多氯萘的研究

多氯萘(polychlorinated naphthalenes,PCNs)是一类理化性质相似的持久性有机污染物,共有75个同类物.从20世纪70年代起,在全球范围内已陆续停止了PCNs的生产和使用,目前环境中PCNs的污染主要来自历史上生产和使用PCNs以及现有废弃物焚烧、金属冶炼及其它类似过程的废气排放.PCNs广泛分布于各类环境介质中,其造成的环境污染已有所显现,PCNs的相关研究成为近年来环境科学研究的一个热点,PCNs的污染控制已成为一些国家和地区环境管理的新任务.本文重点介绍了PCNs的特性、环境中PCNs的来源、分析检测方法、环境污染水平、环境化学行为与环境归宿.同时还讨论了我国有关PCNs研究的一些初步结果,展望了有关多氯萘的研究发展趋势.     

同位素稀释气相色谱/三重四极杆串联质谱法分析环境样品中的多氯萘

采用稳定同位素标记的多氯萘(PCNs)同类物为内标,建立了同位素稀释气相色谱/三重四极杆串联质谱技术测定环境样品中20种高关注的PCNs同类物的方法。结果表明:PCNs同类物的校正曲线在0.5~200 μg/L范围内线性良好(R²>0.99),检出限(LOD)为0.04~0.48 μg/L,相对标准偏差(RSD)小于15%。采用基质加标法评价该方法对实际环境样品中PCNs测定的回收率为45.2%~87.9%。为验证方法的适用性,以河流沉积物和再生铝冶炼排放的烟道气样品为对象,利用所建立的方法测定了20种PCNs同类物,并将结果与高分辨气相色谱/高分辨质谱方法的测定结果进行了比对,两种方法测定结果的RSD为0.5%~41.4%,表明所建立的同位素稀释气相色谱/三重四极杆串联质谱方法可用于实际环境样品中PCNs的定性、定量分析。     

多溴联苯的污染来源、分析方法和环境污染特征

多溴联苯（polybrominated biphenyls,PBBs）是一类曾被广泛使用的溴代阻燃剂,这类化学物质具有半挥发性,能够远距离迁移,可在环境中持久存在,并且能够在生物体内累积和放大,对全球环境和人类健康构成潜在的危害。2009年,《关于持久性有机污染物的斯德哥尔摩公约》新POPs审查委员会将六溴联苯商业产品列入其附件A,禁止六溴联苯的工业生产和使用。因此,近期对环境中多溴联苯的来源、分析方法和污染水平等相关研究引起了广泛的关注。本文介绍了PBBs的基本理化性质和毒性,对作为溴代阻燃剂的PBBs的生产量进行归纳,并提出需要开展深入和广泛研究来认识是否在工业生产过程中存在PBBs的非故意生成和排放,对当前环境中PBBs的分析方法进行了总结,并对PBBs当前的环境污染水平和污染特征进行了简要概述,最后对PBBs相关的未来研究进行了初步展望。     

支持向量机用于多氯代萘毒性的定量构效研究

用偏最小二乘法(PLS)和留一交叉验证从90多个量子化学参数中筛选出极化率、分子量、部分原子上的净电荷、静电势等作为描述符,应用支持向量机(SVM)对20个多氯代萘同系物的三组毒性数据分别建立了定量构效关系模型.所得模型的交叉验证相关系数的平方分别为0.805、0.890、0.936.并将偏最小二乘法建模所得结果与之进行比较,结果表明,SVM预报能力优于PLS.     

