联烯的自由基反应

联烯是含有1,2-丙二烯官能团的重要化合物,具有很高的反应活性.概述了联烯及其衍生物的自由基反应,包括分子间自由基链加成和分子间-分子内自由基串联加成反应,及其在天然产物中的应用.联烯进行分子间自由基链加成反应时,自由基对联烯的加成既可发生在中间碳原子上,也可发生在末端碳原子上,主要取于所形成中间体的稳定性,空间效应、电负性和溶剂等因素也有影响.一般以碳为中心的自由基(如CH3·,CCl3·等)易进攻末端碳原子,而以杂原子为中心的自由基(如Br·,RS·,ArSO2·等)易进攻联烯的中心碳原子.联烯及其衍生物也易与烯烃、联烯、烯炔和乙烯酮进行[2 2]环加成反应,还可以与卡宾环丙烷化,这些反应都是通过自由基机理进行的.     

浅析NBS自由基取代反应的几种历程

N 溴代丁二酰亚胺 (NBS)是烯丙卤化最常用试剂 ,本文着重论述了NBS与烯烃反应的几种历程 ,并加以分析 ,从而帮助读者能更好地理解NBS自由基取代反应的历程。     

通过自由基加成环化反应制备香豆素衍生物的研究进展

香豆素衍生物是一类重要的杂环内酯化合物,广泛应用于有机合成、生物医药及荧光材料等领域。开发新型简单高效的功能化香豆素合成策略一直受到人们的关注,通过苯丙炔酸酯与各类自由基前驱体的直接自由基加成环化反应为香豆素衍生物的功能化修饰提供了一条简单、清洁、高效的合成路线。本文综述了近年来基于自由基加成环化历程制备各类功能化香豆素衍生物的新进展。     

OH与TCE和PCE加成中间体消除反应的机理

用从头计算法在UHF/6-31G水平研究了羟基自由基与三氯乙烯和四氯乙烯形成的加成中间体的消除反应,通过振动分析确认了过渡态,计算了内禀反应坐标(IRC).研究表明,该反应消除一个氯化氢分子,形成具有平面构型的另一个中间体,反应活化势垒较低,分别为79.84kJ mol-1和62.68kJ mol-1,且二者反应在常温常压下是熵增、放热、吉布斯自由能ΔGΘ<Ο,具有较大自发趋势的过程。     

氰基丙二烯与乙烯环加成机理的理论研究

应用AM1方法研究了氰基丙二烯和乙烯环加成反应的反应机理,讨论了氰基对反应机理的影响。结果表明乙烯和氰基丙二烯之间的反应是自由基反应,乙烯进攻氰基丙二烯的中心碳原子从能量上考虑比进攻两端碳原子更为有利,且位垒比丙二烯上无取代基时低,比氨基取代时高,说明吸电子基团氰基取代氢原子后,使环加成反应易于进行,但没有供电子基团氨基的作用大。以上结论均与实验结果一致。     

桥头卤代烷的自由基亲核取代反应

本文综述了桥头卤代烷的自由基链式亲核取代反应(S■l)以及影响该反应的主要因素,如桥环的结构、离去基团、亲核剂及溶剂等.     

对甲苯磺酸吡啶盐催化乙酸烯丙酯的烷氧基取代/重排反应

以对甲苯磺酸吡啶盐为催化剂,实现了乙酸烯丙酯的烷氧基取代/重排反应,收率60%～95%.产物的结构经1H NMR表征.     

卤代烷反应中取代和消去竞争的教学设计

在卤代烷的取代和消去反应中,进攻试剂均为带负电的实体或多电子基团,因此取代和消去的竞争是卤代烷教学内容的重点和难点。本文介绍我们对这部分教学内容的组织和设计,使学生更好地理解反应底物、进攻试剂和反应条件对优势反应及产物的影响。该教学设计对培养学生的分析能力、思考能力和灵活应用知识的能力具有重要作用。     

氟、胺取代基对乙烯和甲醛环加成的影响

采用较新的半经验分子轨道方法AM1研究了氟、胺取代基对乙烯和甲醛环加成反应的影响．对三个环加成反应(C_2H_4+COF_2，H_2NHC＝CHNH_2+H_2CO以及H_2NHC＝CHNH_2+COF_2)的研究结果表明：1) 各反应均是经历双自由基中间体的两步过程，而第一步是速度控制步骤；2) 三个反应的活化位垒依次降低；3) 胺取代基比氟取代基对活化势垒的降低作用更为显著。     

自由基链式亲核取代反应(S_(RN)1)的进展

本文评述了自由基链式亲核取代反应的最近进展。内容包括:脂肪族化合物和芳香族化合物按S_(RN)l进行的反应及其机理。     

The Investigation of Free Radical Intermolecular Addition Following Free Radical SH2′ Cyclization Reactions

The photolytic radical intermolecular addition following S_H2′ cyclization reactions of t‐BuHgCl with 1‐bromo‐4‐(2‐choroallyloxy)‐but‐2‐ene and (E)‐4‐bromobut‐2‐enyl acrylate gave the good yields and the chemoselectivity of the cyclized product. The high stereoselectivity of the reactions is discussed.     

Free Radical Chemistry. 13 [1] Addition of Alkyl‐Cyclohexanol Derivatives to Hexafluoropropene

Free radicals derived from some alkyl substituted cyclohexanol derivatives react with hexafluoropropene to give a variety of polyfluoroalkylated adducts. Stereochemistry of the processes is discussed and remote functionalisation of the methyl group in 2‐methylcyclohexanol by an unusual intramolecular hydrogen atom transfer process is reported.     

The Studies of Free Radical Cyclization Reactions Mediated by Sulfonyl Chloride (II)

A study on the free radical cyclization reaction of substituted 1,6-dienes mediated by p-toluenesulfonyl chloride is described.     

Which Factors Determine the Reactivity and Regioselectivity of Free Radical Substitution and Addition Reactions?

The relative importance of bond strength, steric effects, and polarity in determining the rate and orientation of free radical subsitution and free radical addition reaction is considered. The factors which control substitution reaction (radical transfer reaction) are gathered together as five “rules”, and a similar five “rules” are proposed for addition rections. These “rules” are shown to be special cases of two “laws” which govern all free radical reactions.     

Expanding Radical SAM Chemistry by Using Radical Addition Reactions and SAM Analogues

Radical S‐adenosyl‐l ‐methionine (SAM) enzymes utilize a [4Fe‐4S] cluster to bind SAM and reductively cleave its carbon–sulfur bond to produce a highly reactive 5′‐deoxyadenosyl (dAdo) radical. In almost all cases, the dAdo radical abstracts a hydrogen atom from the substrates or from enzymes, thereby initiating a highly diverse array of reactions. Herein, we report a change of the dAdo radical‐based chemistry from hydrogen abstraction to radical addition in the reaction of the radical SAM enzyme NosL. This change was achieved by using a substrate analogue containing an olefin moiety. We also showed that two SAM analogues containing different nucleoside functionalities initiate the radical‐based reactions with high efficiencies. The radical adduct with the olefin produced in the reaction was found to undergo two divergent reactions, and the mechanistic insights into this process were investigated in detail. Our study demonstrates a promising strategy in expanding radical SAM chemistry, providing an effective way to access nucleoside‐containing compounds by using radical SAM‐dependent reactions.     

The Studies of Free Radical Cyclization Reactions Mediated by Sulfonyl Chloride (I)

A study of the free racinoal reaction of vinylcycloprelpane mediated by p-toluenesulfonyl chloride is described.