Monte Carlo simulation for bremsstrahlung and photoneutron yields in high-energy x-ray radiography

This paper reports on the results of calculations using a Monte Carlo code (MCNP5) to study the properties of photons, electrons and photoneutrons obtained in the converted target and their transportations in x-ray radiography. A comparison between measurements and calculations for bremsstrahlung and photoneutrons is presented. The radiographic rule and the effect of the collimator on the image are studied with the experimental model. The results provide exact parameters for the optimal design of radiographic layout and shielding systems.     

Switching mechanism for TiO_2 memristor and quantitative analysis of exponential model parameters

The memristor, as the fourth basic circuit element, has drawn worldwide attention since its physical implementation was released by HP Labs in 2008. However, at the nano-scale, there are many difficulties for memristor physical realization. So a better understanding and analysis of a good model will help us to study the characteristics of a memristor. In this paper, we analyze a possible mechanism for the switching behavior of a memristor with a Pt/TiO2/Pt structure, and explain the changes of electronic barrier at the interface of Pt/TiO2. Then, a quantitative analysis about each parameter in the exponential model of memristor is conducted based on the calculation results. The analysis results are validated by simulation results. The efforts made in this paper will provide researchers with theoretical guidance on choosing appropriate values for(α, β, χ, γ) in this exponential model.     

Radiometric compensation algorithm for color reproduction of projection display on patterned surface

<正>A novel radiometric compensation algorithm is proposed to correct the color distortions of the projection display on patterned surface.Two choices of the objective image are investigated in this algorithm.A linear compression followed by a sigmoid-function transformation based on the statistical parameters of the compensating radiance map is performed to reduce the clippings of the compensating color and expected to properly reproduce the dynamic range and the visibility of the image content.Three types of projection displays are produced for each test image.The parameter analysis indicates that the compensated displays could well conceal the surface pattern and tend to exhibit higher lightness or lightness contrast in the camera.The comparison results in a psychophysical experiment demonstrate that all the compensated displays outperform the uncompensated ones.The original input images seem more appropriate to be selected as the objective images,and the predicted objectives on the white screen are just proper for the bright and low-contrast input images displayed on the faint surface.     

Hiding an image in cascaded Fresnel digital holograms

A system of two separated computer-generated holograms termed cascaded Fresnel digital holography (CFDH) is proposed and its application to hiding information is demonstrated by a computer simulation experiment. The technique is that the reconstructed image is the result of the wave Fresnel diffraction of two sub-holograms located at different distances from the imaging plane along the illuminating beam. The two sub-holograms are generated by an iterative algorithm based on the projection onto convex sets. In the application to the hiding of optical information, the information to be hidden is encoded into the sub-hologram which is multiplied by the host image in the input plane, the other sub-hologram in the filter plane is used for the deciphering key, the hidden image can be reconstructed in the imaging plane of the CFDH setup.     

Application of phase retrieval algorithm in reflective tomography laser radar imaging

We apply phase retrieval method to align projection data for tomographic reconstruction in reflective tomography laser radar imaging.In our experiment,the target is placed on a spin table with an unknown,but fixed,axis.The oscillatory motion of the target in the incident direction of the laser pulse is added at each view to simulate the real satellites random motion.The experimental simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of this method to improve image reconstruction quality.Future research also includes the development of projection registration based on phase retrieval for targets with more complicated structure.     

Scattering of a general partially coherent beam from a diffuse target in atmospheric turbulence

The second-order and fourth-order statistical moments of the speckle field from a diffuse target in atmospheric turbulence are studied which have great influence on the performance of lidar systems. By expanding a general rotationally symmetric beam as a sum of Gaussian–Schell model(GSM) beams, the mean intensity of the general beam propagating over a distance in an atmospheric turbulence is formulated. Expressions for the degree of coherence(DOC) and the normalized intensity variance of the scattered field of a general beam from a rough surface in turbulence are derived based on the extended Huygens–Fresnel principle. The general expressions reduce to the well-known forms for a GSM beam. Another example for the general beam used in this paper is the collimated flat-topped beam. The results of both kinds of beams show that the intensity profile on the target plane is a key factor affecting the statistical characteristics of the speckle field.A larger beam spot on the target plane induces a smaller coherence length and a smaller normalized intensity variance of the received field. As turbulence gets stronger, the coherence length becomes smaller, and the normalized intensity variance firstly increases and declines to unity finally.     

