Millimeter wave monolithic high electron mobility (HEM) varactor diode-grid frequency tripler arrays

High Electron Mobility (HEM) varactor structures have been studied for millimeter-wave monolithic diode-grid frequency tripler array applications. The improved HEM varactor diode structures provide a highly nonlinear C-V characteristic (i.e., a steep slope of the C-V curve and a large capacitance ratio) which produces high harmonic generation efficiency and reduce the power requirement for efficiently pumping each device. The effects of the light illumination on the C-V characteristics of the Barrier-Intrinsic-N⁺ (BIN) varactor diode have also been studied and the results will be discussed in this paper. In the development of a monolithic diode-grid frequency multiplier array, the low-loss quasioptical configuration is used for the construction of the multiplier circuit. The study of the effects of the light illumination on the C-V characteristics of varactor diode is important in understanding the potential applications of the quasi-optical varactor diode-grid frequency multiplier array circuit.     

KDP晶体全口径最佳入射角优化方法

根据正交偏振干涉测量法(OPI)获得的KDP晶体折射率的空间分布数据求解KDP晶体内部失谐角分布,进而建立了倍频及和频KDP晶体全口径最佳入射角的优化模型和方法。分析讨论了不同折射率畸变程度和不同功率密度入射情况下倍频及和频晶体入射角的变化规律。在此基础上,对KDP晶体的全口径最佳入射角进行了优化。结果表明:当KDP晶体折射率畸变程度较大时,倍频晶体对折射率变化较为敏感,而和频晶体对折射率变化则相对不敏感。在实际工作中,首先在假设倍频晶体折射率分布均匀的前提下,对和频晶体的最佳入射角进行优化,而后通过适当调整倍频晶体及和频晶体的入射角,最终确定倍频晶体及和频晶体的全口径最佳入射角。     

Optimization of intracavity Q-switched laser frequency doubling

The optimization theory for intracavity frequency-doubled Q-switched lasers is discussed. Nonlinear loss effects caused by the frequency doubler were introduced into the rate equations. The harmonic pulse characteristics such as peak power, pulse energy, pulsewidth were studied. Lagrange multiplier technique was adopted to maximize the peak power of the second-harmonic pulse for a given pumping level. It was found that the optimal frequency-doubling factor is constant and equals 1. Design curves for the laser characteristics parameter were established. The curves and expressions presented help in designing an optimal Q-switched intracavity frequency-doubled miniature laser and predict the pulse characteristics.     

A GaAs planar Schottky varactor diode for left-handed nonlinear transmission line applications

The left-handed nonlinear transmission line(LH-NLTL) based on monolithic microwave integrated circuit(MMIC) technology possesses significant advantages such as wide frequency band,high operating frequency,high conversion efficiency,and applications in millimeter and submillimeter wave frequency multiplier.The planar Schottky varactor diode(PSVD) is a major limitation to the performance of the LH-NLTL frequency multiplier as a nonlinear component.The design and the fabrication of the diode for such an application are presented.An accurate large-signal model of the diode is proposed.A 16 GHz-39.6 GHz LH-NLTL frequency doubler using our large-signal model is reported for the first time.The measured maximum output powers of the 2nd harmonic are up to 8 dBm at 26.4 GHz,and above 0 dBm from 16 GHz to 39.6 GHz when the input power is 20 dBm.The application of the LH-NLTL frequency doubler furthermore validates the accuracy of the large-signal model of the PSVD.     

Effects of Line Parameters on Soliton-Like Propagation in Nonlinear Transmission Lines: Application to the Optimization of Frequency Triplers

In this paper, soliton propagation in nonlinear transmission lines (NLTLs) periodically loaded with heterostructure barrier varactors is studied. From the lumped element equivalent circuit of the line we have analyzed the influence of transmission line parameters (i.e, per-section inductance and capacitance) on soliton propagation characteristics. It is shown that by increasing these parameters, a faster separation of input signals into solitons is achieved. From the point of view of NLTL harmonic generation, this gives additional flexibility to optimize multiplier performance by appropriate circuit design. These conclusions are supported from the analysis of a frequency tripler, where device losses are included.     

高强度大动态范围高效率三倍频转换的数值模拟

 对高强度大动态范围基频光入射以及偏振态发生部分变化的条件下,Ⅰ/Ⅱ角度失谐和Ⅱ/Ⅱ偏振失配（双倍频和双混频）两种高效三倍频方案的转换特性进行了数值模拟,结果表明在上述条件下Ⅰ/Ⅱ角度失谐方案优于Ⅱ/Ⅱ偏振失配方案。     

Analysis on dependence of phase matching angle on temperature in KDP crystal

The dependence of the phase matching (PM) angle on temperature in type-I second harmonic generation (SHG) and type-II third harmonic generation (THG) of KDP is experimentally investigated. The experimental results show that as the crystal temperatures vary by 1 °C, the external PM angles of the KDP doubler and tripler change 100 μrad and 220 μrad, respectively. The PM angle of KDP tripler is more sensitive to temperature variation than is that of the KDP doubler. Comparing the numerical calculations and the previous reports, a discrepancy has been found among the different reported results. Based on the analytical solution of the temperature dependence of the SHG process it is shown that a small error in the thermo-optic coefficients of the crystal is the main factor source of the discrepancy.     

