The linear expansion of gelatin films by moisture sorption

Summary The gelatin films which are cast from water solutions have an anisotropy which disappears by annealing. The linear expansibility depends on theph of solutions, and on the temperature, films are dried, or on the hardening and on the contents of ash. Both specimens (hardening and non-hardening) in which theph is close to the iso-electric point have the minimum linear expansion. The high temperature film has more expansibility than the low temperature film.

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Zusammenfassung Gelatinfilme, aus w?\riger L?sung gegossen, sind anisotrop, Die Anisotropie l?\t sich durch Temperatur-Feuchtigkeit-Behandlung beseitigen. Das lineare Ausdehnungsverm?gen ist vomph der L?sungen, der Trockentemperatur, sowie von H?rtung und Aschegehalt abh?ngig. Beide Sorten der Filme (geh?rtete sowie nicht geh?rtete) dehnen sich um so weniger, je n?her derph-Wert dem des isoelektrischen Punktes liegt. Die bei h?herer Temperatur gefertigten Filme dehnen sich st?rker als die bei niedrigerer Temperatur bereiteten.

     

Analysis of gas sorption in glassy polymers with the GAB model: An alternative to the dual mode sorption model

The suitability of the Guggenheim–Anderson–De Boer (GAB) model for the parameterization of gas sorption isotherms and their dependences on temperature is explored. The GAB model implies that molecules adsorb on inner surfaces of the polymer in multilayers, which contrasts with the assumptions of the classical Dual Mode Sorption (DMS) model which implies the simultaneous occurrence of Henry‐like dissolution and Langmuir's case I adsorption. The GAB model shows similar efficacy of the parameterization of the gas sorption isotherms in polymers as the DMS model. The isosteric heat of adsorption shows clear dependence on relative surface coverage for carbon dioxide sorption in cellulose acetate, polyethylene terephthalate, and the first polymer of intrinsic microporosity (PIM‐1), thus allowing for the occurrence of adsorption multilayers. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2014 , 52, 1490–1495     

Gravimetric measurement of water vapour sorption, moisture and dry mass

The gravimetric measurement of the moisture content of solids is discussed in comparison to other usual methods. Results of measurements of silica gel are reported. Furthermore, we inform on standardisation work. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Pharmaceutical approaches involving carvedilol characterization,compatibility with different excipients and kinetic studies

This study was performed to investigate the physical–chemical characteristics of carvedilol (CRV), complemented by compatibility studies with a great variety of pharmaceutical excipients. Thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry, supported by diffuse reflectance infrared fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFT), X-ray powder diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were selected as the solid-state techniques for the intended analyses. In addition, non-isothermal methods were employed to investigate kinetic data of CRV decomposition process under nitrogen and air atmospheres. CRV is characterized by an endothermic sharp event (T _peak = 389.81 K and ΔH _fusion of ?176.28 J g^?1) and a thermal decomposition behavior in two stages, totalizing 98 % of mass loss. The CRV pattern diffraction presents prominent peaks at 2θ: 5.92°, 14.90°, 18.62°, 24.47°, and 26.30°, and the DRIFT spectrum showed the main characteristics bands for CRV chemical functional groups. The SEM photomicrographs demonstrate that CRV is characterized by irregular blocky shaped crystals. Zero order kinetics was determined by Ozawa method in both nitrogen and air atmospheres. The compatibility results showed no evidence of any incompatibility among CRV and all the excipients analyzed.     

A microcalorimetric study of the sorption of copper(II) on KB-4 carboxyl cationite

The thermokinetics of sorption of copper(II) ions on KB-4 carboxyl cationite in the salt and hydrogen forms was studied microcalorimetrically. The total heat effect of sorption and its dependence on the degree of ionite filling were determined.     

A differential microcalorimetric study of whey proteins and their behaviour in oil-in-water emulsions

Oil-in-water emulsions (20% soya oil, 1% protein) have been prepared containing lysozyme or isolates of -lactalbumin and β-lactoglobulin from whey protein. The structural characteristics of these proteins adsorbed at an oil/water interface were determined by following their thermal transitions using differential scanning microcalorimetry. Thermograms of the proteins in the adsorbed state differed markedly from the corresponding transitions seen for the proteins in solution. This suggests that the proteins underwent substantial changes in secondary and tertiary structure upon adsorption. In general, for all the proteins studied, a net decrease in the total energy absorbed during denaturation was found when the proteins were in an adsorbed state. Both lysozyme and -lactalbumin were in part “surface denatured”, and they showed a certain degree of reversibility between solution and the adsorbed state. β-Lactoglobulin showed the highest degree of denaturation upon adsorption and the conformational change was irreversible.     

