Effect of the roughness factor on the surface oxidation of ruthenium catalysts

The surface oxidation of ruthenium catalysts with different roughness factor values has been analyzed. It is shown that electro formation of oxidized species on the exposed surface of ruthenium is strongly affected by the rougher characteristics of the surface. This effect has been explained through the addition and removal of protons to and from the oxidized species.

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. , . .

     

New model of the hydroxylating enzyme system of liver microsomes: NADH-riboflavine-hemoglobin-O2

The kinetics of aniline hydroxylation to p-aminophenol by the NADH-riboflavine-hemoglobin-O₂ system has been investigated in a phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) at 37°C. At optimal concentrations of the model system components the rates of aniline oxidation are comparable with those of the enzymatic hydroxylation of aniline by rat liver microsomes. Possible paths of aniline hydroxylation in the system NADH-riboflavine-hemoglobin-O₂ are discussed.

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37°C pH 6,8 - .---O₂. . .---O₂.

     

Role of transition metals during p-xylene oxidation in aqueous system

The role of transition metals in the mechanism of p-xylene oxidation has been studied in aqueous systems at 140°C and 1.0 MPa of oxygen. The reaction proceeds according to second-order kinetics in p-xylene concentration for all metals and of <0.5 order with respect to metal concentration. For the metals studied the apparent activation energies are almost the same. The results support our previous assumption that (i) the rate-determining propagation step of p-xylene oxidation in aqueous systems does not involve metal ions, (ii) direct oxidation of p-xylene by higher valent metals does not play any significant role.

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- 140°C 1,0 . - , 0,5 . . , , 1. , - , ; 2. - - .

     

Neighboring amide group participation in ester aminolysis in aprotic solvents

The piperidinolysis of 8-quinolyl-, p-nitrophenyl-, o-, and p-piperidinocarbonylphenyl acetates in acetonitrile and in chlorobenzene was studied at 25°C. The strictly second order kinetic behaviour and the weaks solvent-dependence of the rate of the reaction of o-piperidinocarbonylphenyl acetate indicate anchimeric assistance by the o-amide group, and support the suggestion that amide groups of hydrophobic enzyme active sites may act as general base catalysts.

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8--, --, - - 25°C. - - , .

     

Temperature and pressure oscillations during the autooxidation of benzaldehyde

The oscillatory behavior of the autooxidation of benzaldehyde catalyzed by cobalt(II) and bromide ions can be monitored besides potentiometry and/or spectrophotometry also by measuring the temperature of the reaction system and the pressure of oxygen above the solution as a function of time. The temperature and pressure oscillations can be explained only qualitatively so far.

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, , , / , . .

     

Adsorption of carbon monoxide on Lewis acid sites of alumina

It has been found that carbon monoxide is adsorbed on Lewis acid sites of a high acid strength. Potential applicability of carbon monoxide as a gaseous base to determine the strength and amount of acid sites is suggested.

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, . CO, , .

     

Construction of a thermoanalyzer for DTA-TD-TMAG-T measurements on metals up to 1100 °C

A thermoanalyzer is described for the simultaneous testing of metals and alloys by three methods: differential thermal analysis (DTA), thermal dilatometry (TD) and thermomagnetometry (TMAG). One reference specimen is used as a standard for each of the above kinds of analysis. Measurements can be performed in vacuum or in a static or dynamic atmosphere of gases at any pressure between normal and 5× 10^–5 Torr. The temperature of the sample can be changed linearly in the range 20–1100 °C. DTA and TD are performed classically, whereas TMAG is based on the temperature and magnetic field-dependences of the reversible magnetic susceptibility of the sample. Some analysis results are presented.

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Zusammenfassung Es wird ein Thermoanalysator zur simultanen Untersuchung von Metallen und Legierungen durch drei Methoden beschrieben: Differentialthermoanalyse (DTA), Thermodilatometrie (TD) und Thermomagnetometrie (TMAG). Für alle drei Verfahren wurde die gleiche Referenzsubstanz als Standard benutzt. Messungen können im Vakuum oder is statischer bzw. bewegter Atmosphäre von Gasen beliebigen Druckes zwischen Normaldruck und 5·10^–5 Torr durchgeführt werden. Die Temperatur der Probe kann zwischen 20 und 1100 °C linear variiert werden. Während DTA und TG die herkömmlichen Verfahren zu Grunde liegen, basiert TMAG auf der Temperatur- und Magnetfeldabhängigkeit der reversiblen magnetischen Suszeptibilität der Probe. Einige Analysenergebnisse wurden dargestellt.

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: (), () (). . , 5·10^–5 . 20–1100°. , . .

