The permittivity of water and water vapor in saturation states

The applicability of several well-known equations describing the dependences of the relative permittivities of liquid water and water vapor on their densities and temperature is analyzed. An original semiempirical equation was suggested to relate the permittivity of equilibrium vapor to that of the liquid phase. The temperature intervals within which the equations under consideration described experimental data most accurately were established. The results were used to tabulate the calculated permittivities of water and water vapor in saturation states.     

Enhanced Property of Thin Cuprous Oxide Film Prepared through Green Synthetic Route

Thin cuprous oxide films have been prepared by chemical vapor deposition (pulsed spray evaporation-chemical vapor deposition) method without post-treatment. The synthesis ofcuprous oxide was produced by applying a water strategy effect. Then, the effect of water on the morphology, topology, structure, optical properties and surface composition of the obtained films has been comprehensively investigated. The results reveal that a pure phase of Cu₂O was obtained. The introduction of a small quantity of water in the liquid feedstock lowers the band gap energy from 2.16 eV to 2.04 eV. This finding was mainly related to the decrease of crystallite size due to the effect of water. The topology analyses, by using atomic force microscope, also revealed that surface roughness decreases with water addition, namely more uniform covered surface. Moreover, theoretical calculations based on density functional theory method were performed to understand the adsorption and reaction behaviors of water and ethanol on the Cu₂O thin film surface. Formation mechanism of the Cu₂O thin film was also suggested and discussed.     

Three-dimensional lattice Monte Carlo simulations of model proteins. IV. Proteins at an oil-water interface

Lattice Monte Carlo simulations describe the adsorption of protein-like heteropolymer chains at an oil/water interface. The heteropolymers are designed sequences of 27 and 64 amino acid-type lattice sites taken from a 20-letter alphabet. We use our recently suggested energy scale to model oil and water. We investigate the effect of the oil parameters on adsorption properties of a single chain and on the aggregation of adsorbed chains while keeping the water parameters fixed to their optimum values found previously. By varying the oil parameters, we can cause a large range of adsorption behavior: from no adsorption to reversible adsorption to irreversible adsorption. We compare adsorption at a liquid/solid interface to that at a liquid/liquid interface. A liquid interface leads to stronger adsorption and denaturation than a solid interface with the same water and oil interaction parameters. We propose "optimal" oil parameters and use them to study multichain adsorption at a liquid interface.     

考虑催化层中气液态水影响的PEMFC微观模型

在考虑气、液两相水影响的条件下基于微观格点催化层模型对聚合物膜燃料电池(PEMFC)性能进行了模拟. 通过氧浓度分布和反应速率分布的比较, 说明了同时考虑催化层中气、液两相水影响的必要性. 模拟分析了液态水体积分数、氧气浓度及氧还原反应速率等在阴极催化层中的分布情况和影响因素. 考察了不同程度‘水淹’情况下的电池性能以及催化层孔隙率对水传递和电池性能的影响. 结果显示, 催化层中‘水淹’程度对电池性能有显著影响. 催化层中较大的孔隙率便于其中水的排出, 从而有利于提高电池性能.     

A model of the two-stage condensation mechanism of water adsorption on nonporous carbon adsorbents

The mechanism of adsorption of water molecules on nonporous carbon adsorbents has been suggested in terms of two different states of adsorbed water; stretched liquid water and water that occupies an intermediate state between the liquid and vapor. Two stages of adsorption were distinguished: condensation and pre-condensation that assumes the formation of molecular associates. The BET model was used to describe the pre-condensation stage. The equations of the adsorption isotherm for water vapor in the region of condensation process and the expression for the determination of the specific hydrophilic surface of adsorbents were found. Examination of the experimental data on adsorption of water vapor on nongraphitized samples of carbon adsorbents shows that in the region of polymolecular adsorption, all isotherms fall into a common curve determined by the equation of the stretched liquid film and can be calculated regardless of the properties of individual liquid water. The equation for adsorption of water vapor on the hydrophobic surface was obtained. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 10, pp. 1933–1939, October, 1998.     

Postcolumn formation of fluorophores from nitrogenous pesticides by UV photolysis

The ultraviolet (UV) photolysis of several classes of nitrogenous pesticides was examined with a view to photo-induced fluorescence detection in flow-injection analysis (FIA) and liquid chromatography. The solvents evaluated as typical reversed-phase mobile phases included water, methanol, and 1:1 mixtures of methanol/water and acetonitrile/water, and methanol/acetonitrilelwater mixtures. Acetone, acetophenone, the surfactant triton X-100, and the photocatalyst titanium dioxide were assessed as photosensitizers to enhance the UV photolysis and fluorescence responses. FIA and liquid chromatographic separations of several pesticides were followed by post-column UV photolysis for the fluorescence detection. Ultraviolet photolysis produces some fluorescent products. The type of photolytic solvent seems to play a significant role. The presence of photosensitizers also affects the fluorescence response of some pesticides. The photochemical transformation products of some of the pesticides are suggested. Analytical figures of merit were evaluated for determination of several pesticides in ground water. The post-column UV photolysis approach for fluorescence detection in liquid chromatography was assessed for several nitrogenous pesticides in ground water samples at ng/g concentrations.     

