Influences of Annealing on Residual Stress and Structure of HfO2 Films

HfO2 films are deposited on BK7 glass substrates by electron beam evaporation. The influences of annealing between 100℃ and 400℃ on residual stresses and structures of HfO2 films are studied. It is found that little differences of spectra, residual stresses and structures are obtained after annealing at lower temperatures. After annealing at higher temperatures, the spectra shift to short wavelength, the residual stress increases with the increasing annealing temperature. At the same time, the crystallite size increases and interplanar distance decreases. The variations of optical spectra and residual stress correspond to the evolutions of structures induced by annealing.     

应变梯度对布里渊光时域反射计测量精度的影响

基于脉冲抽运的布里渊光时域反射计技术具有米数量级的空间分辩力。为了分析在其空间分辨力范围内的应变梯度增加对布里渊谱测量的影响,建立了后向布里渊散射谱与应变梯度的函数关系。数值分析结果表明应变梯度增大,不仅使布里渊频移随之线性增大,也会使后向布里渊散射谱峰值非线性降低,谱峰变得平坦。空间分辨力10m的100με／m应变梯度相对于零应变梯度,引起的布里渊频移测量误差增加2．04倍。传感光纤固定于悬臂梁上以模拟不同应变梯度,采用对频宽小于1MHz的激光脉冲调制和基于相干平衡检测的布里渊光时域反射计系统,实验测得了沿传感光纤的后向布里渊散射谱数据和应变分布。布里渊谱数据经最小二乘法拟合后,得到的不同应亦梯度的谱曲线变化与理论分析相吻合。     

运用偏振荧光的手段研究氧化胁迫对小麦叶绿体荧光的影响

采集抽穗期小麦旗叶,采用1mmol.L-1 H2O2、干旱、黑暗处理24h诱导产生氧化损伤模型,然后运用偏振荧光的手段检测了叶绿体的荧光发射谱和荧光激发谱,结果发现,无论选择436nm激发叶绿素a(Chla)分子,或固定475nm激发叶绿素b(Chlb)分子,氧化胁迫后光系统Ⅱ反应中心P680与光系统Ⅰ反应中心P700的荧光发射峰峰面积比值A684/A720呈上升趋势;通过比较偏振荧光激发谱上E436/E475和E475/E600比值,发现随着氧化胁迫的进行,Chla对于反应中心能量传递的相对贡献大于Chlb;此外,类胡萝卜素向Chlb能量传递效率在各个偏振方向上均有所提高;通过计算偏振度及粘度,发现氧化胁迫处理促使680nm处荧光偏振度提高,内囊体膜微环境粘度增加。上述结果为研究氧化胁迫提供了一种简单、易行的方法。     

FTIR结合生理特性研究铅胁迫对小麦幼苗的影响

采用土培的方法系统研究了铅胁迫下小麦幼苗叶片的抗氧化酶活性及傅里叶红外光谱的变化。结果表明,随着Pb²⁺浓度的升高,抗氧化酶SOD、CAT活性出现先升高后降低的趋势,POD活性呈下降趋势。同时铅胁迫影响着小麦叶片的傅里叶红外光谱,高浓度的铅胁迫能使FTIR谱特征峰出现较明显的位移,代表着有机物质的转变。     

利用延迟荧光光谱F730/F685的逆境胁迫生理检测方法

以玉米98-2为样品,实验分析了高温、盐及紫外UV-B胁迫下,样品离体叶片延迟荧光发射光谱的变化.标记685 nm主峰带的最高峰值为F685,730nm次峰带的最高峰值为F730,实验发现不同的逆境胁迫对比值F730/F685均产生了显著的影响.结合样品在相同逆境下叶绿素荧光参数Fv/Fm以及DF强度的检测实验,结果表...     