基于CSMRC结构和容性肖特基二极管的220GHz三倍频器

设计了基于容性肖特基二极管的220 GHz非平衡三倍频器。首先对容性肖特基二极管进行测试和关键参数提取,建立了肖特基二极管的等效电路模型,以此为基础进行三倍频电路设计;在倍频电路设计中通过引入紧凑悬置微带谐振单元(CSMRC)滤波结构来减小信号传输损耗;由于三倍频电路设计中难以实现全波阻抗匹配,因此采用了整体电路结构谐波平衡调匹配方法设计倍频电路,最后对制备出的倍频器进行测试和分析;实验测试结果表明:倍频器在213.1~221.6 GHz范围内输出功率大于10 mW,倍频效率大于5%,最高输出功率为18.7 mW@218.6 GHz,最高倍频效率为8.24%@217.9 GHz。     

晶体角度跟随三倍频效率控制技术

基于推导的倍频晶体匹配角与温度关系的理论分析,揭示了温度对频率转换过程影响的热光物理机制。数值模拟了频率转换过程中二倍频与三倍频晶体的匹配角热敏感性。由于不同晶体材料热敏感性的差异性,实验获得了激光装置中所用晶体材料的匹配角随温度变化的关系曲线。理论分析了不同输入功率密度情况下匹配角失谐对三倍频过程的影响,并在线验证了温度变化导致匹配角失谐,进而引起三倍频转换效率的下降。根据实验获得的晶体匹配角的热敏感性参数,提出利用晶体角度跟随方法进行三倍频转换效率补偿,实现了三倍频能量的稳定输出。     

Design of W-Band Tripler

This paper describes a high performance W-band tripler with a novel structure. Input frequency is 25-36.7 GHz, output frequency 75-110 GHz, input power is 20dBm and conversion loss 16 dB. It can extend microwave signal to W-band (adding in Ka-band doubler). In the design, we give some approaches to achieve high band performances.     

HIGH CONVERSION EFFICIENCY TANDEM KTP FREQUENCY DOUBLER

The two-piece tandem KTP frequency doubler with mutually perpendi-oular KZ planes has been studied both theoretically and experimentally.Its conversionefficiency of second harmonic generation(SHG)exceeds 80% and the dynamic range ismuch greater than that of monolithic KTP doubler at the laser power used in theexperiments.The experimental result shows that this doubler has excellent performancesand the second harmonic beam is elliptically polarized.     

Analysis of broadband third harmonic generation with non-collinear angular dispersion in KDP crystals

A new scheme with non-collinear sum frequency generation (SFG) process of broadband third harmonic generation (THG) with two KDP crystals (one doubler and one mixer) using angular dispersion was proposed. The principle of broadband harmonic generation with non-collinear angular dispersion was presented. The comparison between the schemes of non-collinear and collinear SFG process was performed. The effects of the angular dispersion on the conversion efficiency, the pulse shape and the spectrum of the third harmonic field were discussed. The results show that, if proper angular dispersion is added to the fundamental and the second harmonic field outside the mixing KDP crystal, respectively, the broadband third harmonic conversion efficiency can be improved significantly. However, the difficulty of this scheme arises due to the requirement of two gratings with different angular dispersion outside the mixer. With the new scheme, it can be simpler that only one grating is needed to realize the broadband phase matching in the non-collinear SFG process. Although the fundamental and the second harmonic field inside the mixing crystal are non-collinear except the center wavelength, a blazing grating with proper angular dispersion for the fundamental field (twice as that for second harmonic field) can yield the well compensation for phase mismatching in the SFG process. Consequently, the conversion efficiency and the characteristics of the third harmonic field for the broadband third harmonic generation can be improved significantly.     

Design analysis of all-optical devices using second harmonic generation into a region with periodically modulated optical property

We investigate the nonlinear optical interaction through a periodic waveguide structure consisting of two alternating segments with different linear and nonlinear optical properties. A coupled equation system has been used to calculate the intensity of fundamental and second harmonic waves and the phase shift of the fundamental. The model has been experimentally tested with good results, but the effect of the phase shift has not been considered. Comparison with the quasi-phase match (QPM) technique has been presented. The novel features introduced by alternating segments with different linear and nonlinear optical properties have been discussed. The model shows a more flexible approach, which can be used in designing optical components based on coherent nonlinear interaction. Applications are straightforward for frequency doubler and all-optical switch.     

