和田玉糖玉的致色机理研究

采用X射线粉晶衍射(XRD)、 激光剥蚀等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)、 拉曼光谱(RAMAN)和高分辨率透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)对和田玉糖玉的致色机理进行研究。结果显示,糖玉的主要矿物成分为透闪石,化学成分中的Fe含量和糖玉黄褐色色调有正相关关系,颜色越深Fe的含量越高,Fe在糖玉中以独立铁质矿物的赋存形式分布于透闪石的颗粒间、 微裂隙中。铁质矿物由于其含量低、 粒度细小,本文设计实验对其进行富集后进行测试。将铁质矿物富集后的样品进行透射电镜测试,铁质矿物呈云状集合体,电子花样衍射图显示其矿物为针铁矿。因此,针铁矿分布于透闪石颗粒间、 微裂隙中致使糖玉呈现黄褐色。拉曼光谱显示糖玉表面少见红褐色矿物颗粒为金红石,由于金红石含量少,仅对颜色成因有部分贡献。     

基于三基色LED的色匹配实验

基于色度学的基本原理,利用三基色LED灯在不同的电流值下合成某种色光,其与所给出的色光正好相匹配,并实现了色匹配实验仪的设计与制作.该实验旨在通过加法混色原理,让学生对色合成及匹配的原理及过程有更直观清晰的认识.     

彩色PDP中荧光粉发光色坐标的测量方法研究

等离子体显示器已成为平板显示领域主要发展方向之一。在等离子体显示器上测得的色坐标包含了两部分：一部分是荧光粉在PDP器件中发光色的色坐标，一部分是PDP工作时气体放电的色坐标。在PDP屏的制作过程中，荧光粉经历了浆料制备、干燥、烧结以及老炼等工艺过程。因此，荧光粉在PDP屏上表现出的色坐标比起荧光粉体来说会产生一些变化。本文以测量PDP中荧光粉发光色坐标为目的，提出了一种用单色PDP屏色坐标、亮度和同结构下气体放电色坐标、亮度来获得荧光粉在PDP屏中色坐标和亮度的方法，设计制作了测试PDP屏三基色荧光粉发光色坐标所用的单色试验屏。用CRT ColorAnalyzer（CA－100）时PDP屏和PDP屏上气体放电产生的亮度和色坐标都进行了测量，根据合成颜色的在刺激值与二种已知颜色的在刺激值具有线性叠加关系，计算出了荧光粉在PDP器件中的色坐标和亮度。同时，用WGD－3型组合式多功能光栅光谱仪对PDP屏和气体放电的发光光谱进行了测量，用计算机将测得的发光光谱在同波长下相减，从而获得了荧光粉在PDP中的发光光谱。结果表明绿粉和蓝粉的色坐标变化较大，而红粉变化较小，使得PDP白场色温向较低的方向变化。绿粉和蓝粉的发光谱线的半峰宽与原粉比较都有减小，峰值发光强度也减小了，绿粉的峰值发光波长从526nm变至523．4nm。     

基于LED的色度学实验研究

作为环保、节能、可智能控制的新型光源,发光二极管（LED）广泛应用于人们的现代生活、生产中,更有望替代传统的照明光源。以三基色LED为光源,制作了三路独立可调恒流电源,通过调节三基色光的不同配比实现加法混色,研究设计了加法混色的色度学实验,既可以直接观察混色后的实验现象,又能通过测量光谱数据得到色度参数。LED光源环保...     

新疆软玉、辽宁岫岩软玉的XRD及红外光谱研究

选取新疆和辽宁岫岩两地不同颜色的软玉,青玉、黄玉、白玉、碧玉及岫岩的特殊品种——河磨玉作为研究对象,通过宝石学测试、红外吸收光谱和X粉晶衍射分析对两个产地不同种类及颜色软玉的宝石矿物学特征进行了系统研究和对比,以探索两产地相近颜色软玉的异同,为软玉的产地鉴别提供理论依据。研究结果表明,辽宁岫岩与新疆软玉的宝石学性质相似,折射率为1.60～1.62,密度为2.660~3.020 g·cm-3,密度随颜色的不同有一定差异,荧光特征均不明显,两产地软玉的主要组成矿物均为透闪石,其中新疆碧玉中含有少量绿泥石、伊利石等粘土矿物。两产地不同种类软玉的X粉晶衍射分析显示,不同种类软玉的衍射峰峰形特征及衍射强度在一定程度上可以反映软玉的质地及结晶颗粒大小。红外吸收光谱显示两产地软玉的红外吸收光谱特征类似,对鉴别软玉产地及种属意义不大。     

