水平管内油气水三相流分流型阻力特性实验研究

对水平管内油气水三相流的摩擦阻力压降特性进行了实验研究,水平管实验段由有机玻璃管制成,内径为40mm,所用的实验工质为:46#机械油,自来水和空气。油、气、水三相的折算速度范围分别为:0.05-0.51m／s、0.05-1.51m／s、0.02-50.6 m／s。按照气液界面总体特征将水平管内油气水三相流的流型分为泡状流、间歇流(段塞流和弹状流)、分层流及环状流。对各种典型流型下的摩擦阻力压降应用改进的Chisholm关系式及油水两相压降关系式进行分析,对Chisholm关系式中的参数C进行了重新定义。发现改进的Chisholm关系式能够较好地对管内油气水三相摩阻压降进行预测,因此改进Chisholm关系式可以作为摩擦压降计算的通用关系式。     

The flow noise level at microphones in flow ducts

When sound measurements are made in flow ducts one has to insure that the signal-to-noise ratio of the sound signal to the flow noise, which is produced by the turbulent flow at the microphone, is sufficiently high. To accomplish this, knowledge of the flow noise level under the specific given flow conditions is required. In this paper two procedures for determining the flow noise level are described. For the first method, the mean flow velocity and the turbulence level have to be known to estimate the flow noise level as a function of duct diameter and frequency. For the second method knowledge of only the mean flow velocity is required. The procedure involves two measurements: one with a microphone fitted with a conventional nose cone and one with a microphone fitted with a slit-tube. The slit-tube is a special device for reducing the flow noise level. Finally, guidelines are given for sound measurements in the presence of flow and for the use of a microphone with a slit-tube under unusual temperature conditions or in gases other than air.     

规则结构多孔填料塔两相流动特性实验研究

本文以空气和水为工质,对规则结构多孔填料塔的气-液逆向流动特性进行了可视化实验,研究了填料塔内气一液两相流动规律.实验结果表明:当液体流量一定时,随着气体流量的增加,压力损失增大;当气体流量一定时,随着液体流量的增加,气相压力损失增加.根据实验结果提出了采用水力雷诺数、韦伯数和无量纲流动参数的填料塔内气-液两相流动阻力系数实验关联式.     

垂直上升管内气液两相流流型鉴别研究

本文以低压空气一水作介质,进行了垂直上升管内气液两相流流型鉴别的实验研究;采用沿垂直管局部轴向压差信号及压差信号的统计分析并借助高速闪光观测仪进行可视化观察鉴别流型。实验结果发现,利用压差的时域信号和信号的功率谱密度函数（ＰＳＤ）,可以客观地判别垂直上升管内泡状、弹状和环状三种主要流型。     

Spectral analysis of the flow sound interaction at a bias flow liner

The interaction between the flow field and the sound field is responsible for the sound absorption at perforated acoustic liners with bias flow and has to be investigated contactlessly. Based on the optically measured flow velocity spectrum, an energy analysis was performed. As a result, the generation of broadband flow velocity fluctuations in the shear layer surrounding the bias flow caused by the flow sound interaction has been observed. In addition, the magnitude of this acoustically induced flow velocity oscillation exhibits a correlation with the acoustic dissipation coefficient of the bias flow liner. This supports the assumption that an energy transfer between the flow field and the sound field is responsible for the acoustic damping.     

Friction factor and wall heat transfer for laminar and turbulentflow in a cylindrical duct with a wall-stabilized arc

Friction factor and wall heat-transfer data for axially symmetric flow in a wall-stabilized arc analysis are given. Heat transfer results revealed three significant modes: laminar flow with an unstable arc, laminar flow with a wall-stabilized arc, and turbulent flow with a wall-stabilized arc. It was shown that the critical Reynolds number increases, in comparison with the case of the flow without Joule heating. A friction factor from Reynolds-number dependence peculiarities was not discovered for laminar to turbulent flow transition     

Performance of a PIV system for a combusting flow and its application to a spray combustor model

The performance of PIV system for combusting flow was evaluated by using artificial images generated from computer graphics and experimental data. The influences of shutter speed, filter, laser power and the PIV algorithms on the measurement uncertainty were studied for optimizing the performance of the PIV system. This system was applied to the spray combustor model for boiler, and the flow patterns with and without combustion were elucidated. Results showed that the burner flow generates complex three-dimensional flow pattern, which contributes to highly mixed fuel flow in the combustor. Although the flow pattern with and without combustion is similar, the growth of burner flow area and an increase in velocity magnitude are found in the flow field by the influence of chemical reactions in combustion.     

