Longitudinal RF capture and acceleration simulation in CSNS RCS

China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) is a high power proton accelerator-based facility. Uncontrolled beam loss is a major concern in designing the CSNS to control the radioactivation level. For the Rapid Cycling Synchrotron (RCS) of the CSNS, the repetition frequency is too high for the longitudinal motion to be fully adiabatic. Significant beam loss happens during the RF capture and initial acceleration of the injection period. To reduce the longitudinal beam loss, beam chopping and momentum offset painting methods are used in the RCS injection. This paper presents detailed studies on the longitudinal motion in the RCS by using the ORBIT simulations, which include different beam chopping factors, momentum offsets and RF voltage optimization. With a trade-off between the longitudinal beam loss and transverse incoherent tune shift that will also result in beam losses, optimized longitudinal painting schemes are obtained.     

快循环同步加速器射频加速电压幅度的数字化控制

 中国散裂中子源(CSNS)快循环同步加速器（RCS）中的射频低电平控制系统是基于FPGA的全数字控制系统,旨在完成对射频频率、加速电压和同步加速相位的控制。介绍了CSNS/RCS射频系统的低电平数字化控制设计方案,并着重对射频加速电压幅度控制回路进行了分析与讨论。电压幅度控制环路通过射频电压幅度信号与电压幅度设定值的比较,得到误差信号。误差信号经过控制器来控制输入到射频腔的功率,以达到稳定和改变腔压的目的。通过对控制对象的分析和建模,得到了满足系统要求的控制器。详细介绍了数字系统的实现,尤其是信号的解调和控制算法的实现。用ALTERA公司的DSP builder进行数字控制系统开发,系统仿真结果表明,环路误差信号大约于10 μs（400个系统时钟）后归于0,整个电压幅度控制环路能稳定运行。     

RF trapping and acceleration in CSNS/RCS

In this paper, two injection scenarios with different chopping rate are discussed. The waveforms of the RF voltage are studied and optimized, respectively. Some suggestions are made, concerning chopping and momentum painting of the injected beam. Furthermore, the momentum spread and transverse tune shift are calculated so that the beam aperture and the beam loss can be estimated. Finally, the beam loss with magnet field error is analyzed.     

RF trapping and acceleration in CSNS/RCS

In this paper, two injection scenarios with different chopping rate are discussed. The waveforms of the RF voltage are studied and optimized, respectively. Some suggestions are made, concerning chopping and momentum painting of the injected beam. Furthermore, the momentum spread and transverse tune shift are calculated so that the beam aperture and the beam loss can be estimated. Finally, the beam loss with magnet field error is analyzed.     

Study on space charge effects of the CSNS/RCS

The Rapid Cycling Synchrotron (RCS) is a key component of the China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS). The space charge effect is one of the most important issues in the CSNS/RCS, which limits the maximum beam intensity, as well as the maximum beam power. Space charge effects are the main source of emittance growth and beam loss in the RCS. Space charge effects have been studied by simulation for the CSNS/RCS. By optimizing the painting orbit, the optimized painting distribution was obtained. The space charge effects during the acceleration are studied and dangerous resonances, which may induce emittance growth and beam loss, are investigated. The results are an important reference for the design and commissioning of the CSNS/RCS.     

中国散裂中子源快循环同步加速器中色品校正及六极磁铁非线性效应

中国散裂中子源（CSNS）快循环同步加速器（RCS）把能量为80 MeV的束流储存并加速到1.6 GeV然后引出到靶站。为了减少RCS中的束流损失，有必要对RCS做色品校正，并减小动量偏移对束流光学的影响。尝试了多种色品校正方案并对不同色品校正方案做了比较。用三维跟踪程序SIMPSONS研究了色品校正六极铁与空间电荷效应对束流的影响。色品校正六极铁可以有效减小色品引起的频散，但是由于六极铁为非线性元件，导致不同振幅的粒子间有一定频散。模拟发现同时存在空间电荷效应和色品校正六极铁时，会有少量的束流损失。     

A prototype RF power source for CSNS/RCS

A prototype RF power source has been built to supply high RF power to a ferrite-loaded cavity, which is a part of R&D of the Rapid Cycling Synchrotron of China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS/RCS). A direct fast RF feedback amplifier, a 4:1 impedance transformer and auto tuning grid were locally located to compensate the heavy beam loading of CSNS/RCS. Design and commissioning of the RF power source is discussed here, also with some advice on system improvement.     

