Oxidative energy storage ability of a TiO2-Ni(OH)2 bilayer photocatalyst

A TiO2-coated indium tin oxide electrode was further coated with Ni(OH)2 by electrodeposition to obtain a TiO2-Ni(OH)2 bilayer film. Upon irradiation of the bilayer film with UV light in a pH 10 buffer, the Ni(OH)2 layer was oxidized, and it turned from colorless to brown; oxidative energy was stored in the layer. The potential of the oxidative energy thus stored was about +0.7 V versus Ag|AgCl. The stored energy could be reversibly taken out of the film by chemical and electrochemical means. The photooxidized Ni(OH)2 was rereduced by alcohols, aldehydes, phenol, I-, H2O2, formate, and acetone.     

水汽对TiO_2上CO光催化氧化反应的影响

在室温、杀菌灯照射下 ,对“氧化的”TiO2 催化剂上CO光催化氧化反应进行了研究 ,发现当原料气中加入分压为 3.36kPa水汽时 ,光催化氧化CO的活性明显降低 .这可能是由于杀菌灯照射下TiO2 表面生成的O-(a) 或O(a) 与H2 O反应生成·OH ,降低了表面的O-(a) 和O(a) 的浓度 ,而生成的·OH不能使CO氧化 ,从而降低了氧化CO的能力     

Crotonaldehyde formation from decomposition of ICH2CH2OH on powdered TiO2

Adsorption and reactions of 2-iodoethanol on TiO(2) have been studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. ICH(2)CH(2)OH possesses two reactive centers of C-I and C-OH. It is found that its decomposition leads to the formation of crotonaldehyde on TiO(2). A reaction sequence of ICH(2)CH(2)OH --> ICH(2)CH(2)O- --> CH(3)CHO --> CH(3)CH=CH-CHO is proposed. Although the decomposition routes of C(2)H(5)OH and C(2)H(5)I, both forming C(2)H(5)O- on TiO(2), suggest that -OCH(2)CH(2)O- may play a role in the crotonaldehyde formation, reaction of HOCH(2)CH(2)OH on TiO(2) shows that this is not the case. Adsorbed H(2)O is formed in the ICH(2)CH(2)OH decomposition on TiO(2); however, it is found that ICH=CH(2), possibly generated by ICH(2)CH(2)OH dehydration, is not important in the crotonaldehyde formation.     

甲醇在纳米TiO2作用下进行光催化氧化反应的机理研究

以纳米TiO2为催化剂,以主波长为364 nm的汞灯为光源,用气相色谱法分别考察了0.1 mol/L的甲醇、甲醛和甲酸水溶液进行光催化氧化反应的动力学规律.Langmuir-Hinshelwood方程进行核算结果证明,该组反应均为零级反应.用TEM、 XRD、 SSA和XPS对催化剂进行表征.根据XPS的检测结果提出了甲醇光催化氧化的反应机理.TiO2光激发活化时间约为30～60 min,生成物及剩余反应物浓度随时间变化的曲线表明,该反应速率为HCH2OH相似文献   

Single-molecule fluorescence imaging of the remote TiO2 photocatalytic oxidation

The remote TiO2 photocatalytic oxidation reaction of single dyes has been investigated by the single-molecule fluorescent imaging technique. The present results suggest that the active oxygen species (Ox) is most probably the .OH radical, which is generated from the photodecomposition of H2O2 by UV light. The analyses of the number, intensity, and spectrum of individual fluorescence spots at the single-molecule level also indicate that unoxidized and oxidized dyes exist during the bleaching processes of single dyes.     

镍离子表面处理对二氧化钛光催化活性的影响

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备出纳米TiO2和TiO2-Ni催化剂. 光催化降解对氯苯酚实验证明, TiO2-Ni催化剂的紫外、可见光催化活性均高于TiO2. FTIR和Raman结果表明, Ni2+离子被化学吸附在TiO2表面形成ONiOO表面物种. SPS的结果表明, TiO2-Ni表面ONiOO物种的表面态能级在价带上方2.84 eV. 该能级既能产生可见光响应, 又有效地促进了光生载流子的分离, 使催化剂紫外、可见光催化活性提高.     