基于多尺度熵的交通流复杂性分析

交通流演化复杂性的研究有助于深刻理解交通系统的内在演化规律,为交通流的预测和控制提供理论依据.多尺度熵方法在生理时间序列和计算机网络流量的分析中得到了广泛的应用.考虑到交通流中的车辆到达和计算机网络中的分组到达具有类似特性,本文以刹车灯模型的车头时距为分析对象,利用多尺度熵方法来分析交通流演化的复杂性.分析结果表明:1)车头时距的复杂性随着时间尺度的增加而降低,反映了交通流的短时间难预测性;2)当时间尺度较小时,车头时距复杂性在自由流时和同步流时差异不大,但是,随着时间尺度的增加,自由流时车头时距的熵值迅速下降,而同步流时车头时距的熵值下降较慢.这一特性对于识别自由流中是否产生了同步流有非常重要的参考价值.本文的研究可以为揭示交通流演化的复杂性提供新的思路和方法.     

A method for MR quantification of flow velocities in blood and CSF using interleaved gradient-echo pulse sequences

The aim of this study was to establish a rapid method for in vivo quantification of a large range of flow velocities using phase information. A basic gradient-echo sequence was constructed, in which flow was encoded along the slice selection direction by variation of the amplitude of a bipolar gradient without changes in sequence timings. The influence of field inhomogeneities and eddy currents was studied in a 1.5 T scanner. From the basic sequence, interleaved sequences for calibration and in vivo flow determination were constructed, and flow information was obtained by pairwise subtraction of velocity-encoded from velocity non-encoded phase images. Calibration was performed in a nongated mode using flow phantoms, and the results were compared with theoretically calculated encoding efficiencies. In vivo flow was studied in healthy volunteers in three different areas using cardiac gating; central blood flow in the great thoracic vessels, peripheral blood flow in the popliteal vessels, and flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the cerebral aqueduct. The results show good agreement with results obtained with other techniques. The proposed method for flow determination was shown to be rapid and flexible, and we thus conclude that it seems well suited for routine clinical MR examinations.     

Dynamical flow arrest in confined gravity driven flows of soft jammed particles

Using numerical simulations, we study the gravity driven flow of jammed soft disks in confined channels. We demonstrate that confinement results in increasing the yield threshold for the Poiseuille flow, in contrast to the planar Couette flow. By solving a nonlocal flow model for such systems, we show that this effect is due to the correlated dynamics responsible for flow, coupled with the stress heterogeneity imposed for the Poiseuille flow. We also observe that with increasing confinement, the cooperative nature of the flow results in increasing intermittent behavior. Our studies indicate that such features are generic properties of a wide variety of jammed materials.     

气动光学平均流场效应时间特性研究

根据气动光学效应定义了绕流流场厚度,分析了气动光学平均流场效应的时间特性与绕流流场厚度的关系,给出特征时间的粗估公式。使用大型流体计算软件SAED模拟计算了机载光学平台绕流流场随时间的变化,计算了绕流流场厚度,研究了气动光学平均场效应随时间的变化规律。计算结果验证了粗估公式的可靠性,表明与湍流效应的特征时间相似,气动光学平均流场效应的特征时间,正比于绕流流场厚度与飞机速度的比值。在给定的计算模型中,特征时间约为5 ms量级,特征频率低于300 Hz;平均流场气动光学效应引起的光程差均方根随时间围绕平均值变化,方差与平均值之比约为8%。     

粗糙度与气体稀薄性对微尺度流动特性的影响

对氮气和氦气在粗糙微通道以及光滑微通道内流动进行了阻力特性实验研究。实验结果表明,即使在较小的相对粗糙度高度下,由于微通道中的粗糙度分布密集,会极大地增加流动阻力,这是导致文献中微通道流动阻力系数实验值相互偏差的主要原因之一;而对于滑移区的气体流动,气体稀薄性使流动阻力明显减小而导致流量增加。     

Numerical study of reacting flow characteristics of a 2D twin cavity trapped vortex combustor

In the present work, reacting flow characteristics of a 2D trapped vortex combustor (TVC) have been investigated numerically. Turbulent flow prevailing in the combustor is modelled using the two equation shear stress transport (SST) k-ω model and the turbulence–chemistry interactions are modelled using the eddy dissipation concept (EDC) model. Validation study reveals that the data generated by numerical model for reacting flow cases matches reasonably well with the experimental data. Simulation results indicate that for a particular operating condition, the flow structure within the cavity for reacting flow cases is significantly different from non-reacting flow cases. Besides this, under reacting flow condition, the vortex core location shifts with variation in operating condition. This study also reveals significant differences in the velocity gradient at the shear layer between reacting and non-reacting flow conditions. Furthermore, the turbulent kinetic energy at the cavity zone increases for the reacting flow condition, which is attributed to the volume expansion associated with the combustion processes. Also, temperature contours at locations downstream of the trailing edge indicate that both cavity flames are merged together for higher primary air velocity cases, and this is essential for efficient performance of TVC.     