Simulation on buildup of electron cloud in a proton circular accelerator

Electron cloud interaction with high energy positive beams are believed responsible for various undesirable effects such as vacuum degradation, collective beam instability and even beam loss in high power proton circular accelerators. An important uncertainty in predicting electron cloud instability lies in the detailed processes of the generation and accumulation of the electron cloud. The simulation on the build-up of electron cloud is necessary to further studies on beam instability caused by electron clouds. The China Spallation Neutron Source(CSNS) is an intense proton accelerator facility now being built, whose accelerator complex includes two main parts: an H-linac and a rapid cycling synchrotron(RCS). The RCS accumulates the 80 Me V proton beam and accelerates it to 1.6 Ge V with a repetition rate of 25 Hz. During beam injection with lower energy, the emerging electron cloud may cause serious instability and beam loss on the vacuum pipe. A simulation code has been developed to simulate the build-up,distribution and density of electron cloud in CSNS/RCS.     

Studies of dual-harmonic acceleration at CSNS-Ⅱ

The Rapid Cycling Synchrotron(RCS) of the China Spallation Neutron Source(CSNS) complex is designed to provide 1.56×1013 protons per pulse(ppp) during the initial stage,and it is upgradeable to 3.12×1013 ppp during the second stage and 6.24×1013 ppp during the ultimate stage.The high beam intensity in the RCS requires alleviation of space charge effects to reduce beam losses,which is key in such high beam power accelerators.With higher intensities in the upgrading phases,a dual-harmonic RF system is planned to produce flat-topped bunches that are useful to reduce the space charge effects.We have studied different schemes to apply the dual-harmonic acceleration in CSNS-,and have calculated the main parameters of the RF systems,which are presented in this paper.     

衍射极限环光源纵向束流注入非线性优化

下一代同步辐射光源储存环动力学孔径较小,因而束流注入困难,可以通过纵向束流注入解决这一问题。为了使用更长的kicker脉冲,有必要降低高频频率以增加注入束流到储存束流的时移。因为同步辐射运动,时移更长的束流有更高的动量偏差,所以通过该方法进行注入需要储存环提供足够大的能量接受度和动力学孔径。用SSRF-U的候选磁聚焦结构来展示纵向束流注入非线性优化的可行方法。由一系列高频频率的最佳结果可知,低于界限频率时kicker脉冲不会继续增长。在束流模拟中,采用界限频率与合适六级铁强度,可使SSRF-U储存环束流注入达到最高效率。     

中国散裂中子源快循环同步加速器壁电流探测系统

在中国散裂中子源工程中, 快循环同步加速器负责将剥离注入的能量为80MeV的质子束加速至1.6GeV后引出。在快循环同步加速器上共安装了两台壁电流探测器, 用来观测束流从注入至引出过程中束团在时域上的变化情况。详细介绍了壁电流探测器在陶瓷间隙、磁性材料和匹配电阻等方面的设计考虑, 以达到带宽满足百kHz到30 MHz的设计目标, 并对实际带束流测量结果进行分析讨论。经实际在线运行测试, 此壁电流探测器完全满足束流调试及运行需要。     

Beam-loss driven injection optimization for CSNS/RCS

This paper summarizes the painting injection optimization for the Chinese Spallation Neutron Source （CSNS） ring. This optimization focuses on two main design goals： the lower beam loss and a spacecharge tune shift low enough to avoid strong resonances. Finally, the 3-D particle tracking is performed and we get some important results about the beam properties and beam loss.     