彩色珍珠致色成分的拉曼光谱研究

对多种彩色珍珠样品进行了可见光光谱和拉曼光谱测试,研究了珍珠致色成分的种类及其与颜色的关系。研究结果表明：(1) 彩色淡水珍珠和海水珍珠样品均会在1 121～1 132和1 506～1 524 cm-1范围出现强峰,该特征峰归属于多烯化合物的C—C和CC伸缩振动;(2) 随着珍珠颜色的加深,样品位于1 117～1 132,1 502～1 524和2 000～3 500 cm-1范围的峰逐渐增强,特征峰所代表的有机质与珍珠颜色有关;(3) 深紫色淡水珍珠和深橘红色海水珍珠样品在1 475～1 575 cm-1范围的包络峰可分成8～10个次级峰,计算可知多烯化合物CC双键数目分别为N=9～27和N=7～27。珍珠中不同种类和含量的多烯化合物,可能是彩色珍珠的致色原因。     

耀州古瓷釉层呈色机理的质谱研究方法

采用实验室自制飞秒激光电离飞行时间质谱(fs-LI-TOFMS)对唐代、五代、宋代、金代以及明代等五个朝代的耀州窑古瓷片釉层进行多元素同时分析,研究其呈色机理,以过渡元素为重点考察陶瓷釉层中所有可能着色元素的着色效果。推测耀州黑瓷烧制采用的很可能是Co-Cr-Fe-Mn系黑色釉料;明代白釉形成的主要原因是Fe元素含量低,还有可能与Ni元素有关;釉层中P 元素含量增多会导致釉色偏黄。毫无疑问,这一系列发现是对整个耀州瓷体系釉层呈色机理的重要补充。     

酸碱染料离子的缔合及等色化

本文阐述了等色染料离子对形成的实验方法,等色染料离子对的缔全机理及其形式,用吸收光谱的能级图,从电子理论角度论述了等色染料离子对的缔合效应等色化,溶剂效应等以化机理。列表示出等色染料离子对的高灵敏度,从而证明了等色染料离子对的萃取光度,浮选光度及萃取荧光光度法是高灵敏度和超灵敏度的新体系,为金属痕量和超痕量分析开辟了更为宽广的前景。     

基于宽色域色彩光谱样本集的色度校正方法研究

在跨媒体色彩再现流程中,受色彩再现场景光源及设备呈色机理等因素的影响,同一色彩信息在不同数字媒介之间进行传递时,往往存在色彩传递失真现象,该问题严重影响了现阶段影像色彩复制与传递的客观准确性。色度校正旨在克服上述色彩失真问题,进而提升影像色彩信息传递品质。现有色度校正方法主要可分为色适应变换类算法以及回归校正算法两大类,目前由于此两类方法所采用的训练样本普遍色域过小,故其往往导致在高饱和度色彩区域色度校正误差较大。为此,研究提出了一种基于宽色域色彩光谱样本集的新型色度校正方法。通过各类典型色彩光谱样本的收集与制备,构建了具有广阔色域范围的典型色彩光谱样本集,并在此基础上结合色域划分及色纯度寻优方法实现了现有回归校正模型建模样本的扩充与优化,显著提升了现阶段色度校正算法的校正精度。实验结果显示,在各类照明组合条件下,相比于现有色适应变换类方法以及回归校正类方法,所提出的色度校正方法可将以CIEDE2000色差公式表示的色度校正误差降低15%左右,对于高饱和度色彩区域其对应降幅可达40%左右。该方法的提出,将为未来数字影像色彩复制领域色彩再现技术的发展,提供有效的理论与方法支撑。     

Optical absorption and EPR studies on enargite

The behaviour of transition metal ions in enargite has been studied by electron paramagnetic resonance and absorption spectroscopy in the UV–VIS and near-IR regions. The ground state of Cu(II) ions in enargite is confirmed as ²B_1g since g₁₁>g_⊥ (2.54>2.11). Three characteristic bands observed in the optical absorption spectra at 8275, 13105 and 18420 cm^?1 are assigned to the transitions, ²B_1g→²A_1g, ²B_1g→²B₂ and ²B_1g→²E_g, respectively, of Cu(II) ion in the tetragonal field. The presence of Fe(II) bands is an evidence for iron impurities in the mineral.     

