高效、稳定Ⅱ-Ⅵ族量子点发光二极管(LED)的研究进展

量子点通常具有核-壳型的基本结构,它的发光效率及色纯度高。因具有优异的性能和可控合成的优点,Ⅱ-Ⅵ族量子点在发光二极管(light-emitting diode, LED)中的应用研究最为丰富。为了制备高效、稳定的量子点LED,量子点的结构、器件结构和载流子传输层都需要进行设计和优化。如今,量子点LED的效率已接近Organic LED(OLED),但它的发展仍存在挑战。     

核-壳结构CdSe/ZnS量子点的制备、硫醇修饰及其光学性能

采用高温有机相包覆技术制备了CdSe/ZnS核壳结构量子点材料,考察了包覆量对量子点材料的光学性能的影响,研究了含脂肪链和芳香基的双硫醇分子1,4-苯二甲硫醇和1,8-辛二硫醇对于具有核-壳结构的CdSe/ZnS量子点材料的修饰作用,考察了修饰作用对于量子点的量子效率和荧光强度等光学性能的影响.实验结果表明:随着硫化锌包覆量的增加,量子点的量子效率及其荧光发射强度明显提高;硫醇的修饰能显著增强量子点的发光强度,随着硫醇浓度的增加,其发光性能增强,但是达到一定程度后,光学性能基本不随硫醇浓度的变化而变化.根据固体核磁共振等实验结果推测:硫醇分子可能部分替代了量子点体系中的正三辛基氧膦配体,稳定了量子点体系,对量子点起修饰保护作用,从而提高了量子点的光学性能.     

光致发光胶体量子点研究及应用

胶体量子点材料由于具有激发光谱宽、半峰宽窄、颜色可调和可溶液加工等特点受到广泛关注。经过30多年的发展,量子点材料已实现了"绿色合成路线"和核壳结构设计的优化,部分量子点已可以做到工业化产品生产供应,并已开发出商业化应用的光致发光器件,该系列器件相继应用于LED(light-emitting diode,发光二极管)照明和显示领域。尤其是光致发光量子点器件在显示领域的商业应用,其将色域典型值从传统的72%提高到100%以上,显示色彩更加丰富多彩,吸引了越来越多的产业界厂商参与到量子点应用的阵营中。本文介绍了胶体量子点发光的基本原理、量子点制备及结构设计发展历程、量子点光致发光器件在LED照明和显示领域的应用情况,以及其广阔的应用前景和面临的挑战。     

水热炭化制备碳量子点及其应用

碳量子点作为新兴的“零维”碳纳米材料引起人们广泛的关注。水热炭化法是目前为止应用最广泛的碳量子点合成方法之一。水热炭化合成碳量子点取材广泛、过程简单,其最大的特点是合成的碳量子点表面含有丰富的含氧官能团,水溶性优异,在制备过程中即可对碳量子点进行表面功能化改性。此外,水热法合成的碳量子点具有石墨或无定形结构的碳核。水热碳量子点的结构和性质主要受原料种类及制备条件（水热炭化温度、时间及化学添加剂）的影响,产物在光催化技术、分析检测、活体成像和细胞标记、发光二极管（LED）及药物输送等领域展示出较好应用效果。本文综述了水热碳量子点的制备、性质、形成机理（包括原料的脱水、聚合、炭化及钝化过程）及发光机理（表面缺陷态效应和量子尺寸效应）,并对水热碳量子点的应用进行了总结。最后,对水热碳量子点发展过程中尚待解决的问题进行总结,对其未来的发展方向进行了展望。     

PAMAM树形分子模板法原位制备CdS-ZnS核-壳结构量子点

以4、5代PAMAM树形分子(64个酯端基)为模板, 在树形分子空腔内原位合成了CdS-ZnS核-壳结构量子点, 并对其形貌和光学性能进行了表征. HRTEM观察发现量子点分散良好, 尺寸均匀, 平均粒径约为2.3 nm. UV-Vis光谱证明ZnS外延生长在CdS核外, EDS能谱也证明了核壳结构的生成. 适当厚度的ZnS壳层可使光致发光效率提高至31%. PAMAM树形分子包在CdS-ZnS核-壳结构量子点外, 构成一层有机壳, 有效地限制了粒子聚集, 钝化了CdS量子点表面, 提高了发光效率. 另外， PAMAM树形分子良好的溶解性也赋予了量子点在不同极性溶剂中良好的溶解性, 提高了其稳定性.     

以太西煤为碳源合成碳量子点用于铁离子检测的研究

以太西煤为碳源,采用硝酸氧化法辅助水热合成了具有绿色荧光的碳量子点(CDs)。该量子点具有良好的稳定性和水分散性,平均尺寸为3.64 nm。通过透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)、傅立叶红外光谱仪(FTIR)、紫外-可见吸收光谱仪(UV-Vis)、荧光光谱仪等对碳量子点的结构和光学性能进行表征。基于荧光猝灭原理,在最优检测条件下,Fe3+在0.6×10-6~2.5×10-6mol/L及3.0×10-6~21.0×10-6mol/L浓度范围内与CDs的荧光猝灭效率呈良好的线性关系,Fe3+的检出限为6.7×10-7mol/L。     

