Saturated ferromagnetism from statistical transmutation in two dimensions

The total spin of the ground state is calculated in the U-->infinity Hubbard model with uniform magnetic flux perpendicular to a square lattice, in the absence of Zeeman coupling. It is found that the saturated ferromagnetism emerges in a rather wide region in the space of the flux density phi and the electron density ne. In particular, the saturated ferromagnetism at phi=ne is induced by the formation of a spin-1/2 boson, which is a composite of an electron and the unit flux quantum.     

Phase transition on speed limit traffic with slope

Through introducing a generalized optimal speed function to consider spatial position, slope grade and variable safe headway, the effect of slope in a single-lane highway on the traffic flow is investigated with the extended optimal speed model. The theoretical analysis and simulation results show that the flux of the whole road with the upgrade （or downgrade） increases linearly with density, saturates at a critical density, then maintains this saturated value in a certain density range and finally decreases with density. The value of saturated flux is equal to the maximum flux of the upgrade （or downgrade） without considering the slight influence of the driver＇s sensitivity. And the fundamental diagrams also depend on sensitivity, slope grade and slope length. The spatiotemporal pattern gives the segregation of different traffic phases caused by the rarefaction wave and the shock wave under a certain initial vehicle number. A comparison between the upgrade and the downgrade indicates that the value of saturated flux of the downgrade is larger than that of the upgrade under the same condition. This result is in accordance with the real traffic.     

EAST辐射偏滤器充气系统改造及初步实验结果

介绍了EAST偏滤器充气系统的改进措施,压电阀与冷屏一起安装在EAST颈管中,以缩短充气管道,将充气系统的延迟时间减少约200ms。冷屏起冷却阀门并屏蔽电磁场的作用。讨论了在准稳态条件下,延迟时间给偏滤器热流反馈控制带来的负面效应。在中性束加热条件下,通过在外靶板注入Ar/D2(1:4)混合气体研究了靶板离子饱和流和热流分布的变化及充气对主等离子体的影响,得到了靶板离子饱和流显著降低、热流减少的结果。     

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介绍了EAST偏滤器充气系统的改进措施,压电阀与冷屏一起安装在EAST颈管中,以缩短充气管道,将充气系统的延迟时间减少约200ms。冷屏起冷却阀门并屏蔽电磁场的作用。讨论了在准稳态条件下,延迟时间给偏滤器热流反馈控制带来的负面效应。在中性束加热条件下,通过在外靶板注入 Ar/D2(1：4)混合气体研究了靶板离子饱和流和热流分布的变化及充气对主等离子体的影响,得到了靶板离子饱和流显著降低、热流减少的结果。     

Efficiency promotion for an on-ramp system based on intelligent transportation system information

<正>The effect of cars with intelligent transportation systems(ITSs) on traffic flow near an on-ramp is investigated by car-following simulations.By numerical simulations,the dependences of flux on the inflow rate are investigated for various proportions of cars with ITSs.The phase diagrams as well as the spatiotemporal diagrams are presented to show different traffic flow states on the main road and the on-ramp.The results show that the saturated flux on the main road increases and the free flow region is enlarged with the increase of the proportion of cars with ITS.Interestingly,the congested regions of the main road disappear completely when the proportion is larger than a critical value.Further investigation shows that the capacity of the on-ramp system can be promoted by 13%by using the ITS information, and the saturated flux on the on-ramp can be kept at an appropriate value by adjusting the proportion of cars with ITS.     

微小空间内多孔表面上的沸腾实验研究

1引言微小空间内的沸腾在电子器件冷却、航天热控、微型换热器以及核反应堆的冷却等领域中有着广泛的应用，因此对其沸腾机理的研究具有重要的意义。过去微小空间内的沸腾研究主要是针对光滑表面［‘－‘1，已证明在微小空间里，沸腾换热受空间尺寸的影响要比大空间大。对于多孔表面在微小空间内的沸腾研究则相对较少。本文对矩形槽道表面和烧结型多孔表面在微小空间里的沸腾进行了实验研究。2实验装置实验装置如图1，实验段是3O0mm长的紫铜管（包括矩形槽道管和烧结型的多孔管），内插不同外径的不绣钢管，形成不同间隙的环形小空间。在内…     

环形磁芯快脉冲动态参数测量方法

 磁开关压缩脉冲过程中，磁芯磁参数需历经非饱和与饱和两个阶段，磁滞回线变化经历半个周期，通过测量这一变化过程中通过磁开关绕组的电流和磁通量变化率，可以计算出磁芯的磁滞回线，确定饱和磁通密度、剩磁等动态参数。 讨论了基于高电压放电和脉冲压缩方法测量磁芯动态参数的原理，给出了测试装置的电路原理和电路元件参数的选择方法，测量了大型磁开关磁芯快脉冲条件下的电参数，计算了相关的磁参数，给出了实验结果。     

Flow field around growing and rising vapour bubble by PIV measurement

A study on flow field measurement around growing and rising vapour bubbles by use of PIV technique is presented. Bubbles were generated from single artificial cavities. Experiments have been conducted with saturated boiling of distilled water at atmospheric pressure. In the experiment fluid velocity field surrounding the bubbles was visualized by use of polyamide tracer particles and a sheet of a YAG pulse laser beam. The images were recorded with a cross-correlation CCD-camera. It has been shown that for lower heat flux density bubble growths in an almost quiescent bulk of liquid. For higher heat flux density the train of bubbles creates a vapour column with strong wake effect. Maximum liquid velocity recorded is approximately equal to the terminal velocity of bubble rising in a stagnant liquid.     

