弛豫铁电单晶/压电陶瓷混合激励换能器EI北大核心CSCD

为了降低纵向换能器尺寸并提高发射带宽和发送电压响应,研究了一种弛豫铁电单晶/压电陶瓷混合激励换能器,换能器由[011]方向极化PIN-PMN-PT单晶和PZT-4压电陶瓷混合激励,利用多模态振动耦合的原理,通过单晶的32模式振动,可以灵活调整两种振子之间的驱动能力和刚度分配。首先通过四端网络法得到了换能器等效电路并计算了其谐振频率,然后利用有限元方法对换能器进行了仿真优化,最后制作了试验样机并进行了测试分析。换能器样机外径86 mm、长度80 mm,工作频带13~38 kHz,最大发送电压响应为144.9 dB,带内发送电压响应起伏小于6 dB,具有良好的宽带、小尺寸工作性能。     

高频宽带嵌套式复合材料换能器

研制了一种嵌套式高频宽带复合材料换能器,利用1-3型压电复合材料Q值较低、频带较宽的特点,采用组合式的结构拓展换能器的工作带宽。通过切割框型压电陶瓷、灌注环氧树脂得到压电复合材料框型敏感元件,再将不同厚度的框型敏感元件沿轴向嵌套从而制成多层嵌套的压电复合材料敏感元件。建立1-3型压电复合材料中压电小柱的等效电路,根据等效电路计算出压电小柱的谐振频率,并与1-3型压电复合材料的谐振频率理论计算结果进行对比。通过ANSYS软件对敏感元件结构进行仿真,并根据仿真结果确定了敏感元件的最佳设计方案。最终制作出的换能器进行水下测试,该换能器的谐振频率为310 kHz,最大发送电压响应为188.5 dB,-3 d B带宽可达130 kHz,接收灵敏度最大可达-186.8 dB,-3 dB带宽可达90 kHz,谐振频率处-3 d B的指向性开角约为2.4°。该嵌套式敏感元件可实现换能器宽带发射与接收声波的目标。     

叠合结构超低频弯张换能器

研究了一种将多个椭圆弯张壳体在短轴方向进行机械叠合的超低频弯张换能器,每个弯张壳体采用超磁致伸缩材料进行驱动。推导了多个叠合壳体的等效电路,利用支路阻抗方法得到了换能器频率和阻抗的方程表达式。针对多个壳体叠合的结构复杂性,采用有限元方法计算并分析了叠合壳体换能器的多个结构点的振动位移分布,通过平动位移分布设计了活塞辐射面的结构参数。将有限元方法计算的换能器在空气中和水中的谐振频率与等效电路法计算的结果进行了对比,符合较好。研制了6个壳体叠合的超低频弯张换能器样机,换能器外形尺寸为Φ230×630 mm,重量为39 kg。换能器经湖上试验,水中谐振频率130 Hz,最大发送电流响应161.1 dB,最大发射声源级为180.4 dB,实现了超低频、小尺寸的发射能力。      

The modal projector

The superposition of acoustical modes radiated from a transducer can provide directionality from a compact projector. This paper presents the foundation, as well as examples, of piezoelectric ceramic, piezoelectric single crystal, and magnetostrictive versions of this "modal projector." Measured and analytical, as well as finite element analysis modeled, results show good agreement and establish this transducer as a viable source of intensity with the advantages of an improved directivity index, reducing the power needed from a compact source.     

凹筒型弯张式低频发射换能器

本文介绍了一种低频发射换能器,它结构上与Ⅰ型弯曲伸张换能器有相似之处,但呈凹筒形状,具有频率低、功率大、尺寸小、重量轻等诸多优点,且其独特的外型结构适合于组排基阵,有较好的应用前景。我们研制了大小两个该型换能器,其外型尺寸分别为φ186mm×330mm和φ130mm×250mm;谐振频率分别为855Hz和1050Hz;声源级分别为195.7dB和191.0dB。     

开缝压电圆环深海水听器

利用能量法得到了开缝压电圆环水中的谐振频率方程与电导纳曲线;通过构建开缝压电圆环低频接收状态等效电路图,推导了开缝压电圆环低频开路电压灵敏度;比较开缝压电圆环和整体圆环低频接收灵敏度,提出了利用开缝压电陶瓷圆环与溢流结构相结合设计深海水听器的思路;通过建立溢流式开缝压电圆环有限元仿真模型,探讨了开缝压电圆环的低频开路电压灵敏度与圆环结构参数的关系。经过仿真优化,研制了水中谐振频率600 Hz的开缝压电圆环深海水听器。水池声学测试与耐压测试结果表明,溢流式开缝压电圆环水听器在100~300 Hz频段内低频开路电压灵敏度最大值为-193.2 dB,最小值-197.9 dB,起伏-4.7 dB,耐静水压30 MPa;与采用相同尺寸压电元件的溢流圆环水听器相比,溢流式开缝压电圆环水听器的低频开路电压灵敏度提高20 dB;验证了本文提出的采用开缝压电圆环构建深海水听器的实用性。      

