Compressive strength of edge-loaded corrugated board panels

Postbuckling strength of simply supported corrugated board panels subjected to edge compressive loading has been studied experimentally using a specially developed test fixture. Although the load versus out-of-plane displacement response was highly sensitive to the presence of initial imperfections in the panels, the collapse loads did not vary much, which is attributed to the stable postbuckling behavior of the plates. Thin plates collapsed at nearly twice the buckling load, while thick panels collapsed at loads below the elastic critical buckling load. Local buckling of the facing on the concave side of the buckled plate was observed at load levels close to the collapse load. The plate collapse was triggered by compressive failure of the facings that initiated at the unloaded edges. A simplified design analysis was derived based on approximate postbuckling analysis and compared with an existing design formula for corrugated board panels and boxes.     

Edge-compression fixture for buckling studies of corrugated board panels

A test fixture, developed for evaluating the preand postbuckling response of simply supported, nearly flat, rectangular corrugated board panels subjected to edge compression is evaluated. The test fixture enables loading of panels into the postbuckling regime until collapse. The shadowmoiré method verified that buckling in the first mode occurred, and that there was symmetry of the adge-boundary conditions. Through an iterative regression model, experimental curves of load versus out-of-plane displacement for isotropic panels were fitted to an equation governing the nonlinear postbuckling response. This method provides the critical buckling load, a postbuckling parameter and the amplitude of initial imperfection of the panel. Comparison with analytical results revealed that simply supported boundary conditions were closely achieved. Examination of compressively loaded corrugated board panels showed that collapse occurred due to compressive failures of the facings in the highly stressed edge regions without severe influence from stress concentrations at load introduction and edge supports.     

基于板理论的层级褶皱结构失效模式分析

本文基于弹性板理论和夹层板理论对二级层级褶皱结构失效模式进行了分析。通过对基本构件进行受力分析得到了载荷与结构变形之间的关系。根据6种失效模式的定义,从极限载荷或极限应力角度出发,分析了在压缩载荷和剪切载荷工况下的各种失效模式,给出了结构单胞对应的等效正应力和等效切应力表达式。由最小失效强度得到了各失效模式之间的占优关系,并构建了失效机理图来阐释这一机制。最后通过与有限元分析结果比较,分析了本文公式的精度,与数值解吻合较好。     

大长细比弹体斜侵彻混凝土靶的动力学响应

基于刚塑性自由梁在横向冲击载荷下的动力学响应研究方法,结合空腔膨胀理论给出的弹体载荷分析,给出了弹体作为自由梁在塑性铰出现之前的响应行为,得到了梁内任一截面在横向载荷下剪力和弯矩分布规律以及轴向载荷下的轴力分布规律。计算结果表明,大长细比结构弹体的危险截面在承受较大轴向惯性压力载荷后,对由非正侵彻导致的横向载荷极为敏感。最后基于压弯联合作用载荷分析,给出了动能弹设计的抗弯极限壁厚要求。     

考虑轴力二阶效应悬臂梁的支承及裂纹参数识别

建立了轴向压力作用下悬臂裂纹梁边界支承和裂纹损伤程度识别方法．首先,将悬臂梁边界非完整支承等效为竖向和扭转弹簧、梁中开裂纹等效为内部扭转弹簧,利用Laplace变换,得到了边界弹性支承、考虑轴向压力二阶效应、具有任意裂纹数目Euler-Bernoulli悬臂梁弯曲挠度的解析解．其次,提出了边界弹性支承弹簧柔度和裂纹等效扭转弹簧柔度的识别方法．最后,通过数值试验,考察了轴向压力,裂纹深度以及测量误差等对识别结果的影响,说明了本文考虑轴向压力二阶效应的悬臂梁边界支承弹簧柔度及裂纹等效扭转弹簧柔度识别方法的适用性和可靠性,结果表明：相比于应变测量误差,挠度测量误差对裂纹损伤程度识别结果影响更加敏感,且轴向压力对裂纹损伤程度识别影响较小,因此,应严格控制挠度的测量误差．同时,边界支承扭转弹簧柔度的识别误差大于其竖向弹簧柔度识别误差．这些结果为实际工程中边界非完整支承悬臂裂纹梁的参数识别提供了指导．     

Dynamic compression of metallic sandwich structures during planar impulsive loading in water