Attenuation correction for dedicated breast PET using only emission data based on consistency conditions

Accurate attenuation correction is required in dedicated breast PET imaging systems for image artifact removal and quantitative studies. In this study, a method using only emission data based on consistency conditions is proposed for attenuation correction in breast PET imaging systems. The consistency conditions are exploited to evaluate the accuracy of the estimated attenuation distribution and find the appropriate parameters that yield the most consistent attenuation distribution with the measured emission data. We have proved the validity of the method with experimental investigations and single-patient studies using a dedicated breast PET. The results show that the method is capable of accurately estimating the attenuation distribution of a uniform attenuator from the experimental data with various relatively low activities. The results also show that in single-patient studies, the method is robust for the irregular boundary of breast tissue and provides a distinct improvement in image quality.     

The application of compressed sensing in synthetic transmit aperture medical ultrasound imaging

In synthetic transmit aperture medical ultrasound imaging field,a compressed sensing ultrasound imaging method based on the sparsity in frequency domain is presented in order to reduce huge amount of data and large numbers of receiving channels.First,the sparsity in frequency domain is verified.Then the echo signal is compressively sampled in time-spatial domain based on compressed sensing and the echo signal is reconstructed by solving an optimization problem.Finally the image is made by using the synthetic transmit aperture approach.The experiments based on point target and fetus target are used to verify the proposed method.The MSE,resolution and image quality of reconstructed image and those of original image are compared and analyzed.The results show that only 30%amount of data and 50%of receiving channels were used to implement ultrasound imaging without reducing the quality of image in experiment.The amount of data and the complexity of system are reduced greatly by the proposed method based on compressed sensing.     

Hiding an image in cascaded Fresnel digital holograms

A system of two separated computer-generated holograms termed cascaded Fresnel digital holography (CFDH) is proposed and its application to hiding information is demonstrated by a computer simulation experiment. The technique is that the reconstructed image is the result of the wave Fresnel diffractionof two sub-holograms located at different distances from the imaging plane along the illuminating beam. The two sub-holograms are generated by an iterative algorithm based on the projection onto convex sets. In the application to the hiding of optical information, the information to be hidden is encoded into thesub-hologram which is multiplied by the host image in the input plane, the other sub-hologram in the filterplane is used for the deciphering key, the hidden image can be reconstructed in the imaging plane of the CFDH setup.     

Suppression of the fluctuation effect in terahertz imaging using homomorphic filtering

To suppress the fluctuation effect due to laser power instability and terahertz radiation fluctuation,a homomorphic filtering method is proposed to process the terahertz images obtained from a pulsed terahertz raster scanning imaging system.The physical model of homomorphic filtering for terahertz imaging is established.The mathematical expressions are given with the specific physical meaning in accordance with the imaging principle.To demonstrate the effectiveness of the method,a homomorphic filtering experiment based on two raw terahertz images selected from the literature using a continuous-wave(CW) terahertz source is also performed.The effect of the method is compared with those described in the literature,and the advantages of homomorphic filtering are discussed.The pulsed-and CW-terahertz image processing results both show that in addition to suppressing the fluctuation effect,the method can also enhance target imaging.     