Raman properties embeddedof GaSb nanoparticlesin SiO2 films

The Raman shifts of nanocrystalline GaSb excited by an Ar^ ion laser at wavelengths 514.5, 496.5, 488.0, 476.5,and 457.9nm are studied by an SPEX-1403 laser Raman spectrometer respectively, and they are explained by phonon confinement, tensile stress, resonant Raman scattering and quantum size effects. The Stokes and anti-Stokes Raman spectra of GaSb nanocrystals strongly support the Raman feature of GaSb nanocrystals. The calculated optical spectra compare well with experimental data on Raman scattering GaSb nanocrystals.     

Quantum fluctuations of vacuum stress tensors and spacetime curvatures

We analyze the quantum fluctuations of vacuum stress tensors and spacetime curvatures, using the framework of linear response theory which connects these fluctuations to dissipation mechanisms arising when stress tensors and spacetime metric are coupled. Vacuum fluctuations of spacetime curvatures are shown to be a sum of two contributions at lowest orders; the first one corresponds to vacuum gravitational waves and is restricted to light-like wavevectors and vanishing Einstein curvature, while the second one arises from gravity of vacuum stress tensors. From these fluctuations, we deduce noise spectra for geodesic deviations registered by probe fields which determine ultimate limits in length or time measurements. In particular, a relation between noise spectra characterizing spacetime fluctuations and the number of massless neutrino fields is obtained.     

MOCVD生长的GaN和GaN:Mg薄膜的拉曼散射

通过显微拉曼散射对用金属有机化学气相沉积(MOCVD)法在Al2O3衬底上生长的六方相CaN和掺Mg的P型GaN薄膜进行了研究。在两个样品的拉曼散射谱中同时观察到位于640,660cm^-1附近的两个峰。640cm^-1的峰归因于布里渊区边界(L点)最高声学声子的二倍频,而660cm^-1的峰为布里渊区边界的光学声子支或缺陷诱导的局域振动模。掺Mg的GaN在该处的峰型变宽是Mg诱导的缺陷引起的加宽或Mg的局域模与上述两峰叠加的结果。在掺Mg的样品中还观察到276,376cm^-1几个局域模并给予了解释。同时掺Mg的GaN中出现了应力弛豫的现象,掺Mg引起的失配位错和电子-声子相互作用都有可能对E2模的频率产生影响。     

Imaging of internal stress around a mineral inclusion in a sapphire crystal: application of micro‐Raman and photoluminescence spectroscopy

We developed a micro‐Raman and photoluminescence imaging technique for visualizing the internal stress fields in a sapphire crystal. The technique was applied to an Australian sapphire gemstone with a zircon inclusion. Considering piezospectroscopic effects on Raman and photoluminescence spectra, the Raman shifts of sapphire around the zircon inclusion were converted to hydrostatic pressure and deviatoric components of stress tensor. The internal stress was highly concentrated at the tips of the zircon crystal, where the deviatoric stress and the hydrostatic pressure component reached 700 and 470 MPa, respectively. Generation of compressive stress on the crystal surface of zircon can be explained by the difference in thermal expansion coefficients and elastic constants between sapphire and zircon. In general, internal stress fields induced by mineral inclusions reflect the pressure and temperature conditions at which the host sapphire gemstones were crystallized. Thus, the present technique can be utilized to identify the origin of gemstones. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Low-temperature plasticity in nanocrystalline titanium and copper

The stress-strain compressive curves, temperature dependences of the yield stress, and small-inelastic-strain rate spectra of coarse-grained and ultrafine-grained (produced by equal-channel angular pressing) titanium and copper are compared in the temperature range 4.2–300 K. As the temperature decreases, copper undergoes mainly strain hardening and titanium undergoes thermal hardening. The temperature dependences of the yield stress of titanium and copper have specific features which correlate with the behavior of their small-inelastic-strain rate spectra. Under the same loading conditions, the rate of microplastic deformation of ultrafine-grained titanium is lower than that of coarse-grained titanium and the rate peaks shift toward high temperatures. The deformation activation volumes of titanium samples differing in terms of their grain size are (10–35)b ³, where b is the Burgers vector magnitude. The dependences of the yield stress on the grain size at various temperatures are satisfactorily described by the Hall-Petch relation.     