CSNS RCS注入涂抹凸轨磁铁脉冲电源设计

中国散裂中子源(CSNS)快循环同步加速器(RCS)是一台高束流功率质子加速器, RCS注入系统是将直线加速器预加速的负氢离子束流通过剥离的方式注入到RCS环中, 注入系统采用凸轨方案和相空间涂抹技术并要求涂抹凸轨磁铁脉冲电源输出脉冲电流的下降沿能够被程序控制, 电源采用IGBT功率放大的方式产生脉冲电流, 用程序控制电源的给定波形, 通过电源反馈控制系统, 使电源的输出波形跟随电源的给定波形, 达到控制电源输出脉冲电流下降沿的目的. 电源输出脉冲电流的跟踪误差是涂抹凸轨磁铁脉冲电源的重要指标, 为了满足跟踪误差小于2%的指标, 要求IGBT拓扑频率大于400kHz. IGBT拓扑采用IGBTH桥串并联错相工作的方式达到分压、分流和提高频率的作用. 高功率、高频率、快速的响应时间和最佳的反馈控制策略是涂抹凸轨磁铁脉冲电源具有良好性能的关键.     

Beam-loss driven injection optimization for CSNS/RCS

This paper summarizes the painting injection optimization for the Chinese Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) ring. This optimization focuses on two main design goals: the lower beam loss and a space-charge tune shift low enough to avoid strong resonances. Finally, the 3-D particle tracking is performed and we get some important results about the beam properties and beam loss.     

中国散裂中子源/快循环质子同步加速器射频同步相位环路的数字化控制

 介绍了中国散裂中子源/快循环质子同步加速器射频同步相位环路的数字化控制系统设计方案,并利用ALTERA公司的现场可编程门阵列开发面板进行了系统开发,完成了控制回路的编程与仿真,进行了桌面实验和低功率实验,并对其进行了分析与讨论。实验结果表明：同步相位环路运行稳定,控制误差小于1°,满足物理设计要求。     

Introduction to the overall physics design of CSNS accelerators

The China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) is an accelerator-based facility. The     

中国散裂中子源/快循环同步加速器束流负载效应的补偿

针对强流质子同步加速器中的束流负载效应,基于中国散裂中子源/快循环同步加速器射频系统样机,在不降低腔体Q值的前提下,以数字化低电平控制为主要技术手段,对束流负载效应进行补偿。提出完整的由多控制环路组成的束流负载效应补偿方案。该方案主要由引入自适应算法的束流前馈和高带宽低延时的射频直接反馈,以及在束流负载下对腔体谐振状态进行控制的腔体预失谐和动态调谐等组成。     

Theoretical study of a dual harmonic system and its application to the CSNS/RCS

Dual harmonic systems have been widely used in high intensity proton synchrotrons to suppress the space charge effect,as well as reduce the beam loss.To investigate the longitudinal beam dynamics in a dual rf system,the potential well,the sub-buckets in the bunch and the multi-solutions of the phase equation are studied theoretically in this paper.Based on these theoretical studies,optimization of bunching factor and rf voltage waveform are made for the dual harmonic rf system in the upgrade phase of the China Spallation Neutron Source Rapid Cycling Synchrotron(CSNS/RCS).In the optimization process,the simulation with space charge effect is done using a newly developed code,C-SCSIM.     

Introduction to the overall physics design of CSNS accelerators

The China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) is an accelerator-based facility. The accelerator of CSNS consists of a low energy linac, a Rapid Cycling Synchrotron (RCS) and two beam transport lines. The overall physics design of CSNS accelerator is described, including the design principle, the choice of the main parameters and design of each part of accelerators. The key problems of the physics design, such as beam loss and control, are also discussed. The interface between the different parts of accelerator, as well as between accelerator and target, are introduced.     

强流质子加速器ns级快沿切束电源系统

详细分析了中国散裂中子源(CSNS)直线加速器低能端预切束电源工作原理。切束束团上升沿和下降沿的快慢是衡量切束电源性能好坏的重要指标,经过研究,研制了一台脉冲幅值6 kV,前后沿纳秒级的切束腔电源,应用纯硬件电路代替软件的方法实现高频和低频定时信号的同步和与处理,使该电源输出稳定可靠的高压脉冲。该电源基于直流高压加快速高压开关的设计方案来实现高压、高重复频率及纳秒级快沿的脉冲输出,具有多脉冲和单脉冲两种工作模式,满足了直线加速器单束团和多束团注入到快循环质子同步加速器(RCS)的要求。CSNS直线加速器切束实验的结果表明,切束电源满足各项设计指标要求。