Wetting behaviour,moisture up-take and electrokinetic properties of lignocellulosic fibres

The wetting and moisture up-take behaviour, as well as the electrokinetic properties of various lignocellulosic fibres were characterised. Knowledge of surface and water uptake properties of this kind of materials will help to tailor their potential use in different end user applications. The surface tension of the fibres was determined from wetting measurements using the capillary rise technique. The wetting data were used to determine the surface tension of the fibres. Our results show that the surface tension of the lignocellulosic fibres is a linear function of their cellulose content. Zeta-potential measurements were exploited to characterise the surface chemistry of the fibres. Measuring the zeta-potential as function of time enables the rapid assessment of the water up-take, i.e. the swelling behaviour of the fibres. The results obtained by the zeta potential measurements correlate, with the exception of flax, in a linear manner with the results obtained from conventional moisture uptake measurements. Even though all lignocellulosic fibres are very hydrophilic due to the presence of polar oxygen containing groups they have different grades of hydrophilicity, which is also reflected in the different water uptake capabilities measured. The wetting, moisture uptake and electrokinetic properties of the lignocellulosic fibres are determined by the availability of the surface functional groups present, which is usually consequence of the processes used to separate, and extract the fibres from the plant (retting), as well as any further processing used to improve the fibre quality.     

气体吸附BET法对固态物质比表面积测量结果的不确定度评定

一切测量结果都不可避免地具有不确定度,其反映了测量结果的可靠性,反映了实验过程中各项误差对测量结果的影响程度. 本文依据JJF1059-1999《测量不确定度评定与表示》[1]及GB/T 19587-2004 《气体吸附BET法测定固态物质比表面积》[2]对BET法测定粉体比表面积的不确定度进行评定.     

Compatibility studies of trioxsalen with excipients by DSC,DTA, and FTIR

Psoralens are widely used for the treatment of psoriasis. Trioxsalen is a drug prescribed low-dose, belonging to the group of substituted psoralen. The aim of this study was to evaluate the compatibility of trioxsalen with pharmaceutical excipients used in the solid forms by analytical techniques. Binary mixtures between the trioxsalen and pharmaceutical excipients (namely, magnesium stearate, α-lactose, microcrystalline cellulose 102, pregelatinized starch, mannitol, sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium starch glycolate, and croscarmellose sodium) were examined. The trioxsalen–sodium lauryl sulfate mixture displayed some physical interaction based on the DTA and DSC results, but the FTIR study ruled out any chemical change.     

Evaluation of gas sorption parameters and prediction of sorption isotherms in glassy polymers

A model of continuous‐site distribution for gas sorption in glassy polymers is examined with sorption data of CO₂ and Ar in polycarbonate. A procedure is presented for determining from a measured isotherm the number of sorption sites in a polymer, an important parameter that previously had to be assumed. With this parameter value and solubility data obtained at zero pressure, the model can reasonably predict sorption isotherms of CO₂ in glassy polycarbonate for a wide temperature range. The number of sorption sites and the average site volume evaluated from CO₂ sorption isotherms are employed for the prediction of Ar sorption isotherms with zero‐pressure solubility data and the independently measured partial molar volume of Ar. A reasonable fit to the measured isotherms of Ar is achieved. With the proposed procedure, the continuous‐site model shows several advantages over the conventional dual‐mode sorption model. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 38: 883–888, 2000     

Study of the thermal behaviour of several metal acrylates and methacrylates

The thermal behaviour of several metal acrylates and methacrylates was investigated and the temperature characteristics were determined. The main decomposition of the monomer was preceded by thermal polymerization. The values of the peak temperatures of this effect do not correlate either with the thermal stabilities or with theQ values of the Alfrey-Price scheme of the monomers. The thermal resistance of the salts depends on the type of cations present, but there is no simple relationship. Divalent metal acrylates are thermally more stable than the corresponding methacrylates.     

Investigation of the compatibility between kaempferol and excipients by thermal,spectroscopic and chemometric methods

Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry - Compatibility is an important step in pre-formulation studies during the development of solid dosage forms. In the present study, we used thermal...     

Evaluation of compatibility of tablet excipients and novel synthesized polymer with lamivudine

The present study describes compatibility of anti-HIV drug lamivudine with various selected excipients and a novel synthesized polymer, for the development of its controlled release formulation. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), isothermal stability study (ISS) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectral analysis were performed to access the compatibility. The compatibility study was performed with various common excipients like spray dried lactose, polyvinyl pyrrolidine K-30, magnesium stearate, talc and a novel synthesized polymer cross-linked sago starch with lamivudine.     