微波萃取/GC-MS法对电子电气产品中多氯萘的测定

建立了微波萃取/GC-MS法检测电子电气产品中多氯萘的方法。将破碎后的样品以甲苯为溶剂进行微波萃取,萃取液经硅胶小柱净化、平行蒸发定量浓缩后采用气相色谱-质谱法测定多氯萘的含量,外标法定量。优化了样品前处理条件,包括前处理方式、微波萃取溶剂、萃取时间,以及净化小柱的选择。对于8种含不同氯原子数的多氯萘,在1~50 mg/L范围内,线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.995;方法定量下限为0.2~1.0 mg/kg,相对标准偏差为2.7%~7.2%,回收率为77%~112%。该法操作简便、分析迅速、结果准确,可以满足对电子电气产品中多氯萘的定性确证和定量分析。     

微生物群落对多氯酚的脱氯特性及机理研究

从正在运行的流化床生物反应器中分离出对三氯酚具有高效脱氯能力的微生物群落. 在含柠檬酸钛为氧化还原缓冲剂的合成培养基中研究了该群落的生理特性. 结果表明, 该微生物菌群可以利用丙酮酸为碳源和能源, 丙酮酸发酵、硫酸盐还原和脱氯反应三个过程严格地按顺序依次进行, 并且丙酮酸浓度在最初2 d内急剧下降, 同时有代谢产物乙酸、甲酸和氢气形成. 只有当硫酸盐被还原成硫化物后, 脱氯反应才会发生. 硫酸盐和钼酸盐的存在会强烈地抑制微生物的脱氯活性. 溴乙烷磺酸酯(BES)可以完全抑制微生物的产甲烷活性. 青霉素G(10 μg/mL)对该微生物菌群的脱氯作用没有抑制. 该微生物菌群按形态特征可以分为3类, 即弧菌、链球菌和杆菌. 利用荧光标记的16S和23S rRNA寡核苷酸探针进行原位杂交试验表明, 该微生物菌群中存在Proteobacteria的r亚类和δ亚类.     

手性持久性有机污染物的环境界面过程及生态安全研究进展

随着越来越多分子中含有手性结构的持久性有机污染物(POPs)进入环境介质,对其环境界面过程及生态安全的研究已成为环境科学领域的一个热点.目前,有关手性POPs的研究主要集中在外消旋体水平上,在对映体层面研究环境中手性POPs的历史并不长.但由于手性POPs不同对映体在生物学效应方面存在显著的差异,因此,手性POPs环境行为及其潜在生态风险对映体选择性效应更应值得重视.本文将在对映体水平上对手性POPs在各环境介质中的迁移、转化、生物体内的富集以及毒理学效应等方面的研究进行综述.     

用从头算量化参数预测多氯代二苯并呋喃的1gKow

采用G98W程序包中的HF方法和6-31g(d)基组对135个多氯代二苯并呋喃(PCDFs)分子和二苯并呋喃进行了全几何优化计算．以计算所得的分子轨道能量、原子电荷作为PCDFs分子结构描述符，运用多元线性回归技术建立了PCDFs的lgKow与上述参数的四元线性方程，相关系数为0．9306，标准偏差为0．1849，用Jackknife法检验该模型的稳健性好，并对未有实验数据的85个PCDFs的lgKow进行了预测．     

同位素稀释气相色谱-三重四极杆质谱法测定环境空气中的多氯萘北大核心CSCD

环境空气中的多氯萘(PCNs)一般为痕量水平(pg/m^(3)),要实现其准确定量必然对分析方法的提取、净化和仪器分析提出较高要求。研究通过考察提取溶剂种类、净化流程和色谱-质谱参数,建立了加速溶剂萃取(ASE)-多层硅胶复合中性氧化铝柱的净化方法,并利用同位素稀释气相色谱-三重四极杆质谱(GC-MS/MS)对环境空气中的多氯萘进行测定。同时,通过在采样、提取和进样分析前分别添加同位素内标,开展质量控制和保证。结果表明,在2~100 ng/mL范围内3~8氯萘的平均相对响应因子(RRF)的相对标准偏差(RSD)均小于16%。PCNs同类物的方法检出限为1~3 pg/m^(3)(以样品体积为288 m^(3)计算)。采用基质加标法评价了方法对环境空气样品中PCNs测定的精密度和准确度,低、中、高加标水平下3~8氯萘的平均加标回收率分别为89.0%~119.4%、98.6%~122.5%和93.7%~124.5%,测定结果的平均相对标准偏差分别为1.9%~7.0%、1.6%~6.6%和1.0%~4.8%。整个分析过程中,采样内标和提取内标的平均回收率分别为136.2%~146.0%和42.4%~78.1%,RSD分别为5.6%~7.5%和2.7%~17.5%,满足痕量分析的要求且平行性较好。方法的灵敏度和准确度高,精密度良好,适用于环境空气中3~8氯萘的准确定量测定,可在一定程度上缓解多氯萘监测对高分辨气相色谱-高分辨质谱的依赖,为实现多氯萘的国际履约提供方法支持。     