流管实验装置中声传播计算的模态方法

流管实验装置是测量有流动情况下航空发动机消声短舱内声衬声阻抗的主要装置。本文发展了一种解析的模态匹配方法进行在平均流有声衬条件下矩形流管中声传播的计算。用同伦方法求解特征值问题,并与用环绕积分求解的结果进行比较。声场通过轴向阻抗间断面的声压和声质点速度积分相等计算。第一个算例是无流动、硬壁、有限长、考虑端口反射的情况,并与北航流管实验台测量数据进行了对比;第二个算例为有流动情况下有限长声衬管道不考虑端口反射的声场计算,它与文献中NASA流管实验结果和CAA计算结果符合得很好。     

表征体元尺度渗流的离散统一动理学格式

结合表征体元尺度的通用渗流模型,提出离散统一动理学格式（DUGKS）渗流方法,分别用均匀网格和非均匀网格计算二维Poiseuille、Couette、方腔流等经典渗流问题,检验DUGKS渗流方法的有效性和非均匀网格应用的优势,将DUGKS渗流方法应用到裂缝系统中.     

Evaluating practical measurements of fire-induced vent flows with stereoscopic PIV

Stereoscopic particle image velocimetry (SPIV) was applied to a fire-induced doorway flow to provide the velocity field for computations of the mass flow rate of air into an enclosure. For a flow of uniform temperature and concentration, the technique met all of the requirements to provide the best estimate of the mass flow rate. Simultaneous measurements of vertical distributions of velocity and temperature were also conducted with conventional vent flow techniques, bi-directional probes and thermocouples. Correction factors for mass flow rate computations using the conventional techniques were determined based on comparisons to the SPIV results. An average correction factor of unity was determined for the bi-directional probe technique thus further confirming the utilization of velocity distributions acquired using the technique in mass flow rate computations. An average correction factor of 0.69 was determined for mass flow rates computed from vertical temperature distributions inside and outside the enclosure. This agrees with average correction factors determined in previous studies. The results from the present study suggest that the conventional techniques, which are practical and affordable for routine fire testing, may be applied with greater confidence for fires up to 500 kW.     

热可压缩流体的流动和传热

本文把由温度引起密度变化的运动流体称为热可压流，并由无因次加热数来度量其压缩程度。它有别于气体动力学中以马赫数度量压缩性的由速度（因而压力）变化导致密度变化的可压缩流。列举和讨论了热可压流流动和传热的一些特征现象，它可望用于发展一些新的热控制技术。     

开式向心涡轮背部间隙流动特性的研究

对开式向心涡轮背部间隙流动特性进行计算分析,计算结果和实验符合较好。分析结果表明:背部间隙泄漏流量远小于叶顶间隙泄漏流量,但两者损失大小相当,可见背部间隙与叶顶间隙虽然在形式上相似,但流动特性及损失机理有所不同;背部机匣刮削效应增强了展向二次流强度,在吸力面附近出现较大的高熵区,同时背部间隙泄漏流在展向二次流的带动下源源不断向叶顶方向运动,与主流形成较强的掺混;相比之下,叶顶机匣刮削流和展向二次流相互抵消,叶顶间隙泄漏流被展向二次流限制在叶顶壁角附近,掺混损失相对较小。     

在高负荷涡轮叶栅中应用弯叶片控制流动分离的实验研究

本文选择叶型折转角为113°和160°的两种高负荷涡轮平面叶栅,分别开展了直叶栅(STR)和正/反弯曲叶栅的流场测量和流动显示研究,讨论了叶片弯曲对壁面流谱和流动损失的影响.实验结果表明:当叶型折转角为113°时,适当的正弯叶片(DHP)可以减少叶栅流动损失;当叶型折转角为160°时,适当的反弯叶片(DHN)能提高叶栅气动性能.     

变工况非定常叶栅绕流数值仿真

采用离散涡方法数值仿真了不同来流攻角下,固定与动边界叶栅绕流。在设计工况时流动接近定常流动。而变 工况时流动具有明显的非定常特征。特别是当攻角较大时,流场中存在着激烈分离,流动具有不稳定性。分离流动与旋涡 的分布息息相关。当来流角从20°到60°逐渐增大时,前驻点从背面经前缘点向腹面移动。固定叶栅与振动叶栅时的绕流 有明显的不同。振动叶栅绕流,流体决不是简单地随叶栅作同样的振动。