铜铅离子胁迫下玉米污染程度的光谱识别

重金属铜离子(Cu2+)与铅离子(Pb2+)污染对玉米叶片光谱的影响微弱、隐蔽而难于探测。研究中设置不同浓度Cu2+, Pb2+胁迫的玉米盆栽实验,测定了玉米叶片光谱、叶片中Cu2+, Pb2+含量与叶绿素相对含量,分析了Cu2+, Pb2+污染胁迫下玉米叶片光谱响应特征,并选取480～670与670～750 nm范围来进行分析,在光谱维中定义了光谱微分差信息熵指数与在频率域中通过谐波分析提取了前三次谐波振幅(c₁, c₂与c₃)指数,并用所定义的指数探测分别受Cu2+, Pb2+胁迫玉米叶片光谱微弱差异。实验结果表明,在480～670与670～750 nm范围内,玉米叶片中重金属离子浓度越大,其光谱微分差信息熵就越大;在480～670 nm波段,谐波分解后第一谐波振幅c₁与第二谐波振幅c₂可用于识别Cu2+, Pb2+污染程度;在670～750 nm波段,第一谐波振幅c₁、第二谐波振幅c₂与第三谐波振幅c₃可用于识别Cu2+污染程度,而c₂则可以识别Pb2+污染程度,污染胁迫越大振幅越大。在480～670与670～750 nm波段内,光谱微分差信息熵与前三次谐波振幅可作为识别玉米受Cu2+, Pb2+污染胁迫程度的指数,从光谱维与频率域两种维度来识别玉米受Cu2+, Pb2+胁迫程度的方法可行,文中定义的两类指数可稳健、可靠地探测与识别玉米受Cu2+, Pb2+影响所产生的光谱微弱差异,研究结果对利用高光谱来探测植被受重金属污染胁迫程度具有一定的参考价值。     

Raman spectroscopic investigation on femtosecond laser induced residual stress and element distribution in bismuth germanate glasses

Localized microstructure and elemental redistribution were induced in bismuth germanate glasses by irradiation with high repetition rate 800 nm femtosecond laser pulses. The confocal Raman spectra were examined to study the redistribution of elements and residual thermal stress. The microscopic Raman spectra indicated that the residual thermal stress increases from the unmodified region to the center of the laser modified region, while Bi is enriched at the boundary area of the inner structure of the laser modified region relative to Ge. Electron microprobe analysis further confirmed the elemental redistribution of Bi and Ge, which agrees well with the Raman spectral analysis. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

保偏光纤光栅应变传感器的研究

针对光纤布拉格光栅(FBG)温度和应变的交叉敏感问题,设计了一种带熔点保偏光纤光栅(PMFBG)结构。该结构通过将2段保偏光纤带加大推进量熔接,形成中间凸起结构,然后在熔点位置写入光栅。文中首先采用熊猫保偏光纤设计制作了该结构,并搭建实验装置测试其在(0~2)N轴向应力作用下的反射光谱,发现PMFBG快轴和慢轴的反射谱均分裂成2个峰值,随着轴向应力的增加,反射谱整体产生红移,同时分裂的2个峰值强度的比值单调减小,且不受温度的影响。随后,采用有限元法分析了该结构的轴向应变分布,并基于传输矩阵法仿真分析了该PMFBG反射光谱随应力的变化特性,仿真与实验结果的一致性较好。证实可利用PMFBG反射光谱的峰值之比消除轴向应变与温度的交叉敏感性,实现轴向应变的测量。     

