Theoretical study of aluminide clusters Al13X, Al13X−, and Al13X 2 − (X=H, Hal, OH, NH2, CH3, and C6H5)

The structural, electronic, energy, and vibrational characteristics of the Al₁₃X^? and Al₁₃X ₂ ^? clusters, with an aluminum-centered (Al_c) icosahedral cage Al₁₃ and with one or two outer-sphere ligands X=H, F, Cl, Br, OH, NH₂, CH₃, C₆H₅, have been calculated within the B3LYP approximation of the density functional theory using the 6-31G* and 6-311+G* basis sets. In all Al₁₃X^? radicals, the unpaired electron is localized at the cage atom Al* located opposite the Al-X bond. This Al* atom is the most favorable site for attaching the second X ligand of any nature (trans-addition rule). According to the previously suggested molecular model of the valence state of the [Al ₁₃ ^? ] “superatom,” the calculated energies D ₁(Al ₁₃ ^? -X) of addition of the first ligand to the Al ₁₃ ^? anion are about 1 eV lower than the corresponding energies of addition of the second ligand D ₂(XAl ₁₃ ^? -X). The structure of the Al₁₃ cage depends on the nature of the nature of the substituent X and can radically change in going from anions to their neutral congeners. In the lowest-lying Al₁₃X isomer with electronegative substituents X (Hal, OH, NH₂, CH₃, etc.), the aluminum cage has a marquee structure (1, symmetry C _s) with a hexagonal base and a pentagonal “roof.” For Al₁₃X analogues with electropositive ligands X (Al, Li, Na), a tridentate isomer (T, C _3v ) with the X substituent coordinated to a face of the Al₁₃ icosahedron is preferable. In the case of moderately electronegative X ligands (of the H type), the marquee (1) and icosahedral (T) isomers are close in energy. The stretching vibration frequencies of isomers 1 and T differ significantly in magnitude and intensity so that vibrational spectroscopy methods can be especially applicable to their experimental identification.     

An Experimental Exploration of C−H⋅⋅⋅X Hydrogen Bond in [CHCl3−X(CH3)2] Complexes (X=O,S, and Se)

Among the conglomeration of hydrogen bond donors, the C−H group is prevalent in chemistry and biology. In the present work, CHCl₃ has been selected as the hydrogen bond donor and are X(CH₃)₂ are the hydrogen bond acceptors. Formation of C−H⋅⋅⋅X hydrogen bond under the matrix isolation condition is confirmed by the observation of red-shift in the C−H stretching frequency of CHCl₃ and comparison with the simulated spectra. Stabilisation energy of all the three complexes is almost equal although the observed red-shift for the C−H⋅⋅⋅O complex is less compared to the C−H⋅⋅⋅S/Se complexes. The nature and origin of the hydrogen bond have been delineated using Natural Bond Orbital, Atoms in Molecules, Non-Covalent Interaction analyses, and Energy Decomposition Analysis. Charge transfer is found to be proportional to the observed red-shift. This work provides the first impression of C−H⋅⋅⋅Se hydrogen bond and its comparison with C−H⋅⋅⋅O/S hydrogen bond interaction under experimental condition.     

Carbonyl analogues? Analysis of Fe-E (E=B, Al, Ga) bonding in cationic terminal diyl complexes by density functional theory

A series of DFT calculations has been carried out with the aim of characterizing the metal-group 13 element interaction in the novel cationic borylene complex [(eta5-C2Me5)Fe(CO)2(BMes)]+ (1) and related species of the type [eta5-C5R5)M(L)2(EX)]n+. In addition, comparisons have been made with charge neutral borylene complexes and with related group 14 based ligand systems (e.g. cationic metal carbonyls, carbenes and vinylidenes) for which models of bonding have previously been established. In this regard particular attention has been focused on the interpretation of (i) molecular orbital composition; (ii) bond dissociation energies (BDEs) and the ratio of ionic to covalent contributions (DeltaEelstat/DeltaEorb); and (iii) sigma and pi symmetry covalent contributions. The molecular orbital compositions for the prototype borylene complex 1 and for related cationic and neutral systems [e.g.[(eta5-C5H5)Fe(PMe3)2(BMes)]+ and (eta5-C5H5)Mn(CO2(BMes)]] are consistent with the presence of bonding interactions between metal and borylene fragments of both sigma and pi symmetry. Furthermore, on the basis of BDEs, DeltaEorb values and sigma/pi covalent ratios, the bonding in cationic terminal borylene complexes such as 1 appears to have as much right to be termed a M=E double bond as does that in archetypal Fischer carbene and related complexes such as [(eta5-C5R5)Fe(CO)2(CCMe2)]+ and [(eta5-C5R5)Fe(CO)2(CH2)]+.     