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Presented at the 4th European Symposium on Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, Jena, GDR, August 1987.     

Ammoxidation of cyclohexanol to adiponitrile on vanadium oxide

The reaction pathway of ammoxidation of cyclohexanol to adiponitrile (ADN) on vanadium pentoxide catalyst has been investigated. ADN was produced directly via adipic acid obtained from oxidation of cyclohexanone. The main end-products were carbon dioxide and benzene.

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() V₂O₅. , . .

     

Kinetics and mechanism of the oxidation of bis(acetylacetonato)-cobalt(II) by cumene hydroperoxide in the presence of pyridine

Stoichiometric reaction of bis(acetylacetonato) cobalt(II) with cumene hydroperoxide in chloroform solutions containing added pyridine has been studied by the PMR method.

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() Co(II) , .

     

Preparation and properties of high dispersity palladium catalysts

Preparation methods for monodisperse sols of palladium with 9, 15, 30 and 75 Å particles are suggested. It has been revealed that with decreasing size of palladium particles (d25 Å), the dissolved hydrogen species disappear. As a result, their behavior in dimethyl ethynyl carbinol hydrogenation is close to the platinum properties.

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9, 15, 30, 75 Å. , (d25 Å) , .

     

Measurement of the dispersity of supported ruthenium catalysts by oxygen chemisorption

A highly dispersed (Ø (Ru)<10 Å, from electron microscopy) Al₂O₃-supported catalyst and not so well dispersed silica supported Pt, Ru, Pt, Ru-alloy catalysts were investigated. Oxygen coverage of Ru is found to be close to 2 at 20 °C over the monometallic Ru catalysts as well as over the Pt, Ru-alloy catalysts.

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(Ø (Ru)<10 Å ) Al₂O₃ Pt Ru Pt Ru . Ru 2 20°C Ru, Pt Ru.

     

Study of hydrogen adsorption on iridium catalysts

The influence of dispersity on hydrogen adsorption on Ir black and Ir/C catalysts has been studied. It is shown that supported iridium reduces the heat of hydrogen adsorption as compared to Ir black. With decreasing catalyst dispersity, the amount of weakly bound hydrogen increases, while its adsorption heat decreases on all Ir catalysts.

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Ir- Ir/C-. , Ir-. C , Ir-.

     

Testing the photocatalytic activity of cyanogen-and thiocyanogen-based inorganic polymers

The photocatalytic properties of some cyanogen-and thiocyanogen-based inorganic polymers, such as paracyanogens containing different metals (Hg, Ag, Cu), polythiocyanogens of different iodine contents, polycyanogen and poly (cyanogenthiocyanate), have been tested in two systems. Cu-containing paracyanogen and the iodine-poor polythiocyanogens catalyze the photoreduction of methylviologen under visible light, furthermore the Cu-containing paracyanogen catalyzes the photoreduction of water to hydrogen under UV irradiation.

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, , , , (Hg, Ag, Cu), , (), . , , , , , , -.

     

Thermal degradation of some cross-linked copolymers of vinyl acetate

Pyrolysis in combination with gas chromatography and thermogravimetry were used to study the thermal degradation of some cross-linked copolymers of vinyl acetate with divinylbenzene and ethylstyrene. The temperature was varied in the range 200° and 800°. The thermal decomposition products of the analyzed copolymers vary greatly, both with the temperature and with the composition of the samples. The experimental data obtained led to the assumption of a complex degradation mechanism, evidenced by the overlapping processes and the unexpected contents of certain evolved compounds as a function of composition.

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Zusammenfassung Pyrolyse in Kombination mit Gaschromatographie und Thermogravimetrie wurde zu Untersuchung des thermischen Abbaus einiger vernetzter Kopolymere von Vinylacetat mit Divinylbenzol und Äthylstyrol herangezogen. Die Temperatur wurde im Bereich von 200–800° variiert. Die thermischen Zersetzungsprodukte sind sehr unterschiedlich, abhängig von der Temperatur und der Zusammensetzung der Probe. Aus den experimentellen Daten wird auf einen komplexen Zersetzungsmechanismus geschlossen, der durch die Überlappung der Prozesse und durch das auftreten bestimmter unerwarteter Verbindungen in Abhängigkeit von der Zusammensetzung bestätigt wird.

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. 200–800°. , . , .