Examination on the electron paramagnetic resonance spectra and the photoluminescence spectra of the Cr ions in the KMgF3 crystal

In this paper, the photoluminescence spectra and the electron paramagnetic resonance spectra of the Cr³⁺ ions in the KMgF₃ crystal are explained based on the complete energy matrix diagonalization procedure and a crystal-field like model. The results agree well with the experimental data. It is also shown that the nearest neighbor F⁻ ions deviate 1.3981 and −0.486° from their original position because of the K⁺ vacancy.     

基于色度学-拉曼光谱特征鉴定北红和南红玛瑙

产于黑龙江的“北红玛瑙”与四川凉山、云南保山的“南红玛瑙”是我国珠宝市场上常见的红色玛瑙,然而相应的产地特征研究较少,结合色度学、拉曼光谱、X射线粉晶衍射分析对三个产地的73件红色玛瑙的色度学、矿物学、光谱学特征进行了对比分析。结果表明,“北红玛瑙”的主要物相组成为α-石英和斜硅石,次要矿物组成为针铁矿、赤铁矿;四川凉山与云南保山“南红玛瑙”的主要物相组成为α-石英,次要矿物为赤铁矿、针铁矿、方解石等,少量样品含有斜硅石。黑龙江“北红玛瑙”的颜色主波长范围为574～605 nm,集中于[580, 590]区间,对应黄色-橙黄色-橙色色调,CIE1976Lab色空间中a≤6.2,b≤6.3;四川凉山“南红玛瑙”的主波长范围为589～624 nm,云南保山“南红玛瑙”主波长范围为589～599 nm,两个产地的“南红玛瑙”主波长均集中于[590, 600]区间,对应橙色-橙红色色调,大部分样品a＞6.2或b＞6.3,整体而言相比“北红玛瑙”颜色色调偏红,其彩度和亮度总体上也高于“北红玛瑙”。拉曼光谱中,斜硅石Si-O-Si对称伸缩-弯曲振动引起的501 cm-1峰在“北红玛瑙”中的强度高,在两个产地的“南红玛瑙”中不存在或者强度弱。斜硅石与α-石英特征峰强度比(I₅₀₁/I₄₆₃)和面积比(A₅₀₁/A₄₆₃)结果基本一致,在研究及鉴定过程中可以根据实际情况灵活选择。拉曼光谱粉末法测得的斜硅石与α-石英特征峰强度比(I₅₀₁/I₄₆₃)和面积比(A₅₀₁/A₄₆₃)结果位于大量随机点测的范围内,在日常鉴定中可以用多次无损点测的方法来获得接近粉末法的结果。黑龙江“北红玛瑙”的特征峰面积比(A₅₀₁/A₄₆₃)稳定在0.15～0.36,而四川凉山与云南保山“南红玛瑙”稳定在0.00～0.08,指示了两个产地“南红玛瑙”的斜硅石相对含量比“北红玛瑙”少,推测是两地的“南红玛瑙”在初期形成后都经历了较强的脱水和重结晶作用过程,使斜硅石转化成低温的α-石英所致。可以综合利用色度学特征及拉曼光谱,结合斜硅石与α-石英谱特征峰强度比(I₅₀₁/I₄₆₃)或面积比(A₅₀₁/A₄₆₃),对产于黑龙江的“北红玛瑙”以及四川凉山、云南保山的“南红玛瑙”进行区分,这也对玛瑙的产地鉴定、出土文物溯源等具有重要意义。     

Recent studies on radiation induced F-center and colloid particle formation in synthetic NaCI and natural rock salt

Radiation induced F-center and Na metal colloid formation have been studied, at temperatures between 100 and 350°C, in melt growth synthetic NaCl crystals and natural rock salt samples, using equipment for making optical measurements during 1–3 MeV electron irradiation. In both types of NaCl the damage formation kinetics are qualitatively similar. However, there are large quantitative differences which depend on irradiation temperature, dose rate, total dose, inherent strain, strain applied prior to irradiation and other factors. Natural rock salt samples from different localities exhibit markedly different radiation induced colloid formation rates. An extrapolation of the current data to the doses expected in radioactive waste depositories indicate that natural salt immediately adjacent to the planned waste canisters could develop between 0.1 and 50 percent colloidal sodium in 50 to 400 years.     