温度对掺杂球形Ni(OH)_2质子扩散的影响

应用微电极恒电位阶跃法研究了在Ni(OH) 2 电极的阳极及阴极过程反应中 ,温度对球形Ni(OH) 2 的质子扩散系数和表观扩散活化能的影响 .研究表明 ,于Ni(OH) 2 中掺杂Co和Co +Zn后可降低其阳极和阴极过程的表观扩散活化能 ,增大质子扩散系数 ,掺Co的效果更加明显 ,而掺Zn则增大表观扩散活化能 ,降低了扩散系数 .这说明前者的掺入其作用是降低了质子扩散阻力使电极的反应活性增加、而后者的掺入则是增大了质子的扩散阻力而使电极反应活性降低 .     

Observation of photocatalytic dissociation of water on terminal Ti sites of TiO2(110)-1 × 1 surface

The water splitting reaction based on the promising TiO(2) photocatalyst is one of the fundamental processes that bears significant implication in hydrogen energy technology and has been extensively studied. However, a long-standing puzzling question in understanding the reaction sequence of the water splitting is whether the initial reaction step is a photocatalytic process and how it happens. Here, using the low temperature scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) performed at 80 K, we observed the dissociation of individually adsorbed water molecules at the 5-fold coordinated Ti (Ti(5c)) sites of the reduced TiO(2) (110)-1 × 1 surface under the irradiation of UV lights with the wavelength shorter than 400 nm, or to say its energy larger than the band gap of 3.1 eV for the rutile TiO(2). This finding thus clearly suggests the involvement of a photocatalytic dissociation process that produces two kinds of hydroxyl species. One is always present at the adjacent bridging oxygen sites, that is, OH(br), and the other either occurs as OH(t) at Ti(5c) sites away from the original ones or even desorbs from the surface. In comparison, the tip-induced dissociation of the water can only produce OH(t) or oxygen adatoms exactly at the original Ti(5c) sites, without the trace of OH(br). Such a difference clearly indicates that the photocatalytic dissociation of the water undergoes a process that differs significantly from the attachment of electrons injected by the tip. Our results imply that the initial step of the water dissociation under the UV light irradiation may not be reduced by the electrons, but most likely oxidized by the holes generated by the photons.     

MRCI investigation of different isomers of Ni2O2H2(+)

The geometrical and electronic structures of different isomers of Ni(2)O(2)H(2)(+) are investigated by multireference configuration interaction (MRCI) calculations using natural atomic orbital basis sets. The lowest-lying isomer, Ni(2)(OH)(2)(+), has a rhombic shape with two OH groups bridging the Ni atoms. The next isomer in energetic order with a relative energy of 0.29 eV consists of a linear NiONi(OH(2))(+) chain. Other structures with a rhombic shape, (NiH)(2)O(2)(+), with H bound to the Ni atoms have considerably higher energies, above 4 eV. Especially the low-lying isomers are characterised by a large number of low-lying electronic terms. The product Ni(2)O(2)H(2)(+) of the reaction of Ni(2)O(2)(+) with small alkanes is likely to have the rhombic Ni(2)(OH)(2)(+) structure. The reaction energy of the reaction Ni(2)O(2)(+) + H(2)→ Ni(2)(OH)(2)(+) is estimated to be about -3.5 eV.     

Ni/TiO2-SiO2上光催化重整葡萄糖以低CO选择性制H2（英文）

Nano-sized Ni particles on TiO2-SiO2 were synthesized by the two methods of photo-assisted deposition(PAD) and impregnation.H2,which is a promising energy carrier,with a low CO concentration was produced by the photocatalytic reforming of glucose(a model biomass) on the Ni/TiO2-SiO2 catalyst.The supported Ni enhanced the rate of H2 production while it suppressed CO selectivity.The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction,X-ray absorption fine structure,transmission electron microscope,and nitrogen adsorption analysis.Both H2 production and CO selectivity were strongly dependent on the preparation method,and PAD-Ni/TiO2-SiO2 was the better catalyst for H2 production with the lowest CO concentration.     