基于延迟荧光光谱F685/F730温度响应曲线的植物耐热性评价

以3种不同耐热型玉米植株叶片为样品,分析了在10~50 ℃温度胁迫下,样品离体叶片延迟荧光光谱的变化。实验发现:温度对延迟荧光光谱主峰685 nm的最高峰值强度(F₆₈₅)和次峰730 nm的最高峰值强度(F₇₃₀)的比值F₆₈₅/F₇₃₀产生了显著的影响。此外,不同耐热型样品在10 ℃胁迫下的F₆₈₅/F₇₃₀值(V₁₀)与50 ℃胁迫下的F₆₈₅/F₇₃₀值(V₅₀)之间存在显著差异:不耐热样品叶片的V₁₀/V₅₀高于耐热的,越耐热的样品V₁₀/V₅₀值越小,且随着胁迫时间的延长,V₁₀/V₅₀也逐渐减小。因此,通过对实验结果的分析认为,延迟荧光光谱F₆₈₅/F₇₃₀比值是随着温度胁迫规律变化的,F₆₈₅/F₇₃₀比值的温度响应曲线有望成为一种鉴定和评价植物耐热性的新方法。     

Evaluation of helical magnetoelastic anisotropy in Fe-based amorphous wire from the decomposed susceptibility spectra

A novel method is introduced here to evaluate the intrinsic magnetic anisotropy from susceptibility spectra. The combination of two techniques namely, the decomposition of susceptibility spectra together with its dependence on applied torsion is employed to determine quantitatively the intrinsic helical anisotropy in an amorphous wire. The susceptibility spectra of Fe_77.5Si_7.5B₁₅ amorphous wires have been experimentally measured as a function of torsion. The reversible susceptibility is ascribed to wall motion of axial domains within the core, and to magnetization rotation within radial domains in the shell. The relaxation frequencies of these magnetization processes are evaluated to be 0.36 and 1.82 MHz, respectively. The static rotational susceptibility shows an asymmetric behavior with regards to positive and negative torsion angles, and is maximum at the torsion angle of 30°, which counterbalances the internal stress. Present results indicate the existence of an intrinsic helical anisotropy corresponding to an average helical stress of 33 MPa.     

电流变液的流变学响应与其非线性介电性质的关系

对两类电流变液的介电性质的测量结果表明，强交流电场下电流变液经历介面极化；而且是一种非线性极化．根据海藻酸钠和NaY沸石电流变液的动态剪切应力与强电场介电谱相似这一事实，确定了这两种样品的流变学响应时间下限，它们分别是1ms和0.7ms．还发现NaY电流变液的动态切应力与非线性三次谐波的强度有关；一种高分子半导体电流变液的流变学响应基本不受样品含水量的影响．对上述实验结果进行了解释 关键词：     

Creep strain recovery of Fe-Ni-B amorphous metallic ribbon

Creep strain recovery and structural relaxation of the amorphous metallic glass Fe₄₀Ni₄₁B₁₉ after longtime loading at different annealing temperatures below the glass transition temperature have been studied using anisothermal differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dilatometry (TMA). It has been demonstrated that structural relaxation effects depend on the stress-annealing temperature of the amorphous ribbon. The structural relaxation states of the amorphous ribbon annealed at different temperatures under and without applied stress have been compared. The activation energy spectra were calculated from the anisothermal dilatometric measurements using the modern method based on the Fourier transformation technique. The influence of the annealing temperature on the shape of creep strain recovery spectra has been analyzed.      