混合废塑料与煤共热解液体产物中氯的含量与赋存形态

采用离子色谱等方法测定了不同热解条件下液体产物（包括焦油和水）中氯的质量分数,讨论了影响煤与废塑料共热解过程中,热解温度、恒温时间、升温速率及气体流量等因素对液体产物中氯质量分数的影响。并通过红外光谱、离子色谱等手段分析了液体产物中氯的赋存形态。结果表明,煤热解过程中加入一定量的废塑料,并没有给焦油中带来大量的有机含氯化合物,但增加了焦油的产率,同时降低了水的产率。水中氯主要以无机盐（NH₄Cl）和有机胺类盐酸盐等含氯化合物的形式存在;焦油的红外光谱中没有明显的C-Cl吸收峰,说明焦油中有机氯的含量非常少。     

Topologic Transformation of Inorganic Salt–Oxyethylated Surfactant–Water Phase Diagrams in Response to Changing Temperature

A general topologic transformation scheme of phase diagram is proposed for inorganic salt–oxyethylated surfactant–water systems that have a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) or where the surfactant–water binary subsystem is homogeneous over the entire range of liquid temperatures for the case where the salt has the salting-out, salting-in, or salting-in-and-salting-out effect. Examples are provided to illustrate the implementation of the suggested variants of the general scheme.     

ASSOCIATION PHENOMENON OF A MIXED CATIONIC SURFACTANT IN NON-AQUEOUS SYSTEM

Pseudoternary phase diagrams of a mixture of two cationic surfactants, hexan-1-ol and a third component consisting of glycerol, formamide, water/glycerol or water/formamide were obtained. These diagrams were then contrasted with its water counterpart.

The results showed that the association phenomenon were entirely different from that of the corresponding water system. The lamellar liquid crystalline region was absent in both of the glycerol or formamide systems. This indicated a less ordered or destabilizing effect in the association structure resulting in the replacement water with that of glycerol or formamide. The presence of formamide resulted in a more destabilizing effect compared to the glycerol. This was shown by the smaller lamellar liquid crystal region obtained in the pseudoternary phase diagram containing equal weight ratio of water and formamide.     

Structure of water at ionic liquid/Ag interface probed by surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy

The potential-dependent adsorption behavior of water and ionic liquid was probed by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) at the Ag electrode surface in the ionic liquids containing water with different concentrations.The configuration of water at the ionic liquid/electrode interface and the relationship between the potential of zero charge (pzc) and the molar fraction of water were deduced through the changes in the vibrational frequency of OH stretching mode.A small Stark effect value was determined ...     

油/水界面张力的影响因素及无机盐对油水铺展的影响

讨论不同有机相与水形成的油/水界面处水/气、油/气及油/水3个界面张力的影响因素及相对大小。重点讨论了加入无机盐对作用于透镜状油滴上的3个界面张力的影响,总结出基本的规律并进行了实验验证。     

PHASE EQUILIBRIA IN THE SYSTEMS OF ACETIC AND GLYCOLIC ACID WITH WATER AND LAURETH 4

The effect of α-hydroxy group on the phase behavior in a skin lotion model system was studied by determining the phase diagrams for the two systems acetic acid / Laureth 4 / white oil / water and glycolic acid / Laureth 4 / white oil / water using visual observation by optical microscopy. The two acids when combined with surfactant and water gave an isotropic liquid solution, and a lamellar liquid crystal with different amounts of solubilization showing both acids to act as hydrotropes. The result provided essential information about the differences in the phase behavior which can attribute to the presence of a-hydroxy group in the glycolic acid. Small angle x-ray diffraction was used to determine the boundaries of the lamellar liquid crystal phases in the two systems, both acids were found to be located in the water region in the liquid crystal.     

液膜预富集水相痕量镍的分析研究

研究了液膜体系对水相中痕量镍离子的富集方法,镍离子从外相水溶液被膜相载体通过液膜运进含有反萃取剂的内相,从而达到富集效果,液膜富集一次回收率达98％,二闪富集倍数250倍,试验了载体,表面活性剂,液体石蜡,膜与内相水的水／油比,乳化液与外相水的乳／水比,内相酸度,外相PH值,富集时间的破乳剂用量等因素的影响,利用正交分析试验选出了最佳试验条件,并比较在相同条件下液膜法与萃取法提取镍的效果,通过液膜富集,使原子吸收法测定痕量镍达到了10^-9级。     

含水离子液体/金属界面结构的SERS研究

利用表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS)研究了不同含水量下离子液体及水分子在银电极上随电位变化吸附方式的改变,通过水的O-H伸缩振动谱峰频率变化特征,详细探究了水在离子液体/电极界面上的存在形式及作用方式以及体系零电荷电位与水含量的关系.水含量较低时O-H伸缩振动的Stark系数值较低,随水含量的增加O-H伸缩振动的谱峰位置逐渐向高波数方向移动,同时O-H伸缩振动的Stark系数也逐渐增大,1molL-1[BMIM]Br水溶液中达到76cm-1V-1,且体系的零电荷电位正移,这些差异与水在离子液体中所形成氢键的程度及水分子的存在形式密切相关,在水的含量较低时水与离子液体阳离子通过氢键作用而存在于界面层中,当水的含量增加时,水分子间氢键的作用增强,水与电极表面直接作用的可能性增大.     