具有3个次级晶格结构的钛酸盐晶体[Ni(OH)1.115(H2O)0.885]1.22(Ti1.73O4)·1.65H2O的合成

以K0.81Li0.27Ti1.73O4为前驱物, 通过水热方法合成出一种新型多晶格化合物[Ni(OH)1.115(H2O)0.885]1.22(Ti1.73O4)·1.65H2O. 应用XRD, IR, TG-DTA和TEM等测试方法对该化合物进行了表征. 结果表明, 在该化合物中, TiO2层和Ni(OH)2层沿c方向交替堆积, 分别形成3个次级晶格. 其中TiO2次级晶格属于正交晶系, 其可能的空间群是Pmmm, 晶格参数a=0.3875 nm, b=0.2976 nm, c=2.288 nm和α=β=γ=90°. 另外2个Ni(OH)2次级晶格具有相同的大小和对称性, 晶格参数a=b=0.3140 nm, c=2.288 nm, α=β=90°, γ=120°. TiO2次级晶格和Ni(OH)2次级晶格在ab平面二维方向上不匹配.     

Characterization of photoinduced self-exchange reactions at molecule-semiconductor interfaces by transient polarization spectroscopy: lateral intermolecular energy and hole transfer across sensitized TiO2 thin films

Transient anisotropy measurements are reported as a new spectroscopic tool for mechanistic characterization of photoinduced charge-transfer and energy-transfer self-exchange reactions at molecule-semiconductor interfaces. An anisotropic molecular subpopulation was generated by photoselection of randomly oriented Ru(II)-polypyridyl compounds, anchored to mesoscopic nanocrystalline TiO(2) or ZrO(2) thin films, with linearly polarized light. Subsequent characterization of the photoinduced dichromism change by visible absorption and photoluminescence spectroscopies on the nano- to millisecond time scale enabled the direct comparison of competitive processes: excited-state decay vs self-exchange energy transfer, or interfacial charge recombination vs self-exchange hole transfer. Self-exchange energy transfer was found to be many orders-of-magnitude faster than hole transfer at the sensitized TiO(2) interfaces; for [Ru(dtb)(2)(dcb)](PF(6))(2), where dtb is 4,4'-(C(CH(3))(3))(2)-2,2'-bipyridine and dcb is 4,4'-(COOH)(2)-2,2'-bipyridine, anchored to TiO(2), the energy-transfer correlation time was θ(ent) = 3.3 μs while the average hole-transfer correlation time was <θ(h+)> = 110 ms, under identical experimental conditions. Monte Carlo simulations successfully modeled the anisotropy decays associated with lateral energy transfer. These mesoscopic, nanocrystalline TiO(2) thin films developed for regenerative solar cells thus function as active "antennae", harvesting sunlight and transferring energy across their surface. For the dicationic sensitizer, [Ru(dtb)(2)(dcb)](PF(6))(2), anisotropy changes indicative of self-exchange hole transfer were observed only when ions were present in the acetonitrile solution. In contrast, evidence for lateral hole transfer was observed in neat acetonitrile for a neutral sensitizer, cis-Ru(dnb)(dcb)(NCS)(2), where dnb is 4,4'-(CH(3)(CH(2))(8))(2)-2,2'-bipyridine, anchored to TiO(2). The results indicate that mechanistic models of interfacial charge recombination between electrons in TiO(2) and oxidized sensitizers must take into account diffusion of the injected electron and the oxidized sensitizer. The phenomena presented herein represent two means of concentrating potential energy derived from visible light that could be used to funnel energy to molecular catalysts for multiple-charge-transfer reactions, such as the generation of solar fuels.     

