comparing to that with water, due to the steric effect of the methyl group, remarkably retards the jump rotation of ammonium. The observations herein provide useful insights into the dynamic behavior of ammonium in the heterogeneous environments including the protein surface or protein channels.     

水玻璃化过程的氢键结构特性

为了解玻璃化过程氢键结构特性,采用分子模拟的手段计算了三种压力下的水玻璃化过程氢键的角度、距离、生命期和数量.计算结果显示:(i)氢键角度呈现泊松分布的特征,随着温度降低分布氢键角度分布范围变窄,峰值变高,在0～13°范围,随温度降低,分布数值变大;而在大于13°,随温度降低,分布数值变小;(ii)氢键距离也呈现泊松分...     

The influence of hydrogen bonds upon diffusion of simple amines and binary mixtures of ammonia

Abstract

Self diffusion coefficients of monomethylamine and trimethylamine and intradiffusion coefficients of some model mixtures containing ammonia have been measured up to pressures of 200 MPa at temperatures between the melting pressure curve and 423 K by pulsed field gradient Spin Echo NMR. Compared to water and the lower alcohols the self diffusion coefficients of pure fluid ammonia shows no clear influence from hydrogen bonds in contrast to other thermodynamic properties. Therefore the methylated substance monomethylamine has been studied to see weather a more structured charge distribution on the molecular surface compared to ammonia is needed to hinder fast rearrangements of the hydrogen bonds. For comparison also trimethylamine has been studied where no hydrogen bonds can be formed. Additionally binary mixtures of ammonia with methanol, benzene, trimethylamine and acetonitrile have been studied to see effects of intermolecular interactions.     

An ab initio study of some binary complexes containing methyl fluoride and difluoromethane: red-shifting and blue-shifting hydrogen bonds

The properties of a number of hydrogen-bonded complexes of methyl fluoride and difluoromethane with a range of hydrides of the first two rows of the periodic table have been computed using ab initio molecular orbital theory. The aim of this work was to identify possible examples of blue-shifting hydrogen-bonded species analogous to those formed between fluoroform and ammonia, water, phosphine and hydrogen sulphide, reported earlier. The calculations were carried out using the Gaussian-09 program, at the second-order level of Møller–Plesset perturbation theory, and with the aug-cc-pVTZ basis sets of Dunning. The properties studied include the molecular structures, the hydrogen bond energies and the vibrational spectra. The results have been interpreted with the aid of natural bond orbital theory and the quantum theory of atoms in molecules.     

Modulation of structure and dynamics of water under alternating electric field and the role of hydrogen bonding

Using Molecular Dynamics simulations, we investigate the effect of alternating (AC) electric field on static and dynamic properties of water. The central question we address is how hydrogen bonds respond to perpetual field-induced dipole reorientations. We assess structural perturbations of water network and changes of hydrogen bond dynamics in a range of alternating electric field strengths and frequencies using a non-polarisable water model, SPC/E, and two distinct polarisable models: SWM4-NDP and BK3. We confirm that AC field causes only moderate structural perturbations. Dynamic properties, including the rates of bond breaking, switching of hydrogen-bonding partners, and diffusion, accelerate with the strength of AC fields. All models reveal a nonmonotonic frequency dependence with fastest dynamics at frequencies around 200?GHz where the period of the field oscillation is commensurate with the average time it takes a typical proton to switch from one acceptor to another. Higher frequencies result in smaller amplitudes of angle oscillations and in reduced probability to complete the switch to another acceptor before the field reversal restores the original configuration. As frequency increases, these effects gradually weaken the influence of the field on the kinetics of hydrogen bonding and the associated rates of translational and rotational diffusion in water.     

Can trimethylamine-N-oxide act to influence the self-aggregation of tert-butyl alcohol?

We report classical molecular dynamics simulation studies of aqueous solution consisting of water, tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) and trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO). In spite of the fact that both TBA and TMAO molecules have very similar geometry with hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups, they behave very differently in aqueous solutions. Our aim is to see the role of TMAO on the self-aggregation (or association) of TBA molecules. We observe that, TMAO acts to postpone the aggregation of TBA molecules (takes place via the hydrophobic ends) to some extent. Addition of 0.10 mole fraction of TMAO shifts the aggregation concentration of TBA from x_tba = 0.025 to x_tba = 0.06. From the excess coordination number, calculation it is noticed that up to x_tba = 0.06, TBA molecules are favourably solvated by TMAO by replacing water molecules from TBA solvation shell but above this concentration, TBA–TMAO interaction decreases. This is further confirmed by water–TMAO interactions which shows a shift above x_tba = 0.06 indicating more preferred interactions between them. We also observe a noticeable increase in the water–water hydrogen bond life time in presence of TBA molecules indicating more structuring of water molecules.     