     

On the relationship between the structures of Cu(II) complexes and their chemical transformations IX

The Stoichiometry and the kinetics of thermal decomposition of the title compounds were studied. The results were correlated with the structures of the Cu(II) coordination polyhedra, which have in general a 4+2 type of coordination. It was shown that the equatorial Cu-H₂O bond distances are important for the found decomposition stoichiometries. As an intermediate of thermal decomposition, Cu(H₂O)₅(CH₃C₆H₄SO₃)₂ was prepared and characterized via its IR and electronic spectra and powder X-ray diffractogram. The experimental activation energies increase with increasing degree of tetragonality of the Cu(II) coordination polyhedron forX ^–=C₆H₅SO₃ and D-C₁₀ H ₁₅OSO₃, but decrease forX ^–=4-CH₃C₆H₄SO₃. TheE ^* value found for the decomposition of the latter compound can not be attributed to the chemical reaction.

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Zusammenfassung Die Stöchiometrie und Kinetik der thermischen Zersetzung der Titelverbidungen wurde untersucht. Die Ergebnissen wurden auf die Strukturen der Cu(II) Koordinationspolyeder bezogen, die im allgemeinen eine 4+2 Koordination aufweisen. Die Länge der äquatorialen Cu-H₂O Bindung erwies sich als bedeutungsvoll für die ermittelte Stöchiometrie der Zersetzung. Das Zwischenprodukt Cu(H₂O)₅(CH₃C₆H₄SO₃)₂ der thermischen Zersetzung wurde dargestellt und mittels IR- und Elektronenspektren sowie Röntgenpulveraufnahmen beschrieben. Mit ansteigendem Tetragonalitätscharakter der Cu(II) Koordinationspolyeder wachsen die experimentell ermittelten Aktivierungsenergien fürX ^–=C₆H₅SO₃ und D-C₁₀H₁₅OSO₃ an, nehmen aber fürX ^–= 4-CH₃C₆H₄SO₃ ab. Der für letztere Verbindung ermittelteE ^* Wert kann der chemischen Reaktion nicht zugeschrieben werden.

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. , 4 + 2. , Cu-H₂O . Cu(H₂O)₅(CH₃C₆H₄SO₃)₂ , -. X ^–=C₆H₅SO₃ -C₁₀H₁₅OSO₃, X ^–= 4-CH₃C₆H₄SO₃. .

     

Heterogenized rhodium complexes as hydrogen transfer catalysts

Cationic rhodium(I) norbornadiene complexes with polystyrene-immobilized imidazole, tetramethylbiimidazole or phosphine ligands in the presence of potassium hydroxide catalyze hydrogen transfer from isopropanol to acetophenone and 1-hexene. [Rh(NBD) (poly-PPh₂)₂] ClO₄ complexes are particularly efficient for the reduction of acetophenone, but slow decomposition to rhodium metal is observed.

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(I) , , , 1-. [Rh(NBD) (-PPh₂)₂]ClO₄ , .

     

Non-catalyzed oscillation reaction in the aniline-KBrO3?H2SO4 system. II. Reaction products and their oscillating behavior

By means of thin-layer and gas chromatography the reaction products have been determined in the oscillation system of aniline, KBrO₃ and H₂SO₄. These products include: 2-bromoaniline, 4-bromoaniline, 2,4-dibromoaniline, 2,4,6-tribromoaniline, 1,4-benzoquinone, 2-bromo-1,4-benzoquinone, 2,6-dibromo-1,4-benzoquinone and a brominated oxidation product. The brominated aniline derivatives do not exhibit an oscillating behavior, and the addition of these substances to an oscillating mixture damps the course of other oscillations.

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, KBrO₃ H₂SO₄. : 2-, 4-, 2,4-, 2,4,6-, 1,4-, 2--1,4-, 2,6--1,4- . , , , .

     

Influence of the entropy factor on the equilibrium and kinetics of chemisorption

A correction to the model of uniform heterogeneous surface has been introduced. This correction extends the limits of application to processes with entropy changes of the adsorbent. On the basis of the model thus corrected a kinetic equation has been deduced, which takes into account the role of the entropy factor. The presence of a compensation effect in chemisorption kinetics is supported theoretically.

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- , , . , . .

     

TPD studies of hydrogen sorption on platinum powder catalysts modified with adsorbed gold

It has been shown that hydrogen determined from the TPD curves of platinum saturated with hydrogen sorbed above room temperature is chiefly absorbed and not adsorbed hydrogen; this absorbed hydrogen has no effect on the charging curve.

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, , , , ; .

     

Kinetics of SO2 oxidation on K2S2O7?V2O5 catalyst in non-steady conditions

Studies of SO₂ oxidation on a molten component of vanadium catalysts in non-steadystate conditions indicates that the kinetics agree fairly well with an oxidation-reduction mechanism. In the low temperature range (<790 K) tetravalent vanadium can be partially crystallized.

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. , - . ( 790 ) .