加速溶剂萃取-多层硅胶柱净化-气相色谱串联三重四级杆质谱法测定土壤和沉积物中的多氯萘

通过制作多氯萘(PCNs)在商品多层硅胶柱上的流出曲线、优化气相色谱质谱参数和利用三重四级杆质谱的多重反应监测模式,应用氘代一氯萘#2作为一氯和二氯代萘的定量内标,建立了基于DB-5MS和Rt-βDEXcst两根色谱柱的同位素稀释测定土壤和沉积物中多氯萘的分析方法,实现了两种高毒性六氯代萘#66和#67的基线分离。18种多氯萘同类物校正曲线在1.0~240μg/L浓度范围的相对响应因子为0.70~5.45,相对标准偏差小于18.5%。方法检出限在0.014~0.858μg/L之间,定量限在0.048~2.862μg/L之间。30 m的Rt-βDEXcst色谱柱方法效果优于60 m的DB-5MS色谱柱,但前者耗时较长。实际样品分析表明,7种PCNs回收率标记物,除一氯代萘约为6%外,其余均大于28%。测试土壤和沉积物样品中以低氯代萘为主。     

Advances in the environmental analysis of polychlorinated naphthalenes and toxaphene

Recent advances in the analysis of the chlorinated environmental pollutants polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) and toxaphene are highlighted in this review. Method improvements have been realized for PCNs over the past decade in isomer-specific quantification, peak resolution, and the availability of mass-labeled standards. Toxaphene method advancements include the application of new capillary gas chromatographic (GC) stationary phases, mass spectrometry (MS), especially ion trap MS, and the availability of Standard Reference Materials that are value-assigned for total toxaphene and selected congener concentrations. An area of promise for the separation of complex mixtures such as PCNs and toxaphene is the development of multidimensional GC techniques. The need for continued advancements and efficiencies in the analysis of contaminants such as PCNs and toxaphene remains as monitoring requirements for these compound classes are established under international agreements.     

Structures of polychlorinated naphthalenes and oxynaphthalenes and their13C NMR chemical shifts

The increment scheme for calculating chemical shifts of polysubstituted naphthalenes is based on 1- and 2-substituted heterosubgraphs which describe the main part of the substituent effect. The influence of several substituents on¹³C NMR chemical shifts have been described by two-particle increments corresponding to 1,2- and 2,3-ortho-disubstituted heterosubgraphs (the steric interaction of substituents in the same ring) and also to 1,4-conjugation of the substituents. Conjugation of two benzene rings required the introduction of a two-particle 1,8-heterosubgraph to the increment system. The systems of two-particle increments were obtained for polychlorinated naphthalenes, oxynaphthalenes, and polychlorinated oxynaphthalenes. Predicted¹³C NMR spectra of polychlorinated naphthalenes not included in the increment analysis proved to be in good agreement with independent measurements.Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 4, pp.625–628, April, 1994.     

Multielement characterization of soil samples with ICP-MS for environmental studies

The recovery of trace elements of ecotoxic importance has been studied on certified soil and sediment reference samples after pressurized digestions with HNO₃, HNO₃+HF and HNO₃+HCl+HF mixtures, respectively. The acid digests have been analyzed by ICP-MS. The results indicate that digestion with nitric acid alone is satisfactory for the recovery of As, Cd, Co, Cu and Zn. Cr and Pb showed lower recoveries with HNO₃ alone but addition of HF improved their extraction. With appropriate corrections, ICP-MS can be used for the routine analysis of soils and sediments. These digestion procedures, evaluated based on reference samples, have been used for the trace element characterization of soil samples from the German Environmental Specimen Bank.     