Hydrogen bond lifetimes in supercritical methanol–water mixtures via MD simulation

Dynamical features of hydrogen bonds in methanol–water mixtures have been analysed in terms of lifetime in the wide range of conditions, including supercritical states, using a molecular dynamics simulation with flexible potential models. Hydrogen bond characteristics in methanol–water mixtures were investigated by considering the combination of molecular species and donor–acceptor of hydrogen-bonded molecules. The hydrogen bond lifetimes mainly depend on temperature, and those in supercritical condition were about 1/10th of that at ambient condition. Focusing on the composition dependence of the hydrogen bond lifetime, the unique behaviour of that resulting from hydration structure was observed. Moreover, the molecular combination, which showed the largest hydrogen bond lifetime, was different for ambient and high temperature and high pressure conditions. The relationship between hydrogen bond lifetime and molar volume was also calculated to discuss the hydrogen bond lifetime in terms of the collision frequency of molecules and the intermolecular distance.     

磁化水的磁化机理研究

研究了搅拌状态下三种磁化水的物理性质.得到水的表面张力系数、黏度和密度随磁感应强度和磁化时间均呈现多极值增减变化关系.该实验规律虽亦有多篇文献报道,但至今尚无合理解释.本文从水的分子结构和氢键的特点出发,综合应用电磁学、结构化学和热学的相关理论对水的磁化机理作了进一步研究,对磁化水表面张力系数、黏度和密度的多极值现象给出了解释.研究认为,当将水体置于200 mT以上的磁场中磁化时,电子受到磁场作用或扰动,状态发生变化,影响了电子间的相互作用,使部分氢键断裂.由于形成氢键的条件易于满足,液态水在一定温度下氢 关键词： 磁化水 磁化机理 表面张力 氢键     

Evaluation of ammonia–nitrogen removal efficiency from aqueous solutions by ultrasonic irradiation in short sonication periods

In this study, mechanisms and efficiency of ammonia–nitrogen removal from aqueous solutions by ultrasonic irradiation were investigated. Depending on the factors affecting the sonication (initial concentration, initial pH, ultrasonic power density and sonication period), sonication tests were carried out and ammonium–nitrogen removal efficiency by ultrasonic irradiation was determined. In these experiments, ammonia–nitrogen removal efficiency was achieved in the range of 8–64%. In short sonication periods, the best ammonia–nitrogen removal efficiency was achieved at pH 8.2–11. Lower ammonia–nitrogen removal efficiency was observed in high initial ammonia–nitrogen concentration of solutions. It was observed that high initial ammonia–nitrogen concentrations may led to decreased ammonia–nitrogen removal efficiency however quantity of ammonia–nitrogen removal was higher. Because high initial concentration had a negative impact on the sonochemical reactions the heat of cavitation bubbles was reduced. Ammonia–nitrogen removal efficiency was increased with ultrasonic density and sonication period. This study showed that effective ammonia–nitrogen removal could be achieved by the ultrasonic irradiation in short sonication periods (as 60–600 s). Specific cost of ammonia–nitrogen removal by the ultrasonic irradiation from simulated ground water, surface water, wastewater and landfill leachate was also calculated. The specific removal cost was varied between 0.01 and 0.25 $/g ammonia–nitrogen.     

Effect of alkyl chain length in protic ionic liquids: an AIMD perspective

In this study we have explored, by means of ab initio molecular dynamics, a subset of three different protic ionic liquids (ILs). We present both structural and dynamical information of the liquid state of these compounds as revealed by accurate ab initio computations of the interactions. Our analysis figures out the presence of a strong hydrogen bond network in the bulk state, that is more stable in those ILs characterised by a longer alkyl side chain. Indeed it becomes more long-lasting passing from ethyl ammonium to butyl ammonium, owing to the hydrophobic effects stemming from alkyl chain contacts. Furthermore, the relative free energy landscape of the cation–anion interaction exhibits a progressively deeper well as the side chain of the cation gets longer. The hydrogen bond interaction, as already mentioned in previous works, leads to loss of degeneracy of the asymmetric stretching vibrations of the nitrate anions. The resulting frequency splitting between the two normal modes is about 90 cm^?1.