Preparation of nanoporous MgO-coated TiO2 nanoparticles and their application to the electrode of dye-sensitized solar cells

Sol-gel-derived Mg(OH)(2) gel was coated onto TiO(2) nanoparticles, and the subsequent thermal topotactic decomposition of the gel formed a highly nanoporous MgO crystalline coating. The specific surface area of the electrode that was prepared from the core-shell-structured TiO(2) nanoparticles significantly increased compared with that of the uncoated TiO(2) electrode. The increase in the specific surface area of the MgO-coated TiO(2) electrode was attributed to the highly nanoporous MgO coating layer that resulted from the topotactic reaction. Dye adsorption behavior and solar cell performance were significantly enhanced by employing the MgO-coated TiO(2) electrode. Optimized coating of a MgO layer on TiO(2) nanoparticles enhanced the energy conversion efficiency as much as 45% compared to that of the uncoated TiO(2) electrode. This indicates that controlling the extrinsic parameters such as the specific surface area is very important to improve the energy conversion efficiency of TiO(2)-based solar cells.     

有机染料罗丹明B在复合催化剂TiO2-APS-PW11Ni作用下的光降解研究

利用自组装方式制备了多酸-有机胺-二氧化钛复合催化剂K5Ni(H2O)PW11O39-APS-TiO2(APS为(C2H5O)3SiCH2CH2CH2NH2的简称),简称为TiO2-APS-PW11Ni,通过红外(IR),紫外漫反射(UV/DRS)对其组成和结构进行了表征.并利用该催化剂光降解染料污染物罗丹明B(RB)水溶液,与纳米TiO2催化剂光降解进行对比,结果表明,染料罗丹明B在复合催化剂作用下的催化效果明显优于TiO2光催化效果,计算得降解半衰期分别为:T1/2(复合催化剂)＝6.5 min,T1/2(TiO2)＝21.2 min.     

新型非对称电化学电容器的电极匹配研究

活性炭负极容量的有效利用率是导致双电层电化学电容器和C/Ni(OH)2非对称电化学电容器容量性质差异的主要因素,并可将其作为非对称电化学电容器容量设计和测算的依据;本文引入Ni(OH)2正极有效活性物质概念,以正极有效活性物质的量匹配负极的设计容量,从而优化正、负极的容量匹配,改善非对称电化学电容器的容量和大电流性能.     

Effect of calcination temperature on structure and performance of Ni/TiO2-SiO2 catalyst for CO2 reforming of methane

The influence of calcination temperature on the structure and catalytic behavior of Ni/TiO2-SiO2 catalyst, for CO2 reforming of methane to synthesis gas under atmospheric pressure, was investigated. The results showed that the Ni/TiO2-SiO2 catalyst calcined at 700 ℃ had high and stable activity while the catalysts calcined at 550 and 850 ℃ had low and unstable activity. Depending on the calcination temperature, one, two, or three of the following Ni-containing species, NiO, Ni2.44Ti0.72Si0.07O4, and NiTiO3 were identified by combining the temperature programmed reduction （TPR） and X-ray diffraction （XRD） results. Their reducibility decreased in the sequence： NiO〉Ni2.44Ti0.72Si0.07O4〉NiTiO3. It suggests that high and stable activities observed over the Ni/TiO2-SiO2 catalyst calcined at 700 ~C were induced by the formation of Ni2.44Ti0.72Si0.07O4 and smaller NiO species crystallite size.     

Electrochemical behavior of ammonia at Ni/Ni(OH)2 electrode

The electrochemical oxidation of ammonia was investigated on a Ni/Ni(OH)₂ electrode prepared by potential cycling of a Ni electrode in 1 M NaClO₄. It was found that oxidation of ammonia is strongly pH dependent and proceeds mainly at pH values above 7. This indicates that NH₃ rather than ${\text{NH}}_4^{+}$ is oxidized on nickel electrodes. Oxidation of ammonia occurs in the potential region of Ni(II)/Ni(III) redox activity resulting in formation of a clear peak. Ni/Ni(OH)₂ is not deactivated during ammonia oxidation even at high ammonia concentrations. A considerable fraction of the ammonia was oxidized to nitrate (11%), while the rest were gaseous nitrogen compounds. It is postulated that nitrogen was formed via a mechanism involving direct electron transfer from ammonia to the anode whereas the formation of nitrate involved oxygen transfer from water to an ammonia molecule.     