Simultaneous analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls and polychlorinated naphthalenes by isotope dilution comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) are listed as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) under the Stockholm Convention. Because they have similar physical and chemical properties, they are coeluted and are usually analyzed separately by different gas chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS) methods. In this study, a novel method was developed for simultaneous analysis of six indicator PCBs, 12 dioxin-like PCBs, and 16 PCNs using isotope dilution comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC-HRTOF-MS). The method parameters, including the type of GC column, oven temperature program, and modulation period, were systematically optimized. Complete separation of all target analytes and the matrix was achieved with a DB-XLB column in the first dimension and a BPX-70 column in the second dimension. The isotope dilution method was used for quantification of the PCBs and PCNs by GC × GC-HRTOF-MS. The method showed good linearity from 5 to 500 pg μL⁻¹ for all the target compounds. The instrumental limit of detection ranged from 0.03 to 0.3 pg μL⁻¹ for the 18 PCB congeners and from 0.09 to 0.6 pg μL⁻¹ for the 16 PCN congeners. Repeatability for triplicate injections was always lower than 20%. The method was successfully applied to the determination of 18 PCBs present at 0.9–2054 pg g⁻¹ and 16 PCNs present at 0.2–15.7 pg g⁻¹ in three species of fish. The GC × GC-HRTOF-MS results agreed with those obtained by GC-HRMS. The GC × GC-HRTOF-MS method proved to be a sensitive and accurate technique for simultaneous analysis of the selected PCBs and PCNs. With the excellent chromatographic separation offered by GC × GC and accurate mass measurements offered by HRTOF-MS, this method allowed identification of non-target contaminants in the fish samples, including organochlorine pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.     

Microwave-assisted extraction of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated naphthalenes concentrated on semipermeable membrane devices

Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) has been evaluated as an alternative to dialysis for the extraction of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) sampled by semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs), using gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS-MS).For MAE optimization a two level full factorial design 2³, plus a centre point, which involves 11 randomized runs was used. The results showed that the temperature had a significant influence on the extraction of the nine PBDEs and four PCNs tested. Also, the solvent volume had a positive influence on the extraction of PBDEs and PCNs, but only in latter compounds, it achieves statistical significance. The time had only statistical significance for the most volatile specie studied, PCN-54. The selected MAE conditions (60 mL of hexane-acetone, 1:1 (v/v), 85 °C, 1 min, two cycles) lead to recoveries between 72 and 91% for PBDEs and between 96 and 103% for PCNs. The applicability of the MAE extraction was tested in field SPMDs deployed for 20 days in a sewage treatment plant.The MAE method developed is about 300 times faster than the conventional dialysis and remarkably reduces the solvent consumption.     

加速溶剂萃取-气相色谱质谱法测定电子电气产品塑料部件中的多氯化萘

建立了测定电子电气产品塑料部件中的7种多氯化萘(PCNs)化合物的GC/MS法。粉碎后的样品经加速溶剂萃取法(ASE)萃取,并经硅胶小柱净化后,GC/MS法测定。7种多氯化萘的线性范围为：0.01～1.0μg/mL(相关系数R2＞0.999),加标回收率为64.0％～99.0％,相对标准偏差RSD为2.2％～9.9％。     

Micropore-free surface-activated carbon for the analysis of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins-dibenzofurans and non-ortho-substituted polychlorinated biphenyls in environmental samples

2,3,7,8-Substituted polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and non-ortho-substituted polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) account for almost all of the total toxic equivalents (TEQ) in environmental samples. Activated carbon columns are used to fractionate the samples for GC-MS analysis or bioassay. Micropore-free surface-activated carbon is highly selective for PCDD/Fs and non-ortho-PCBs and can improve the conventional activated carbon column clean-up. Along with sulfuric acid-coated diatomaceous earth columns, micropore-free surface-activated carbon provides a rapid, robust, and high-throughput sample preparation method for PCDD/Fs and non-ortho-PCBs analysis.