The compressive response of rigidly supported stainless steel sandwich panels subject to a planar impulsive load in water is investigated. Five core topologies that spanned a wide range of crush strengths and strain-dependencies were investigated. They included a (i) square-honeycomb, (ii) triangular honeycomb, (iii) multi-layer pyramidal truss, (iv) triangular corrugation and (v) diamond corrugation, all with a core relative density of approximately 5%. Quasi-statically, the honeycombs had the highest peak strength, but exhibited strong softening beyond the peak strength. The truss and corrugated cores had significantly lower strength, but a post yield plateau that extended to beyond a plastic strain of 60% similar to metal foams. Dynamically, the transmitted pressures scale with the quasi-static strength. The final transmitted momentum increased slowly with core strength (provided the cores were not fully crushed). It is shown that the essential aspects of the dynamic response, such as the transmitted momentum and the degree of core compression, are captured with surprising fidelity by modeling the cores as equivalent metal foams having plateau strengths represented by the quasi-static peak strength. The implication is that, despite considerable differences in core topology and dynamic deformation modes, a simple foam-like model replicates the dynamic response of rigidly supported sandwich panels subject to planar impulsive loads. It remains to ascertain whether such foam-like models capture more nuanced aspects of sandwich panel behavior when locally loaded in edge clamped configurations.     

混凝土框架结构内力测量传感器研制

研制了一种可用于混凝土结构试验中测量柱底截面轴向力、剪力和弯矩的内力测量传感器。该传感器主要由加载板、基座、4根竖向测力杆和2根水平测力杆组成。使用时,柱底截面的内力通过加载板传递给6根测力杆,根据6根测力杆的结果,通过力平衡方程可以计算实际加载的轴向力、剪力和弯矩的大小。对该传感器进行了4种工况下的标定试验。结果表明,传感器的测量误差满足框架结构内力测量精度要求。将该传感器应用到单层两跨的钢筋混凝土框架推覆试验中,获得了整个试验过程中构件的内力时程。     

简支及悬臂箱梁在角隅轴向荷载作用下的翼板纵向应力

基于能量变分原理,拟定轴向荷载作用下箱梁的纵向位移函数,得到关于翼板剪切变形引起的位移差函数的基本微分方程,继而推导出箱梁翼板纵向应力表达式,并首次得出角隅轴向荷载作用下翼板出现应力不均匀分布的荷载及边界条件。通过对一模型箱梁进行计算,并与通用有限元软件ANSYS壳单元计算结果进行比较,验证了该方法和所推导公式的正确性。研究结果表明,当作用于简支箱梁截面角隅处的轴向荷载（合力无偏心）为集中或分布荷载时,翼板不产生纵向应力不均匀现象;当作用于悬臂箱梁截面角隅处的轴向荷载（合力无偏心）为集中荷载时,翼板不产生纵向应力不均匀现象,而当荷载轴向分布时,翼板将产生纵向应力不均匀现象。实际工程中,横力弯曲使悬臂箱梁产生剪力滞效应,这种效应会与轴向分布荷载产生的效应叠加,设计时对此应予以充分考虑。     

端部受斜撞击作用悬臂梁的弹塑性动力响应模式

基于大变形动力控制方程并利用有限差分离散分析,研究了斜撞击作用下弹塑性悬臂梁的动力响应．通过对屈服函数以及弯矩、轴力在动力响应过程中分布规律的分析,阐明了斜撞击下恳臂梁的弹塑性动力响应模式和斜撞击的轴向分量对变形机制的影响．研究表明,弹塑性响应过程可划分为四个阶段,对应的变形模式为：“压缩塑性区扩展”模式,“广义移行塑性铰”和“压缩塑性区收缩”混合模式,“驻定塑性铰”模式,“弹性自由振动”模式．与刚塑性分析所假定的两相变形模式比较,弹塑性应响分析证实了响应早期的瞬态轴向压缩模式和梁根部“驻定塑性铰”模式的存在性,肯定了刚塑性分析所假定变形模式的主要特征．斜撞击的轴向分量在撞击发生的瞬时主导了梁的变形,使梁呈现同承受横向冲击明显小同的变形规律．随着响应的深入,轴向分量迅速衰减,其对截面屈服的贡献非常微弱,由横向分量引起的弯曲挠动在大部分时间内主导和控制梁的变形．数值计算结果表明,斜撞击载荷的质量、撞击速度和角度是影响梁动力响应的重要因素．     