High resolution inverse synthetic aperture radar imaging of three-axis-stabilized space target by exploiting orbital and sparse priors

The development of inverse synthetic aperture radar(ISAR) imaging techniques is of notable significance for monitoring, tracking and identifying space targets in orbit. Usually, a well-focused ISAR image of a space target can be obtained in a deliberately selected imaging segment in which the target moves with only uniform planar rotation. However, in some imaging segments, the nonlinear range migration through resolution cells(MTRCs) and time-varying Doppler caused by the three-dimensional rotation of the target would degrade the ISAR imaging performance, and it is troublesome to realize accurate motion compensation with conventional methods. Especially in the case of low signal-to-noise ratio(SNR),the estimation of motion parameters is more difficult. In this paper, a novel algorithm for high-resolution ISAR imaging of a space target by using its precise ephemeris and orbital motion model is proposed. The innovative contributions are as follows. 1) The change of a scatterer projection position is described with the spatial-variant angles of imaging plane calculated based on the orbital motion model of the three-axis-stabilized space target. 2) A correction method of MTRC in slant-and cross-range dimensions for arbitrarily imaging segment is proposed. 3) Coarse compensation for translational motion using the precise ephemeris and the fine compensation for residual phase errors by using sparsity-driven autofocus method are introduced to achieve a high-resolution ISAR image. Simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

基于修正平行投影法的飞行姿态测量

摄影系统的成像满足透视投影模型,使用平行投影法做飞行姿态交会存在模型误差。依据在目标成像的中轴线通过像面中心的时候,平行投影法和透视投影法有相同的成像特征这一事实,提出了一种无模型误差的修正平行投影法。在判读出目标图像中轴线的斜率K和截距L的情况下,假设摄影系统的高低角再旋转atan(L/K)度,使得旋转后图像的中轴线过像面的中心点。依据透视投影模型,计算出旋转后图像中轴线的斜率,再使用此斜率做平行投影交会。仿真结果表明,该方法可以很好的消除由平行投影模型带来的模型误差,为空间目标姿态交会提供了更精确的计算结果。     

CCD摄像机图像中心两种标定方法的应用研究

应用两种方法对CCD摄像机的图像中心进行标定;其中直接光学方法根据因镜头畸变造成的像素点在像面水平和垂直两个方向上分布的对称性得到图像中心;基于镜头畸变的透视投影方法利用具有精确定位点阵的平面模板及其在不同方位所成图像,标定出摄像机的内外参量,其中包含图像中心.标定过程考虑了两种主要的镜头畸变.针对某型摄像机及镜头,试验得出关于两种方法的适用性和优缺点,并验证了后一种方法的强收敛性.     

双曲面折反射全景成像系统

给出了双曲面折反射全景成像系统的设计方法，推导了系统的逆投影计算公式，建立了虚拟像面内透视全景图像与实际像平面内全景图像的坐标映射关系，为全景视频图像的处理提供了必要的模型和计算方法。提出了全景成像系统设计方法，研制出双曲面反射镜，建立了双曲面折反射全景成像系统。     

激光投影成像式运动目标位姿测量与误差分析

为了实现室内运动目标位姿的高精度测量,建立了一套激光投影成像式位姿测量系统.该系统利用两两共线且交叉排列在同一平面上的点激光投射器作为合作目标捷联在运动目标上,通过与光斑接收幕墙的配合共同组成运动目标位姿测量基线放大系统,利用高速摄像机实时记录幕墙上投影光斑的位置,利用摄像机标定结果求解投影光斑的世界坐标,利用投影光斑之间构成的单位向量建立运动目标位姿解算模型.最后,根据测量原理推导了图像坐标提取、摄像机外部参数标定、光束直线度与目标位姿解算结果之间的误差传递函数.实验结果表明,当摄像机的视场范围为14 000mm×7 000mm时,测量系统的姿态角测量精度为1′(1δ),位置测量精度为5mm,且误差大小与目标位姿测量误差传递函数理论计算值一致,验证了本文提出的目标位姿测量方法与测量误差传递模型的准确性,能够满足目标位姿测量高精度的要求.     