Kinetics, thermodynamic and chromatographic behaviour of the uranyl ions sorption from aqueous thiocyanate media onto polyurethane foams

The retention profile of uranyl ions from aqueous thiocyanate media by polyether-type based polyurethane foams (PUFs) has been studied to gain more information regarding the mechanism of extraction. The effect of pH, shaking time, surfactant type, extraction media, temperature and analyte concentration on the retention of uranyl ions onto PUFs has been studied. It has been found that, the sorption of uranyl ions involved in the formation of a ternary complex ion associate of uranyl ion, thiocyanate and PUFs is highly dependent on these parameters. The kinetics and thermodynamics of the uranyl ions sorption have been studied in more detail. The dependency of the extraction on the parameters can be explained via a “solvent extraction,” mechanism. However, owing to the complex nature of the PUFs a dual-mode sorption mechanism involving both absorptions related to “solvent extraction” and an added component for “surface adsorption” may be operated simultaneously. Attempts for quantitative retention and recovery of the uranyl ions in tap and industrial waste water samples by the proposed PUFs columns has been carried out and satisfactory results have been obtained. The cellular structure of the PUF sorbent offer unique advantages over a conventional bulk type sorbents in rapid, versatile effective separation and/or preconcentration of uranyl ions.     

微孔物质BET测试数据的筛选、处理和检验

经典的BET测试适用于介孔和无孔物质,测试的相对压力范围是p/p0=0.05–0.3。现在人们对含有微孔的物质也用BET表征,可能的测试相对压力范围是p/p0=0.005–0.3。所得数据比较多,需要筛选才能找出符合BET模型的数据。有的仪器公司最新版软件有辅助筛选功能,使用起来非常方便。这类软件是基于Rouquerol变换方法编写的。我们试着摸索了这个方法的数学推导过程,然后根据文献和多人积累的测试经验归纳总结出了BET数据处理的5个步骤,整个处理过程在Origin软件上即可实现,适用于所有容量法BET仪器的数据筛选、处理和检验。     

Electrochemical behaviour of a snake-cage cation-exchange membrane electrolytic sorption and ionic conductivity

Summary The uptake of electrolyte by a snake-cage cation-exchange membrane has been measured by different methods. The experimental data are interpretable by local application of theDonnan law and consequently result from the heterogeneous structure of the membrane. The ionic conductivity measurements confirm these results. No ion-exchange polymer is imprisoned in the superficial layers of the membrane, but it is concentrated in a central zone of maximum capacity. Moreover, the development of continuous and poorly charged pores enhances the structural heterogeneity and lowers the permselectivity. If the snake-cage technique is very versatile to insolubilise many different groups, the structure of the resulting systems must be controlled by an adequate choice of matrix porosity and imprisoned chain length.

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Zusammenfassung Die Elektrolytkonzentration in einer Snake-Cage-Kationenaustauschermembran wird mit verschiedenen Methoden gemessen. Die experimentellen Ergebnisse lassen sich durch lokale Anwendung desDonnan-Gesetzes erklären und folgen demgemäß aus der heterogenen Membranstruktur. Die Leitfähigkeitsmessungen bestätigen die früheren Ergebnisse. Kein Ionenaustauscherpolymeres wird in den oberflächlichen Membranschichten festgehalten, es wird vielmehr in einer zentralen Zone mit der Maximalaustauschkapazität konzentriert. Darüber hinaus vergrößert die Anwesenheit von durchgehenden und schwach geladenen Poren die strukturelle Heterogenität und verkleinert die Permselektivität. Wenn viele verschiedene Gruppen durch die Snake-Cage-Technik unlöslich gemacht werden, was möglich ist, so muß die Struktur der entsprechenden Systeme durch eine angemessene Wahl der Matrix-Porosität und der Längen der festgelegten Ketten kontrolliert werden.

     

Examination of sorption and desorption of hydrogen on several samples of polish hard coals

Performed tests showed that at 298?K hard coals sorb relatively small amounts of hydrogen. Those amounts depend on carbon and oxygen content in tested coals. The most considerable amounts of hydrogen are sorbed by coals characterized by strong surface hydrophobicity and high content of aliphatic hydrocarbons. The hydrophilic nature of coal surface does not lead to higher sorption of hydrogen. It was found that the change in amount of sorbed hydrogen is closely related to the moisture. For high moisture coal a significant decrease in hydrogen sorption is observed. Also tests on hydrogen desorption on hard coals were carried out using method of lowering hydrogen pressure above the sorbent. Obtained results showed that tested coals desorb various amounts of hydrogen. Process of sorption is reversible only for some coals, while for the others the desorption isotherm partially lies beneath the sorption isotherm, which indicates that in addition to hydrogen some other chemical substances are emitted from coal.     

Evaluation of the combustion behaviour of perhydrous coals by thermal analysis

Summary Perhydrous coals are characterized by a high hydrogen content and exhibit a modified composition and physico-chemical properties in comparison with normal coals. These modifications affect the behaviour of perhydrous coals during pyrolysis and, therefore, may have an influence on the subsequent combustion process. In this work the combustibility behaviour of a series of perhydrous coals was evaluated in order to study the effect of hydrogen enrichment during the thermal treatment of the coals in an oxidant atmosphere. To this end temperature programmed combustion tests for the coals, and air isothermal (500°C) reactivity tests for their chars, were carried out in a thermogravimetric analyser. A clear relationship between the combustion behaviour of the perhydrous coals, and the aromatic to aliphatic hydrogen ratio was found.