T形短肢剪力墙静力性能有限元仿真分析

利用有限元分析软件ANSYS,首先采用其中三维实体单元SOLID65建立了T形短肢剪力墙有限元分析模型,从弹性到混凝土开裂直至破坏的全过程进行了仿真试验分析。分析了影响短肢剪力墙受力的几种因素:混凝土强度等级、配筋率、轴压比、墙肢截面高厚比对短肢剪力墙承载能力、变形能力及延性的影响,剖析了短肢剪力墙破坏过程及其原因。比较真实的反映了短肢剪力墙在轴压力和逐步加载侧向力共同作用下的响应。试验结果表明:增加混凝土等级和轴压比能提高试件的开裂、屈服和极限荷载,但应综合考虑其与变形能力、延性的关系。截面配筋率具有其特殊性,配筋率在1.4%¹.6%之间时试件的承载能力、变形能力及延性较好。墙肢截面高厚比是不稳定因素但在高厚比为6.5⁷.1时,延性及变形能力较强。     

偏心率效应对金属圆柱管轴压性能的影响

用含有偏心率因子的直链塑性铰叠缩模型来分析金属圆柱管轴向压缩能量吸收，根据能量原理推导了瞬时载荷，从而获得压缩过程的载荷-位移曲线．讨论了偏心率对平均压缩载荷和载荷-位移曲线形貌的影响．实验结果与模型分析符合得很好．     

The pillar of best efficiency

Let us imagine having to design an elastic vertical pillar that must transmit an axial compressive load. We know the extents of the upper and of the lower cross-sections of the pillar and its longitudinal length, but the profile of the lateral surface is arbitrary. We want to find the shape of this lateral surface in order that the distibution of the normal stresses at the bottom is as uniform as possible. A partial answer to the problem is given in two-dimensional elastostatics.     

花岗岩单轴压缩侧向变形及脆性破坏机制实验研究

为研究花岗岩侧向变形及脆性破坏机制,对花岗岩试件进行单轴压缩实验。利用动态应变采集系统、数字散斑相关方法(DSCM)和显微观测手段,记录并分析花岗岩试件在单轴压缩过程中的宏观侧向应变、局部侧向应变以及破裂面形貌,并与水泥砂浆试件的破坏过程对比,讨论了花岗岩脆性破坏机制。实验与分析结果表明:(1)花岗岩试件在加载初期发生侧向收缩变形,产生并发展于压密阶段,消失于线弹性阶段初期,这主要由于试件内部裂纹闭合造成的;此后,宏观侧向应变持续增长,当侧向应变与轴向应变之比接近0.5时试件破坏;(2)在峰值载荷前很长一段时间内,局部侧向应变在一定范围内波动,临近试件破坏时局部侧向应变最大值和最小值均出现较大幅度的波动,二者差值迅速增大,试件不均匀程度增大,最终导致试件破坏;(3)在峰值载荷前有无塑性屈服阶段是峰值载荷后脆性破坏程度的重要影响因素,而宏观裂纹的贯通程度是峰值载荷后应力降大小的决定因素。     

Theoretical approach on the dynamic global buckling response of metallic corrugated core sandwich columns

A theoretical (semi-analytical) approach was proposed to estimate the dynamic in-plane response of corrugated core sandwich columns against suddenly applied loads with a compression rate less than 5 m/s. The model has been constructed so as to effectively include various dynamic effects such as stress wave propagation, material rate dependence and lateral inertia. The practical and theoretical complexities caused from the dynamic phenomena and the established governing equations (e.g. coupled non-uniform axial force distribution) have been resolved by employing Galerkin׳s method. The proposed approach was validated by comparing the calculations from the theoretical model and Finite Element Method (FEM): the load history and deformation shape of extruded Al6061-T6 corrugated core sandwich columns and bending/brazed SS304 corrugated core sandwich columns. The model successfully yielded the imperfection-sensitive, velocity-dependent dynamic response and appearance of higher buckling modes. In addition, it has been demonstrated that the sandwich columns with periodic cellular metals outperform their weight-equivalents, monolithic solid columns, under dynamic conditions. The proposed approach as an efficient tool to explore the dynamic global buckling response in design space can make preliminary studies of weight minimization for dynamic applications.     

Finite elastic deformations of transversely isotropic circular cylindrical tubes

We consider the finite radially symmetric deformation of a circular cylindrical tube of a homogeneous transversely isotropic elastic material subject to axial stretch, radial deformation and torsion, supported by axial load, internal pressure and end moment. Two different directions of transverse isotropy are considered: the radial direction and an arbitrary direction in planes normal locally to the radial direction, the only directions for which the considered deformation is admissible in general. In the absence of body forces, formulas are obtained for the internal pressure, and the resultant axial load and torsional moment on the ends of the tube in respect of a general strain-energy function. For a specific material model of transversely isotropic elasticity, and material and geometrical parameters, numerical results are used to illustrate the dependence of the pressure, (reduced) axial load and moment on the radial stretch and a measure of the torsional deformation for a fixed value of the axial stretch.     