双壳嵌套鱼唇式弯张换能器

研究了一种双壳嵌套鱼唇式弯张换能器,针对特殊结构的空气背衬弯张换能器提出了表征换能器静压形变的系列参数,利用有限元方法研究了这些参数与结构参数的对应关系,并进行了换能器的静态分析。在静态分析基础上,研究了结构参数对换能器声辐射特性的影响,经对比分析得到换能器的优化方案,研制了实验样机,经外场试验验证了双壳嵌套鱼唇式弯张换能器具有小尺寸、频率低、高效率、大功率的工作特性:谐振频率800 Hz、最大声源级199.5 dB、电声效率23.6%、工作深度200 m。      

磁致伸缩/压电层叠复合材料磁电效应分析

采用有限元分析软件COMSOL5.0建立了三维悬臂梁模型,分析了磁致伸缩/压电/磁致伸缩叠层复合材料的磁电系数α_(ME),并就几何参数对复合结构磁电系数的影响进行了优化分析.首先,利用稳态求解器研究了磁电层状复合结构内部的应力、应变、位移以及电势分布情况,利用瞬态求解分析了磁电复合结构各变量动态分布规律;其次,应用小信号频域分析研究了该结构的谐振频率以及在不同偏置磁场对输出电压的影响,结果表明,随着直流偏置磁场的增加,输出电压逐渐减小.改变复合材料不同层的厚度,分析了磁电层与压电层厚度比t_m/t_p对磁电系数的影响,结果表明,随着厚度比增加,α_(ME)逐渐增大,其增加速率逐渐减小;最后,分析了磁电系数α_(ME)随复合结构面积、长宽比的变化情况.分析表明,α_(ME)随磁电复合结构面积的增加逐渐增加,其增加速率逐渐减小;当磁电复合结构面积恒定时,其磁电系数随长宽比L/W增加表现出先增加后减小的趋势,存在最优值.     

Study of 1-3-2 type piezoelectric composite transducer array

Based on a new structure of precise location and decoupling between the transducer elements, high frequency underwater transmission transducer arrays with 4 elements and 8 elements serried uniform linear array were studied, using novel 1-3-2 type piezoelectric composite as the sensing material. There are ceramic framework supports in the transverse and longitudinal directions in 1-3-2 type piezoelectric composite structure; the transducer is free from the influence of outside mechanical impact and the environment temperature change. Transducer and array samples have been designed, fabricated and measured. The resonant frequency is 150 kHz, resonant transmission response greater than 160 dB, and bandwidth is from 140 kHz to 160 kHz. The results indicate that, the transducer array has wide bandwidth, high sensitivity, stabile performance, and good coherence.     

聚(偏二氟乙烯-三氟乙烯)压电圆管水听器

提出了高灵敏度压电共聚物圆管水听器设计方法,论述了聚(偏二氟乙烯-三氟乙烯)[P (VDF-TrFE)]材料结构与压电特性的关系,利用解析法和有限元法,分析了多振动模式耦合特性对压电共聚物圆管水听器灵敏度响应的影响规律,仿真分析了圆管水听器的耐静水压特性和噪声特性,与相同结构的压电陶瓷和压电均聚物水听器相比,压电共聚物圆管水听器低频段灵敏度分别可提高20 dB和5 dB以上,研制了尺寸为Φ14 mm × 55 mm的压电共聚物圆管水听器样品,经测试,在10 Hz~1 kHz频段内水听器灵敏度响应达到-181.8 dB±1 dB,等效自噪声压低于零级海况海洋环境噪声,与理论模型结果有良好的一致性。结果表明,该设计显著提升了圆管水听器的低频接收灵敏度,并为其耐静水压性能提升提供了思路。      

圆环状复合材料高频宽带水声换能器

研制了一种圆环状高频宽带水声换能器。利用压电复合材料Q值低从而频带宽的特点,采用双环轴向堆叠产生双模态耦合的结构方式拓宽换能器的带宽。通过理论分析与仿真计算,确定敏感元件几何尺寸。用切割-浇注-被覆电极等工艺制备出压电复合材料圆环;再将制备出的外径相同,壁厚不等的压电复合材料圆环轴向叠堆制成叠堆敏感元件,最后灌注防水透声层制成换能器。对制得的换能器进行水下性能测试,测得该换能器谐振频率为410 kHz,最大发射电压响应为150 dB,-3 dB带宽达60 kHz,水平指向性开角(-5 dB)为360°,-3 dB垂直指向性开角约20°。结果表明将复合材料圆环轴向堆叠可显著拓展换能器的带宽,且实现声波的水平全向发射。      