基于金属线路板的新型大功率LED及其光电特性研究

设计、制作了基于金属线路板和板上芯片技术的大功率白光LED,对其光电特性进行了实验测量,输入电流达到800 mA,对应的输入功率3.3 W,大功率LED的输出光通量才达到饱和.输入电流达到900 mA,对应的输入功率3.8 W,大功率LED电流—电压特性仍未表现出饱和特性.实验结果表明,采用金属线路板和板上芯片技术可以得到良好的散热特性,大大提高LED的输入功率.同时还测量了光谱分布、光通量、色坐标随电流的变化情况,对其中的变化规律进行了理论分析.     

Nonlinear effects on Nielsen-Olesen instability

We have obtained an analytical solution of the nonlinear Nielsen-Olesen mode, which is known to be linearly unstable. We believe that our solution may be a nonlinear saturated state of the instability. It is different from the flux tube structure of chromomagnetic field as proposed by the Copenhagen group [1-3]. We have reanalysed their calculations, including a term, which they have neglected, and find it consistent with our result.     

Pool boiling heat transfer and quench front velocity during quenching of a rodlet in subcooled water: Effects of the degree of subcooling

Pool boiling heat transfer and quench front propagation were investigated during quenching of cylindrical stainless steel rodlets in subcooled water. The degree of subcooling was varied from 0°C (saturated) to 40°C at an increment of 10°C at atmospheric pressure. The results showed that the increase of degree of subcooling accelerates quenching, with the total quenching time being shortened from 90 second (saturated) to 12 second (subcooled by 40°C). As revealed by the boiling curves that were obtained via solving an inverse heat conduction problem in cylindrical coordinates, boiling heat transfer is enhanced significantly for all boiling modes with raising the degree of subcooling. At the highest degree of subcooling of 40°C, the critical heat flux is improved by nearly 300% as compared to that in saturated water. In addition, the rewetting temperature (i.e., Leidenfrost point) was found to increase as a nearly linear function of the degree of subcooling. The quench front was observed to propagate upward from the bottom of the rodlet, which is accelerated noticeably with increasing the degree of subcooling. The average quench front velocity was shown to agree well with the predicted value of an existing theoretical model that was modified to take the influence of subcooling into consideration.     

循环系统中闪蒸换热特性的实验研究

本文针对循环系统中闪蒸的换热特性进行了实验研究,通过可视化系统对闪蒸形态进行了记录和分析,并得出了换热系数与各影响参数之间关系的实验关联式.实验结果表明:当循环水流量为0.028kg/s时,随着过热度的增大,换热系数变化较小,而循环水流量为0.056 kg/s和0.083 kg/s时,换热系数随过热度的增大而减小;同时发现换热系数随水膜厚度的增大而减小.可视化分析表明,闪蒸形态随闪蒸室内饱和压力的减小而变剧烈,闪蒸换热系数随之减小.     

电子温度各向异性对霍尔推力器BN绝缘壁面鞘层特性的影响

建立多价态多组分等离子体一维流体鞘层模型,引入电子温度各向异性系数并考虑出射电子速度分布,研究了电子温度各向异性对霍尔推力器中的BN绝缘壁面鞘层特性和近壁电子流的影响.分析结果表明,相比于纯一价氙等离子体鞘层参数,推力器中的多价态氙等离子体鞘层电势降略有降低,电子壁面损失增加,临界二次电子发射系数减小.推力器中的电子温度各向异性现象可以显著地加大出射电子能量系数,进而降低鞘层电势降,增强电子壁面相互作用.数值结果表明,空间电荷饱和机制下电子温度各向异性对鞘层空间电势分布影响显著. 关键词： 霍尔推力器 电子温度各向异性 空间电荷饱和鞘层     

钕玻璃宽带激光放大能量提取效率研究

基于钕玻璃宽带脉冲激光放大模型,采用数值模拟的方法,研究了钕玻璃放大器对不同输入光通量、不同脉宽以及不同带宽(或波长分布)脉冲激光放大的能量提取效率。计算结果表明,钕玻璃宽带放大能量提取效率随着输入光通量的增加而提高,并最终趋于某一定值。对于以均匀加宽为主的介质,随着带宽的增加,能量提取效率逐渐下降;对于以非均匀加宽为主的介质,随着带宽的增加,能量提取效率先逐渐升高,达到最大值后开始下降。对于均匀加宽与非均匀加宽线宽比为0.1的混合加宽介质,在饱和通量输入条件下,使用宽带激光能够带来大约80%的效率提升。     