Fluctuations in granular media

Dense slowly evolving or static granular materials exhibit strong force fluctuations even though the spatial disorder of the grains is relatively weak. Typically, forces are carried preferentially along a network of "force chains." These consist of linearly aligned grains with larger-than-average force. A growing body of work has explored the nature of these fluctuations. We first briefly review recent work concerning stress fluctuations. We then focus on a series of experiments in both two- and three-dimension [(2D) and (3D)] to characterize force fluctuations in slowly sheared systems. Both sets of experiments show strong temporal fluctuations in the local stress/force; the length scales of these fluctuations extend up to 10(2) grains. In 2D, we use photoelastic disks that permit visualization of the internal force structure. From this we can make comparisons to recent models and calculations that predict the distributions of forces. Typically, these models indicate that the distributions should fall off exponentially at large force. We find in the experiments that the force distributions change systematically as we change the mean packing fraction, gamma. For gamma's typical of dense packings of nondeformable grains, we see distributions that are consistent with an exponential decrease at large forces. For both lower and higher gamma, the observed force distributions appear to differ from this prediction, with a more Gaussian distribution at larger gamma and perhaps a power law at lower gamma. For high gamma, the distributions differ from this prediction because the grains begin to deform, allowing more grains to carry the applied force, and causing the distributions to have a local maximum at nonzero force. It is less clear why the distributions differ from the models at lower gamma. An exploration in gamma has led to the discovery of an interesting continuous or "critical" transition (the strengthening/softening transition) in which the mean stress is the order parameter, and the mean packing fraction, gamma, must be adjusted to a value gamma(c) to reach the "critical point." We also follow the motion of individual disks and obtain detailed statistical information on the kinematics, including velocities and particle rotations or spin. Distributions for the azimuthal velocity, V(theta), and spin, S, of the particles are nearly rate invariant, which is consistent with conventional wisdom. Near gamma(c), the grain motion becomes intermittent causing the mean velocity of grains to slow down. Also, the length of stress chains grows as gamma-->gamma(c). The 3D experiments show statistical rate invariance for the stress in the sense that when the power spectra and spectral frequencies of the stress time series are appropriately scaled by the shear rate, Omega, all spectra collapse onto a single curve for given particle and sample sizes. The frequency dependence of the spectra can be characterized by two different power laws, P proportional, variant omega(-alpha), in the high and low frequency regimes: alpha approximately 2 at high omega; alpha<2 at low omega. The force distributions computed from the 3D stress time series are at least qualitatively consistent with exponential fall-off at large stresses. (c) 1999 American Institute of Physics.     

铜胁迫下玉米叶片反射光谱的红边位置变化及其与叶绿素的关系

采用5级梯度铜胁迫砂培试验,通过测定叶片反射光谱曲线和叶绿素含量,研究铜胁迫对玉米叶片反射光谱与叶绿素含量的影响。研究表明：玉米叶片反射光谱的红边位置与铜胁迫浓度显著相关(R2≥0.5755),且存在明显的“红边蓝移”现象,即叶片光谱红边位置向短波方向移动。随着铜胁迫浓度的升高或胁迫时间延长,红边蓝移程度增加。不同胁迫浓度之间,叶绿素a、叶绿素b含量及二者比值 (Chla/Chlb)均差异显著(p分别为0.002,0.007和0.001)。叶绿素a、b比值(Chla/Chlb)与培养液中铜浓度呈显著负相关(R=-0.898);Chla/Chlb与平均红边波长显著正相关(R=0.814)。这表明随着铜胁迫浓度升高,Chla/Chlb降低,叶绿素b相对于叶绿素a升高,叶片反射光谱的红边位置蓝移。铜胁迫改变了玉米叶片中Chla和Chlb含量和比值,由此导致的色素吸收光谱变化,是铜胁迫导致叶片反射光谱红边蓝移的可能的生理学成因。     

Effect of intrinsic stress on the optical properties of nanostructured ZnO thin films grown by rf magnetron sputtering

In this paper we report the effect of deposition temperature on the structural and optical properties of ZnO thin films prepared by rf magnetron sputtering. The films grown at lower deposition temperatures were in a state of large compressive stress, whereas the films grown at higher temperature (450 °C) were almost stress free. In the absorption spectra, the ZnO excitonic and the Zn surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peaks have been observed. A redshift in the optical band gap of ZnO films has also been observed with the increase in the deposition temperature. The shift in the band gap calculated from the size effect did not match with the observed shift values and the observed shift has been attributed to the compressive stress present in the films.