偏置电压对磁致伸缩/压电层合换能结构磁电性能影响

分析和测试了偏置电压调整时PZT5/Terfenol-D/PZT8层合换能结构磁电性能. 提出了一种磁致伸缩/压电层合磁电换能结构的一阶谐振频率控制方法. 通过改变压电驱动层的直流电压对磁电层合结构的预应变进行改变, 从而调整谐振频率. 分析偏置电压、 应变、 弹性模量、 谐振频率和谐振磁电电压系数之间关系. 分析表明: 在较小应变情况下, 控制电压几乎可以线性调节谐振频率, 而层合结构谐振磁电电压系数几乎与偏置电压无关. 实验研究验证: 理论与实验结果较好吻合. 在-170 V-+170 V的偏置电压时, 谐振频率可以几乎线性调整. 最大频率调整量达到1 kHz, 偏置电压对一阶纵振频率的控制率达到: 2.94 Hz/V. 在偏置磁场为0-225 Oe时, 谐振频率调整量与偏置磁场无关. 偏置磁场会改变谐振磁电电压系数, 在大于178 Oe静态磁场偏置时, 磁电电压系数最大, 达到1.65 V/Oe.     

AN ACOUSTIC TRANSFORMER COMPOSED OF HORNS AND ITS APPLICATION

A new acoustic transformer was developed by connecting three horns to improve radiation performance in the frequency region below 500 Hz. The proposed acoustic transformer was evaluated by numerical analysis using the commercial computer program SYSNOISE and by experiment. The acoustic transformer is composed of three horns, one of which was used in an inverted form. A design model was developed by use of Webster's horn equation and showed that the transformer can improve radiation efficiency. This was confirmed by numerical calculation using SYSNOISE. An acoustic projector was designed by use of the developed transformer and a piezoelectric unimorph-type actuator. The sound pressure measured at the mouth of the constructed acoustic projector was compared with the sound pressures evaluated at the same location by numerical calculation to investigate the differences between the numerical simulation model and the actual acoustic projector. Sound pressures generated by several acoustic radiators were calculated numerically and compared with the measured and calculated sound pressures of the developed acoustic projector to evaluate the effects of use of the proposed acoustic transformer. The comparative evaluation shows that the proposed acoustic transformer can provide up to a 10 dB gain over use of a horn in the narrow band low-frequency region from 100 to 200 Hz.     

基于球形压电陶瓷的耐压水听器

利用球形压电陶瓷自身所具有的耐压能力,采用径向极化空气背衬压电球壳换能器作为声学接收敏感元件,设计并制作了一种球形耐压水听器。首先对其低频开路接收灵敏度和谐振频率等声学特性进行了分析和有限元仿真,然后对其强度和稳定性等耐压性能进行了分析和有限元仿真,最后对其声学性能和耐压能力进行了测试。测试表明,该球形耐压水听器的直径为36 mm,工作频段为50 Hz～10 kHz,低频接收灵敏度为-198.4 dB (0 dB=1 V/μPa),等效自噪声谱级为46.5 dB@1 kHz,其耐压深度可达3000 m。该耐压水听器为大深度水听器设计提供了参考,在深水声学领域具有重要的应用价值。     

Optimal magnetoelectric coupling performance of Terfenol-D/PZT composites in resonance state under bias magnetic field

Laminated magnetoelectric (ME) composites with various thickness ratios were optimized, fabricated and experimentally investigated in this work. The Terfenal-D/PZT specimens with optimal thickness ratio between the magnetostrictive phase and piezoelectric phase, and two other values were tested for their ME coupling performance. The coupling voltage output increases linearly with the increase of DC bias magnetic field. The ME voltage coefficient increases more than 100 times in the resonance state for the optimal laminate. The DC bias magnetic field affects the ME voltage coefficient significantly, and also has little effect on the resonant frequency. The strength of AC magnetic field also slightly affects the ME voltage coefficient in resonance state, but does not affect the resonant state under which the same DC magnetic field is required. The experimental results can help understand the coupling performance of ME composite under bias magnetic field and prompt the application of ME devices.     