Non-Uniform Onset of Nucleate Flow Boiling of R-134a Inside a Glass Minichannel

The present work is an experimental investigation of the incipient boiling of R134a inside a circular glass minichannel mounted horizontally and equipped with a series of transparent indium tin oxide heaters. The effects of heat flux input levels and refrigerant mass fluxes on the onset nucleate boiling process and on the saturated boiling heat transfer rate are quantitatively explored. The flow pattern visualizations, carried on by means of a high-speed camera, show that the nucleation process is oddly non-uniform: the first vapor bubbles are always generated on the upper side of the tube and lead to a first wall temperature drop. A further increase in the heat flux values results in an increased wall superheat until bubble nucleation also originates on the lower side of the tube, causing a second wall temperature drop. Finally, at higher heat input levels, the boiling process becomes uniformly distributed on the inner tube surface. This phenomenon occurred also after a 180° rotation of the glass tube, and, after a critical analysis of the potential origins, it remains presently unexplained. An evaluation of heat transfer coefficients for low vapor quality regimes is finally presented.     

Wavelength modulation absorption spectrometry from optically pumped collision broadened atoms and molecules

A theoretical investigation of the influence of optical pumping on wavelength modulation absorption spectrometry (WMAS) signals from collision broadened atoms and molecules is presented. General expressions for the nf-WMAS signal from atomic and molecular systems, modeled as three-level systems that can accommodate both optical saturation and optical pumping, are derived by the use of a previously developed Fourier series-based formalism in combination with rate equations solved under steady-state conditions. The expressions are similar to those describing the nf-WMAS signal from two-level systems that can accommodate optical saturation [Schmidt FM, Foltynowicz A, Gustafsson J, Axner O, WMAS from optically saturated collision-broadened transitions. JQSRT 2005;94:225-54], the difference being the value of the saturation flux, wherefore the general parametric dependence of WMAS signals from optically pumped systems is the same as that from optically saturated systems. The additional effect of optical pumping on the WMAS signal is investigated for three typical cases: molecules or atoms in an ordinary atmosphere, atoms in an inert atmosphere, and atoms or molecules possessing metastable states. The possibility to describe any of these systems with a two-level model is investigated.     

适用于服务器CPU散热的微通道两相流研究

设计了一套以R134a为冷媒的微槽道两相流循环散热系统,用于冷却高发热密度的服务器CPU,实测综合传热系数1000~1200 W/(m^2·℃)。冷却水既可以由制冷机提供,也可以由蒸发冷却装置提供.搭建了实验测试平台,系统地测试和对比了该系统在不同CPU负荷和冷却水供水温度工况下的散热性能.测试结果表明,通过饱和温度为25~30℃的R134a两相流相变传热,可将散热热流密度为3 W/cm^2量级、总散热量在50~150 W量级的CPU本体温度稳定控制在50~60℃。根据实测数据,在不同气候条件下,该系统应用于大型数据中心全年理论能效比可以达到10以上,远高于常规机房空调。该系统具有换热能力强、体积小、能效高、冷源温度高、适用性广、节能潜力大等优点,具有可观的经济效益和社会效益。     

钾原子激光共振电离研究

用Ｎｄ：ＹＡＧ及其泵浦的染料激光进行钾原子三步共振电离研究。求解了非饱和共振过程速率方程，计算出基态和激发态的共振吸收截面；给出电离效率分别与各激发速率、电离速率以及作用时间的变化关系；得出饱和激发电离的流量条件和通量条件，并进行了讨论。     

银原子激光共振电离研究

用Ｎｄ：ＹＡＧ及其泵浦的染料激光进行银原子三步共振电离，求解了非饱和共振过程速率方程，计算出基态和激发态共振吸收截面，给出电离效率分别与激光电离速率以及作用时间的变化关系，得到饱和激发电离的流量条件和通量条件，并进行了分析讨论。     

翼前缘层板对流冷却结构的防热效果分析

针对飞行器高超声速飞行时严重的气动加热环境, 设计一种层板对流冷却结构对翼前缘进行热防护. 提出一种壁面冷却效率参数η, 并运用流固耦合的分析方法, 研究了对流冷却结构在特定条件下的冷却效果, 其中采用水冷时头部冷却效率η 值最低为0.25. 研究表明, 对流结构冷却效果与内部冷却槽道深宽比γ 有重要关系, η值随γ 的增大而增大至一个稳定值, 此时冷却效果达到饱和, 若此时γ 继续增加则可能出现不利于冷却的现象. 冷却效果η随着前缘头部半径的减小而减弱. 研究还表明, 当层板对流冷却结构和材料固定时, η 值随冷却剂流量增加而增大, 并逐渐趋近至一个稳定值, 而冷却槽道进出口压差急剧增大. 因此需要综合考虑提高流量给供给系统带来的压力, 选取最佳流量值以达到相对较好的冷却效果. 对于材料而言, 内部冷却通道和外部耐热层都应选择导热系数较高的材料, 能够强化结构传热增强冷却效果.