平面物体在曲面状态下扫描仪图像的校正理论

平面物体在曲面状态下经扫描仪扫描后,其图像将发生复杂的畸变。提出将其分类为灰度畸变、投影畸变和成像畸变。通过理论分析,提出了在二元曲面模型下对投影畸变和成像畸变进行数字校正的方法,给出了对灰度畸变进行数字校正的实用方法。     

上行链路大气波前畸变对剪切光束成像技术的影响

剪切光束成像（sheared-beam imaging,SBI）技术是一种利用三束剪切相干激光照明的非传统成像技术,该技术通过探测器阵列接收目标反射回波的散斑图进行计算成像,在对远距离暗弱目标高分辨率成像方面有着独特的优势.大气湍流引起的光束波前畸变是影响SBI成像质量的一个关键因素,因此本文从湍流引起的激光波前畸变对目标频谱信息提取的影响入手,建立了光束波前畸变对成像影响的理论模型.利用多层相位屏模型模拟了近地25 km大气对SBI光束传输的影响.通过计算机仿真,得到了不同激光发射孔径和不同成像距离时SBI的成像结果.仿真结果表明,选取合适的发射孔径尺寸可以有效缓解湍流对光束波前质量的影响,从而提升成像质量.在Hutchin的研究基础上,对孔径选择范围的已有研究成果进行了扩展与深化.给出了SBI系统发射孔径尺寸选取的建议,为SBI对不同高度目标成像的像质差异分析提供了参考.     

红外目标模拟系统DMD成像非均匀性分析及校正

基于数字微镜阵列（DMD）的红外目标模拟系统具有高分辨率、高帧率和大温度范围等优点,能够经济、有效地检测和评估红外探测系统的工作性能。为了研究基于DMD的红外目标模拟系统中照明系统的结构设计对成像均匀性的影响并减小像面照度不均匀性,提出了一种消除成像不均匀的方法,对DMD照明系统的结构参数进行了分析和设计,以成像光束截面积之比作为相对照度指标,建立了数学模型,用软件进行数值仿真,得到了能消除因渐晕导致的照度不均匀现象的结构参数和像面各点相对照度分布在88.75%～1;并用TracePro验证了理论分析的结果,得到像面各点相对照度分布在90.91%～1,与理论分析结果相符,证明了在DMD照明系统结构参数设计合理的情况下,该方法可以有效降低因渐晕导致的像面照度不均匀性,为红外目标模拟系统结构参数的设计和像面照度分析提供了参考。     

基于中轴线像长匹配的靶场单站姿态测量方法

目前,靶场姿态测量以多台套交会测量为主,对于单站姿态测量尚没有较好的解决方案。为了解决该问题,以投影轴对称目标为例,提出了一种基于中轴线像长匹配的单站姿态测量方法。将透视投影拓展为2种等效形式,将体现目标姿态状态的中轴线向像面透视投影,可获得中轴线的投影像长或在等效物面的等效物长,根据目标中轴线的先验长度、相机内外参数及成像信息,经像长匹配即可获取目标的偏航角和俯仰角;实际工程试验验证了该算法的可行性,偏航角精度为1.7°,俯仰角精度约1°,满足靶场单站测姿需求;并对姿态测量模型关键因素进行了误差分析。该方法可适用于非投影轴对称目标。     

平面物体在曲面状态下扫描仪图像的校正实验

平面物体在曲面状态下经扫描仪扫描后,其图像将发生复杂的畸变。提出了用椭圆柱面加平面模型来描述实际扭曲的情况。基于二元曲面模型的投影畸变和成像畸变数字校正理论,推导了具体的畸变校正公式,并给出了确定成像畸变系数的实用方法。实验结果表明,经校正后投影畸变能够从最大的56%降低到2 5%;成像畸变能够从最大的8 4%降低到0 3%;投影畸变和成像畸变的组合畸变能够从最大的70%降低到3 1%。图像灰度直方图标准偏差的误差可从491%降低到6 5%。