Analysis on vibration characteristics of large-size rectangular piezoelectric composite plate based on quasi-periodic phononic crystal structure

Based on the theory of composite materials and phononic crystals (PCs), a large-size rectangular piezoelectric composite plate with the quasi-periodic PC structure composed of PZT-4 and epoxy is proposed in this paper. This PC structure can suppress the transverse vibration of the piezoelectric composite plate so that the thickness mode is purer and the thickness vibration amplitude is more uniform. Firstly, the vibration of the model is analyzed theoretically, the electromechanical equivalent circuit diagram of three-dimensional coupled vibration is established, and the resonance frequency equation is derived. The effects of the length, width, and thickness of the piezoelectric composite plate at the resonant frequency are obtained by the analytical method and the finite element method, the effective electromechanical coupling coefficient is also analyzed. The results show that the resonant frequency can be changed regularly and the electromechanical conversion can be improved by adjusting the size of the rectangular piezoelectric plate. The effect of the volume fraction of the scatterer on the resonant frequency in the thickness direction is studied by the finite element method. The band gap in X and Y directions of large-size rectangular piezoelectric plate with quasi-periodic PC structures are calculated. The results show that the theoretical results are in good agreement with the simulation results. When the resonance frequency is in the band gap, the decoupling phenomenon occurs, and then the vibration mode in the thickness direction is purer.     

一种压电超声波物料输送器*

利用压电陶瓷元件具有良好声电转换特性和输出特性,本文提出了一种新型结构的压电超声波物料输送器。设计了超声波物料输送器的结构并分析了其工作原理,采用纵扭复合型压电换能器为驱动源,对压电换能器进行了结构设计和参数计算,并对其进行了性能测试。由此研制出了压电超声波输送器的样机并进行了试验测试,结果表明:当频率为17.9 kHz–18.6 kHz时,输送器具有输送物料能力。驱动负载为1.5 kg时系统的谐振频率为18.3 kHz,输送速度最快,达到64个/min。随着电源输出功率的增大输送物料速度呈线性增加。该输送器的稳定性好,噪声低。与压电片式和电磁式输送器噪声进行对比,超声波输送器的工作噪声仅为31 dB,略小于压电片式,远小于电磁式。     

压电管堆式宽带换能器*

研究了一种具有管状叠堆结构的圆管换能器,其敏感元件是由纵向极化压电陶瓷单元组成的薄壁管状压电叠堆,探讨利用管状叠堆纵向和径向振动耦合实现宽带发射。利用压电柱壳振动理论推导了管堆的频率方程,分析了换能器的纵向和径向模态的振动耦合特性。在理论分析的基础上利用有限元方法对换能器的带宽和发射电压响应进行优化并研制换能器样机。测试结果表明,纵向极化的管状压电叠堆结构具有良好的发射电压响应和宽带特性,与理论及仿真结果相符。     

基于能量转换原理的磁电层合材料低频磁电响应分析

提出了一种基于能量转换原理的磁致伸缩/压电层合材料低频磁电响应模型,并对不同层合结构的磁电响应特性进行了对比研究.该模型假定层合材料层间能量传递通过层间剪切力来实现,利用应力函数法分析了磁致伸缩层和压电层的应力与应变,求出了磁致伸缩层的应变能和存储磁场能以及压电层的应变能和电场能;利用Hamilton最小能量原理求出了层间剪切力的大小,获得了开路状态下层合材料的低频磁电响应模型.发现磁电电压系数与磁致伸缩材料的磁导率、泊松比、磁机耦合系数以及压电材料的泊松比、机电耦合系数等有关,并对这些参数的影响进行了分析.同时对两层和三层结构的层合材料磁电特性进行了对比研究,发现层合结构不同则获得的磁电系数公式不同,用相应的公式计算得到的误差才会最小.研究结果表明,本文的理论误差小于6.5%,与其他方法相比,本文的理论模型能更好地描述磁电层合材料的低频磁电响应特性.     

Broadband piezoelectric power generation on high-energy orbits of the bistable Duffing oscillator with electromechanical coupling

An important issue in resonant vibration energy harvesters is that the best performance of the device is limited to a very narrow bandwidth around the fundamental resonance frequency. If the excitation frequency deviates slightly from the resonance condition, the power out is drastically reduced. In order to overcome this issue of the conventional resonant cantilever configuration, a non-resonant piezomagnetoelastic energy harvester has been introduced by the authors. This paper presents theoretical and experimental investigations of high-energy orbits in the piezomagnetoelastic energy harvester over a range of excitation frequencies. Lumped-parameter nonlinear equations (electromechanical form of the bistable Duffing oscillator with piezoelectric coupling) can successfully describe the large-amplitude broadband voltage response of the piezomagnetoelastic configuration. Following the comparison of the electromechanical trajectories obtained from the theory, it is experimentally verified that the piezomagnetoelastic configuration can generate an order of magnitude larger power compared to the commonly employed piezoelastic counterpart at several frequencies. Chaotic response of the piezomagnetoelastic configuration is also compared against the periodic response of the piezoelastic configuration theoretically and experimentally. Overcoming the bias caused by the gravity in vertical excitation of the piezomagnetoelastic energy harvester is discussed and utilization of high-energy orbits in the bistable structural configuration for electrostatic, electromagnetic and magnetostrictive transduction mechanisms is summarized.