Ni2P/TiO2的制备及其对苯加氢反应的催化性能

采用程序升温还原方法制备了TiO2负载的晶态Ni2P催化剂。用X射线衍射（XRD）及低温N2吸附（BET）等技术对样品的物相、比表面积等性质进行了表征。以苯气相加氢为模型反应考察了Ni2P/TiO2催化剂加氢性能,并对Ni2P负载量、前驱体中P的质量分数对催化剂的物相及性能的影响进行了研究。实验结果表明, TiO2负载的晶态磷化镍催化剂上,Ni2P是主要物相。Ni2P/TiO2催化剂对苯加氢反应具有较高的活性、选择性以及良好的稳定性能。Ni2P/TiO2制备对催化剂的性能有影响。Ni2P负载量增加,催化剂的活性先升高后降低,Ni2P负载量为12%时催化剂活性较高。催化剂前驱体中P的质量分数越高,制备出的催化剂对苯加氢反应的稳定性越好,但随前驱体中P的质量分数增加,催化反应的活性先升高,后降低。与Ni2P/SiO2比较,Ni2P/TiO2催化剂具有较高的活性和稳定性。     

Bi2O3 /TiO2复合纳米颗粒的可见光光催化性能

采用溶胶与水热相结合的方法合成了具有可见光光催化活性的复合纳米颗粒Bi2O3/TiO2,并对其进行了X射线衍射、透射电镜、X射线光电子能谱、紫外-可见漫反射谱、红外光谱、低温N2吸附脱附及电子顺磁共振分析。结果表明,复合少量的氧化铋可显著抑制TiO2由锐钛矿到金红石的相转移过程,并将光吸收范围扩展到可见光区。可见光照射下(λ>420 nm),利用电子顺磁共振技术检测到明显的羟基自由基(.OH)信号。铋的最佳掺杂量为Bi/Ti质量比2.0%,适量铋的掺入能显著改善锐钛矿TiO2的结晶度,抑制光生电子-空穴对的复合,提高光催化量子效率。通过可见光照射下,4-氯酚的降解实验测试Bi2O3/TiO2复合纳米颗粒的可见光光催化活性。同时,利用气-质联用仪对4-氯酚降解过程的中间产物进行了测定,并提出可见光照射下的Bi2O3光敏化机理。     

Mechanistic evaluation of arsenite oxidation in TiO2 assisted photocatalysis

We report herein a detailed assessment of the roles of O2, H2O2, *OH, and O2-* in the TiO2 assisted photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) of arsenite. Although both arsenite, As(III), and arsenate, As(V), adsorb extensively onto the surface of TiO2, past studies relied primarily on the analysis of the arsenic species in solution, neglecting those adsorbed onto the surface of TiO2. We used extraction and analyses of the arsenic species adsorbed onto the surface of the TiO2 to illustrate that the oxidation of As(III) to As(V) occurs in an adsorbed state during TiO2 PCO. The TiO2 photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) of surface adsorbed As(III) in deoxygenated solutions with electron scavengers, Cu2+, and polyoxometalates (POM) yields oxidation rates that are comparable to those observed under oxygen saturation, implying the primary role of oxygen is as a scavenger of the conduction band electron. Pulse radiolysis and competition kinetics were employed to determine a rate constant of 3.6 x 10(6) M(-1) s(-1) for the reaction of As(III) with O2-*. Transient absorption studies of adsorbed hydroxyl radicals, generated by subjecting colloidal TiO2 to radiolytic conditions, provide convincing evidence that the adsorbed hydroxyl radical (TiO2+*OH) plays the central role in the oxidation with As(III) during TiO2 assisted photocatalysis. Our results suggest the reaction of superoxide anion radical does not contribute in the conversion of As(III) when compared to the reaction of As(III) with *OH radical during TiO2 PCO.