β-HgS量子点的制备、性质及应用

β-HgS量子点因其具有可调谐的可见-近红外荧光和带间荧光而在光转换和荧光成像等多个领域有着广阔的应用前景。本文综述了β-HgS量子点的制备、性质及应用,重点梳理了β-HgS量子点在有机相和水相中的两大类共计五种制备方法,阐述了其不同于块状β-HgS的独特性质,总结了其在离子探测、细胞成像、活体成像、光转换器和荧光油墨等领域的最新应用。最后针对制约β-HgS量子点应用的主要问题(如应用于光转换器件中的转换效率和荧光量子产率不高、应用于生物荧光成像中的特异性识别能力不足和生物相容性较差等),提出了我们的解决方案:一方面,将β-HgS量子点自组装形成特定的纳米结构,以期提高其光转换效率和荧光量子产率;另一方面,通过将手性生物分子引入到β-HgS量子点表面来制备手性β-HgS量子点,以期增强其在体内和体外荧光成像中的特异性识别能力和改善其生物相容性。本文将为β-HgS量子点的发展提供新的思路。     

CdTe/CdS核壳量子点与蛋白质荧光标记

利用连续离子层吸附技术合成了水溶性的CdTe／CdS核壳量子点．通过CdS壳层的包覆,量子点的量子效率由原来的15％（裸核）提高到38％（核壳）,这种核壳结构量子点的化学和光学性质具有更好的稳定性,可以用于生物标记．本文采取共价连接与静电吸附两种方法,实现了量子点的生物标记,电泳技术已证明,应用这种量子点成功地实现了对蛋白质分子的生物标记．通过对量子点与蛋白质偶联前后的荧光光谱分析,发现量子点与蛋白质作用后荧光增强是由于蛋白质对量子点进行了表面修饰,从而降低了表面缺陷引起的非辐射跃迁几率所致．通过共价连接量子点的荧光峰位红移,主要是由于偶极-偶极相互作用引起的;量子点与蛋白质静电吸附作用引起的荧光峰位蓝移主要起因于量子点表面电荷量的降低．     

石墨烯-量子点复合材料的制备与应用

石墨烯因其独特的物理化学性质以及潜在的巨大应用价值引起了越来越多的研究兴趣,但其特殊的零带隙结构却限制了它在光电领域的应用。半导体量子点因其特有的量子尺寸效应而表现出迷人的光学性能,已成功应用于生物标记及电化学等领域,但电子-空穴对易复合湮灭,导致电子迁移率较低,限制了其在光电转换方面的应用。石墨烯独特的结构和电子特性使其成为优秀的导电支架,可从量子点中捕获并输运电子,实现了电子空穴对的有效分离。石墨烯-量子点复合材料不仅具有石墨烯的高电子传输性能,而且具备量子点特殊结构产生的量子尺寸效应和边缘效应,二者复合后在纳米器件和光电器件等领域极具应用潜力。本文详细总结了近年来石墨烯-量子点复合材料的制备方法,包括相转移法、静电复合、水热和溶剂热法以及电化学法和微波辅助法等,并简要介绍了相关应用领域的研究进展,以期为石墨烯基纳米复合材料的发展研究提供相关的参考与依据。     

担载Rh量子点三维石墨烯催化剂可见光催化制氢

利用二维石墨烯易弯曲的特性制备了具有拓扑结构的三维石墨烯(3DGR),并将Rh量子点(Rh QDs)负载于其上得到了三维石墨烯Rh量子点光催化剂,用于光催化制氢反应。由于三维石墨烯具有特殊的拓扑结构,消除了电子在石墨烯层中传递的各向异性,促进了电子进行层间传递,改变了光生电子传递路径,Rh QDs/3DGR催化剂展现出较高的产氢活性和高的稳定性。120 min内累积产氢量为794.2μmol,在520 nm波长下,表观量子效率达到12.6%。该催化剂也具有较高的光电流、较低的过电位(-0.34 V)和较长的荧光寿命(1.37 ns)。     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.     

Chemistry of heterocyclic compounds at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, over 50 years (Review)

The review contains a concise historical account and information on the most significant researches undertaken by the staff at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds. Dedicated to Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences B. A. Trofimov on his 70th jubilee. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 10, pp. 1443–1502, October, 2008.     

A general and convenient synthesis of 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones and their use in amidoalkylation of hydrogen,heteroatom, and carbon nucleophiles

A general synthesis of previously unknown semicarbazone-based α-amidoalkylating reagents, 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones, has been developed. The synthesis involved three-component condensation of semicarbazones of aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes with the same or other aldehydes and p-toluenesulfinic acid. The scope and limitations of this reaction were investigated. The compounds obtained were demonstrated to be an efficient α-(4-semicarbazono)alkylating agents. They were reacted with H- (sodium borohydride), O- (sodium methylate), S- (sodium phenylthiolate), N- (pyrrolidine, sodium succinimide), P- (trialkyl phosphites), and C-nucleophiles (sodium diethyl malonate) to give the corresponding products of the tosyl group substitution, 4-substituted semicarbazones, including analogues of nitrofurazone. Among the prepared compounds tested in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activity, three nitrofuryl-containing semicarbazones exhibited high biological activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8–32 μg/mL.     

Sulfur-directed metal-free and regiospecific methyl C(sp3)–H imidation of thioanisoles

Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp³)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products.     

Synthesis of novel chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and their application in palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck couplings and asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde

A small library of new chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-imidazolium salts 1 is conveniently synthesized on multi-gram scale from inexpensive and commercially available chiral pool amino acids. The corresponding carbenes, generated by deprotonation of imidazolium salts 1, in combination with palladium(II) chloride were tested in the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction. The most significant results in terms of yields and reactivities were achieved with low catalyst loading. The catalytic activities of these imidazolium salts were also investigated in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The use of MgO nanoparticles as an additive in conjunction with these ligands played a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of these reactions.