TL,OA and ESR of spessartine garnet

Thermoluminescence (TL), optical absorption (OA), electron spin resonance (ESR) and their relation to point defects in spessartine have been investigated. The TL glow curve presented four peaks at 150, 220, 260 and 335 °C. The 150 and 335 °C TL peaks growth curves presented a linear growth with radiation dose up to about 400 Gy, supralinearity above this dose, and saturation around 800–1000 Gy. The OA spectrum presented allowed spin transition bands due to Fe³⁺ and Mn²⁺ in dodecahedral environment. Absorption bands due to ultraviolet charge transfer of Fe³⁺ in octahedral and tetrahedral positions were also observed. Two ESR, a strong one around g?～?2 due to Fe³⁺ in octahedral position, and another weaker one at g?～?4 due to Fe³⁺ in tetrahedral position, have been detected. The effect of high temperature annealing (600–900 °C) before irradiation was also investigated.     

Radiation stabilization of U5+ in CaO matrix and its thermal stability: Electron paramagnetic resonance and thermally stimulated luminescence studies

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) evidence is presented for the radiation stabilization of pentavalent uranium in CaO matrix. From the theoretical predictions ofg value for U⁵⁺ in axial symmetries, it was concluded that U⁵⁺ at Ca²⁺ site is associated with a second neighbour charge compensating Ca²⁺ vacancy. EPR measurements also revealed the presence of Mn²⁺, Mn⁴⁺ and Cu²⁺ impurities in the samples. The thermal stability of U⁵⁺ was investigated using EPR and thermally stimulated luminescence (TSL) techniques. The TSL and EPR studies on gamma irradiated uranium doped calcium oxide samples had shown that the intense glow peak at 540 K is associated with the reduction in the intensity of EPR signal of U⁵⁺ ion around this temperature. This peak is associated with the process U⁵⁺+hole→U^6+*→U⁶⁺+hv. The activation energy for this process was determined to be 1.4eV.     

EPR and optical studies of Cu doped ammonium dihydrogen phosphate single crystals

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra of Cu²⁺ ion in ammonium dihydrogen phosphate are studied at liquid nitrogen temperature (77 K). Four magnetically inequivalent Cu²⁺ sites in the lattice are identified. The angular variation spectra of the crystal in the three orthogonal planes indicate that the paramagnetic impurity, Cu²⁺ enters the lattice substitutionally in place of NH₄⁺ ions. The spin Hamiltonian parameters are determined with the fitting of spectra to rhombic symmetry crystalline field. The ground state wave function of Cu²⁺ ion is constructed and found to be predominantly |x²-y²〉. The cubic field parameter (Dq) and tetragonal parameters (Ds and Dt) are determined from optical spectra at room temperature. By correlating EPR and optical absorption spectra, the bonding coefficients are calculated and nature of bonding of metal ion with different ligands in the crystal is discussed.     

ZnO:V3+晶体光谱和电子顺磁共振谱的理论研究

采用强场耦合图像,建立了3d2电子组态在三角对称中的45×45能量矩阵,通过对角化完全能量矩阵的方法,计算出了ZnO:V3 晶体的45条光谱能级和5个电子顺磁共振谱参量(零场分裂D,g因子g//,g⊥和超精细结构常数A//,A⊥),计算结果与实验数值能很好地符合.计算中还发现V3 杂质中心的局部结构与基质晶体的结构不一致,即V3 在ZnO中并不占据准确的Zn2 位置,而是沿c3轴方向位移一段距离△Z≈0.003 nm.作者对上述这些结果的合理性进行了讨论.     

EPR and optical absorption studies of Cr ions in potassium sodium dl-tartrate tetrahydrate

EPR spectra of Cr³⁺ ions doped in potassium sodium dl-tartrate tetrahydrate single crystals are recorded at 77 K. The spin Hamiltonian and zero field parameters g, |D| and |E| are measured from the resonance lines obtained at various rotations of the magnetic field. The values obtained are: g_x=1.9257±0.0002, g_y=1.9720±0.0002, g_z=2.0102±0.0002, |D|=313±2 (×10⁻⁴) cm⁻¹ and |E|=101±2 (×10⁻⁴) cm⁻¹. From the results of EPR study, the site symmetry of Cr³⁺ ion in the crystal is discussed. The optical absorption at room temperature is also studied. From the observed band positions, the crystal field splitting parameter (D_q) and the Racah inter-electronic repulsion parameters (B and C) are evaluated. The bonding parameters are obtained by correlating optical and EPR data and the nature of bonding in the crystal is discussed.