KDP晶体折射率不均匀性对三倍频转换效率的影响

 采用正交偏振干涉测量法获得了典型的快速(RG)和传统(CG)生长的KDP晶体折射率空间分布，数值模拟了倍频晶体固定失谐角分别为0和220 mrad时晶体折射率不均匀性对高功率三倍频光转换效率的影响。结果表明：快速生长晶体的折射率不均匀性的均方根约为传统生长晶体的6倍；三倍频转换效率在低功率密度下对折射率不均匀性不敏感，在高功率密度下尤其是转换效率较高时很敏感；当混频过程中的二倍频光不过剩时，在晶体折射率变化对三倍频效率的影响方面，倍频晶体比混频晶体严重；目前国产的传统生长晶体可以满足高功率三倍频实验要求。     

A quasioptical doubler-array

The design of a planar quasioptical doubler configuration with an output frequency of 290 GHz is presented. Frequency conversion is realized with a monolithic Schottky — varactor array. Coupling of electromagnetic energy from beam waveguide to chip and vice versa is carried out with integrated antenna arrays. Electromagnetic field calculations describe coupling effects between the single array elements. RF—measurements of multiplier performance are also presented.     

A high efficiency 46 to 92 GHz all microstrip frequency doubler

Using packaged GaAs varactor diodes, a high efficiency 46 to 92 GHz frequency doubler has been developed. Microstrip circuits have been used to match the input and output impedances presented by the diode. A conversion loss of 8 to 10 dB was measured. This doubler circuit is useful for W-band (75 to 110 GHz) integrated circuit receivers and transceivers. The use of microstrip circuit can drastically reduce the fabrication cost in addition to size and weight.     

Analysis of mode-locked internally frequency doubled broad-band continuous wave lasers

Closed-form analysis of pulse evolution in the transient regime in an actively modelocked internally frequency doubled broad-band continuous wave laser is presented. The analysis enables investigation of the effect of nonlinear crystal inside the laser cavity on mode-locked pulse parameters at the fundamental frequency. It is shown that the presence of internal second harmonic crystal broadens the fundamental mode-locked pulse while accelerating the approach of the system to steady-state. The dependence of pulse parameters on the bandwidth of the tuning element, modulation depth of the active mode-locker and conversion efficiency of the frequency doubler is presented in detailed graphical form.     

利用二次谐波过程产生532?nm强度压缩光的实验研究

理论分析了当抽运激光具有高于标准量子极限的经典噪声时,在单共振条件下,由倍频腔 输出的532?nm绿光光场的强度噪声起伏,并从实验上获得稳定的强度噪声低于散粒噪声极 限的绿光压缩光,实测的绿光最高强度噪声压缩度为20%(考虑到探测器效率及光路损耗,实 际压缩度达30%).实验结果与理论预测基本一致. 关键词：     

Design consideration of monolithic millimeter-wave barrier varactor diode frequency multiplier arrays

A new device structure for highly efficient frequency tripling in the millimeter and submillimeter wavelength regions is presented. The Barrier-Intrinsic-N⁺ (BIN) diode structure [1,2] is modified for highly efficient millimeter- and submillimeter-wave frequency tripling device to be employed into the monolithic back-to-back diode frequency tripler array. The modified BIN diode structures have series resistances of a few ohms and cut-off frequencies in the terahertz range. The modified BIN diode structures have weaker C-V nonlinearities than the BIN diode structure does, however, the modified BIN structures have much higher intrinsic cut-off frequencies than does the BIN counterpart. The C-V nonlinearity, capacitance ratio, breakdown voltage, series resistance and cut-off frequency of this new device structure will be discussed in this paper. In addition, the calculated high-frequency performance of this device using a large-signal nonlinear circuit model will be presented in this paper. The operation and performance of the monolithic diode-grid frequency tripler arrays employing large numbers of the modified BIN diodes will also be discussed in this paper.     

Submillimeter-wave heterodyne spectroscopy with a compact solid state radiometer

A compact, solid state submillimeter-wave heterodyne radiometer has been developed and was used to measure spectral characteristics of a water vapor jet in a space simulation chamber. Features of the 557 GHz water vapor line profile were observed in significantly greater detail than in previous experiments through an increased sensitivity and improved frequency resolution (600 kHz). The local oscillator of the radiometer consisted of a frequency multiplication chain which was driven by an InP Gunn oscillator at 92.6 GHz, and which contained a frequency tripler and harmonic mixer in cascade. The front end of the receiver had a noise temperature of 4500 K (DSB) at 555 GHz, consumed 3 W and weighed 3 kg. This advance in technology is particularly relevant to submillimeter-wave radiometry from a space-based platform.