端部切向载荷作用下的压杆失稳分析及其应用

细直杆件在压应力作用下会产生横向屈曲即失稳．直杆撞击刚性平面或拉断卸载后将形成压缩波，因承载压缩载荷的长度增加可以引起失稳．冲击速度转换的压应力沿着杆件切线方向，该处弯矩和剪力为零；而众多文献设定的失稳段固支边界条件并不准确．基于精确的杆件变形曲率方程得到端部载荷指向杆件中固定点时的受压失稳条件，得到其极限状态即载荷沿杆端切向作用时失稳长度相当于两端简支的1.5 倍．对于钢丝绳拉断形成的冲击失稳，载荷恒定而长度增加，可以产生高阶屈曲即在侧向出现多次曲折，并基于尼龙-橡胶带的模拟试验给出了定性说明．     

轴向冲击下C型冷弯卷边槽钢构件的动力响应

针对轴向冲击载荷下C型冷弯薄壁钢构件的动力响应,采用商业有限元软件Abaqus建立了能够反映冲击过程的有限元模型。通过对比有限元模拟和落锤实验中利用数字散斑技术采集的数据以及试样残余变形,验证了数值模型的可靠性。采用该模型分析了在不同冲击速度下翼缘、腹板和卷边质点的轴向位移-时间曲线以及腹板横向挠度的变化,结果表明:在较低冲击能量的作用下,翼缘对卷边的约束作用明显;而在较高冲击能量的加载过程中,冲击端卷边的轴向位移和速度明显大于翼缘和腹板,卷边破坏严重;随着冲击速度的提升,C型冷弯薄壁钢构件的动态屈曲临界载荷相应提升。     

碳纤维约束高强混凝土圆柱压弯构件非线性全过程分析

为分析塑性铰区碳纤维约束高强混凝土圆柱的抗震性能,编制了可得到荷载-位移曲线软化段的非线性全过程分析程序,保护层和箍筋约束混凝土采用Mander本构模型,碳纤维约束混凝土采用ACI 440.2R-08给出的本构关系,将程序计算结果与试验结果进行比较,两者吻合较好;利用该程序分析了轴压比、混凝土强度、碳纤维包裹长度及层数、纵筋配筋率等参数对碳纤维约束混凝土圆柱荷载-位移关系的影响规律,结果表明:当轴压比超过0.55后,柱构件的水平承载力开始降低,柱的破坏形式由延性的受拉破坏向脆性的受压破坏转变;剪跨比大于3的圆柱,碳纤维在塑性铰区包裹长度大干1.2倍柱直径时,即可达到与全柱包裹基本一致的效果;对混凝土强度为50 MPa～80 MPa的高强混凝土圆柱,以包裹3～4层碳纤维为宜;随着纵筋配筋率的增加,柱的水平极限承载力及延性均有所提高.     

In-plane shear test of thin panels

Efficient application of thin-gage composite materials to helicopter fuselage structures necessitates that the materials be designed to operate at loads several times higher than initial buckling load. Methods are required to accurately measure and predict the response of thin-gage composites when subjected to these loads. This paper presents the results of an analytical and experimental study of the behavior of thin-gage composite panels subjected to in-plane shear loads. Finite-element stress analyses were used to aid in the design of an improved shear fixture that minimizes adverse corner stresses and tearing and crimping failure-modes characteristic of commonly used shear fixtures. Tests of thick buckle-resistant aluminum panels and thin aluminum and composite panels were conducted to verify the fixture design. Results of finite-element stress and buckling analyses and diagonal-tension-theory predictions are presented. Correlation of experimental data with analysis indicated that diagonal-tension theory can be used to predict the load-strain response of thin composite panels.     

Equilibrated divergence measure stress tensor fields for heavy masonry bodies

In this paper we study the equilibrium problem of rectangular panels made of no-tension material under gravity and undergoing a vertical load distributed on their top and a horizontal load distributed on a lateral side. Equilibrated and negative semi-definite stress fields are presented which are tensor-valued measure whose distributional divergence is a vector-valued measure. Then, for a fixed vertical load, the maximum value of the lateral load which is compatible with the equilibrium of the panel is determined.