Organische Salze der Flufenaminsäure: Eine neue Stoffklasse zur Bildung lyotroper Mesophasen in wäßrigen Systemen

The salt of diethylamine with flufenamic acid forms water structure-enforced ion-pairs. The free energy of ion-pairing was measured and gave ?22,9 kJ/mol. Because of the high pairing energy the salt seems to be nonionic and aggregates in this form to mesomorphic structures. In this amphiphilic “molecule” the carboxylate group together with the bound diethylammoniumion is thought to be the polar head. ¹⁹F-NMR investigations of the lamellar mesophases of DEAF show an essential interaction between trifluoromethyl groups and water molecules for the extistence of the liquid crystals. This supports the model of bilayers with incorporated intralamellar waterlayers. These waterlayers shall be stabilized by trifluoromethyl groups. It is suggested that these waterlayers give stability to the amphiphile bilayers. Investigations of the melting and binding of water to the liquid crystals by differential scanning calorimetry show correlations between the bound water and the melting enthalpies of the mesophases. From this it may be concluded that melting of the liquid crystals is a melting of the bound water, i. e. the watermolecules are set free from the hydrate shells of the ion-pairs. This result is also in accordance with the suggested model of bilayers.     

生物可降解高吸水性非织造布的研制

用聚丙烯酸接枝淀粉浆液，在ＰＶＡ非织造布上形成吸水树脂，从而得到高吸水性非织造布。对接枝单体的比例、交联条件、浸轧量及非织造布规格等因素对高吸水非织造布吸水性能的影响进行了讨论了并测定了其生物降解性能。     

Two liquid phases of water in the deeply supercooled region and their roles in crystallization and formation of LiCl solution

The properties of supercooled liquid water and the mechanism of crystallization in it were investigated using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry and reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy. The self-diffusion of the water molecules commences at 136 K, and then the liquid-liquid phase transition occurs at 160-165 K. The latter is evidenced not only by the occurrence of fluidity but also by the formation of a LiCl solution. The infrared absorption band also changes drastically above 160 K due to crystallization of water (on the Au film) and the formation of LiCl solution (on the LiCl film). The immediate crystallization and dissolution of LiCl are thought to be characteristic of normal water that is created in a deeply supercooled region, indicating that viscous liquid water (T > 136 K) is transformed into supercooled liquid water at around 160 K. The crystallization kinetics is different between these two phases because the former (latter) involves nuclear growth (spontaneous nucleation). Without nuclei, crystallization is quenched below 160 K in the present experiment. It is suggested that the viscous liquid phase coexists at the surface or grain boundaries of metastable ice Ic.     

Nonlinear Behavior and Domain Feature at Oil／Water Interface

Studies on nonlinear behavior at oil/water interface membrane were performed. This system showed rhythmic oscillations and chaos of electrical potential in a given concentration domain. The nonlinear behavior response at the liquid membrane apparently resembled that of biological chemoreceptive membrane. The possibility of developing a new type of chemical sensor with the ability to simulate substance equilibrium in living organisms was suggested in the paper.     

万古霉素手性固定相的制备与对映体分离研究

采用双官能团试剂4,4′-二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯在无水二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)中直接与大环糖肽类抗生素万古霉素及γ-氨丙基硅胶键合,得到环状抗生素手性固定相(CSP)并用于高效液相色谱手性分析。实验结果证实,合成的万古霉素CSP在正相和反相条件下均有一定的拆分能力,其中在反相条件下拆分了17种对映体,显示出其较为广泛的拆分范围,且磷酸缓冲体系略优于三乙胺-乙酸缓冲体系;对一些物质,如D,L-丹酰化氨基酸的拆分有一定的规律,能给出绝对构型信息。所制备的CSP在相体系转化时不发生老化和变性,显示了一定的稳定性。对该CSP的拆分机理进行分析所得到的结果与Armstrong等的分析结果基本一致。     

Cellulose acetate as stationary phase in microcolumn LC

The retention characteristics of alkylbenzenes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been examined in liquid chromatography on a microcapillary column packed with cellulose acetate. Particulate and fibrous cellulose acetate were used as the stationary phase. Fibrous cellulose diacetate was found to be of use as an alternative stationary phase for liquid chromatography, although the separation efficiency was low. The retention characteristics for planar PAHs were linearly correlated with the size of the molecules, but the retention behavior for alkylbenzenes and nonplanar PAHs was affected by exclusion. The retention order was strongly influenced by the addition of dimethylformamide or water to methanol in the mobile phase. The results suggested that the retention behavior is influenced by a slight change in the polymer matrix of cellulose acetate.