Theoretical study of stepwise hydrogenated closo-alane clusters Al13H m − (m = 1–12)

The structure, energy, and vibrational characteristics of different stepwise-hydrogenated closo-alane clusters Al₁₃H _m ^? (m = 1–12) were calculated within the B3LYP approximation of the density functional theory using 6-31G* and 6-311+G* basis sets. For each of the m values, there is a set of several low-lying, closely spaced (within ～0.1–0.3 eV) isomers. In the first half of the series, inner isomers (with the centered cage Al@Al₁₂) are preferable; and in the second half, outer isomers (with the thirteenth Al atom located on the outside of the empty Al₁₂ icosahedron and coordinated to its face) are more favorable. In some of the outer isomers, the aluminum cage is severely distorted and loses its closo form. When a hydrogen atom is attached to paramagnetic radical anions (with odd m values), the most favorable site for attack is the Al* atom located opposite the Al^t-H bond and carrying most of the unpaired electron density. The resulting diamagnetic anions contain a maximum number of linear (or quasi-linear) HAl_H-Al_c-Al_HH or HAl_H…Al_HH fragments in the inner and outer isomers, respectively (the trans addition rule). The energy D _m (H) of successive addition of an H atom to the centered icosahedron Al ₁₃ ^? depends on m in a zigzag manner: the even bonds are always ～1 eV stronger than the odd bonds. This trend is interpreted in the framework of the molecular model of the valence states of the [Al₁₃] “superatom” with a variable valence increasing from 1 to 12 due to the unpairing of one to six electron pairs of the cage when the first, third, etc. odd H atoms are attached to it.     

The Influence of Heteroatom M(M = B, Al, Ge, Ga, Fe)on the Adsorption Properties of M-ZSM-12 Zeolites

Heteroatom M-ZSM-12 zeolites(M=B, Al, Ge, Ga, Fe) are hydrothermally synthesized and it is proved that the heteroatom M is involved in the framework of synthesized molecular sieves by means of XRD, IR spectra. The results of adsorption and diffusion experiments indicate that the heteroatom M modifies the pore volume, specific surface area, and the channel of ZSM-12 molecular sieves.     

Theoretical study of the pressure-induced B3–B1 phase transition in Cd1−xMnxTe

The high pressure phase transition in Cd_1−xMn_xTe (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5), which is from the cubic zinc-blende structure (B3) to the NaCl structure (B1), is investigated by using first principles spin-polarized LCAO calculations based on the density functional theory (DFT) formalism. The calculations indicate that the transition pressure of the B3-to-B1 structural phase transformation depends on the Mn content of the sample. This result is consistent with the expectation that the substitution of Cd by Mn in CdTe tends to perturb the tetrahedral coordination geometry and thereby to destabilize the B3 structure. Several structural properties (equilibrium lattice constant, bulk modulus, transition pressure, etc.) of Cd_1−xMn_xTe (x = 0.0, 0.25 and 0.5) CdTe have been calculated, which are in agreement with the previous results.     

(RXNR)_4(X=B，Al，Ga)簇合物的结构与化学键性质

用自洽场理论（HF）和密度泛函理论（DFT）的B3LYP方法,在6-311G~*水平上 ,首次从理论上研究了(RXNR)_4 (R = B,Al,Ga;R = H,CH_3,NH_2,OH)簇合 物及其先驱化合物（RXNR）_2的几何构型、电子结构和化学键性质,并与其异构体 及其等电子化合物进行了比较。结果表明,(RBNR)_4为环状骨架结构,(RAlNR)_4 和(RGaNR)_4为建立骨架结构。     

Vibrational spectra of icosabedral closoborate anions B12X2−12 (X = H,D, Cl,Br, I)

Vibrational spectra of the salts M₂B₁₂X₁₂ where X = H, D, Cl, Br, I; M = K, Cs are obtained in solid state and in aqueous solution. The vibrational assignment for the undistorted icosahedral anion B₁₂X²⁻₁₂ in the series X = H, D, Cl, Br, I is discussed. The spectral pattern observed is consistent with the selection rules for the I_h point symmetry group. The changes in the spectra of the solid salts due to the crystal field are revealed.     

(RXNR)_4(X=B，Al，Ga)簇合物的结构与化学键性质

用自洽场理论（HF）和密度泛函理论（DFT）的B3LYP方法，在6-311G~*水平上 ，首次从理论上研究了(RXNR)_4 (R = B，Al，Ga；R = H，CH_3，NH_2，OH)簇合 物及其先驱化合物（RXNR）_2的几何构型、电子结构和化学键性质，并与其异构体 及其等电子化合物进行了比较。结果表明，(RBNR)_4为环状骨架结构，(RAlNR)_4 和(RGaNR)_4为建立骨架结构。     

Theoretical studies on the band structures of superconducting solid compounds: Nb3X (X=Si, Ge, Sn, Pb)

The band structures of several analogous superconducting A-15 type solid compounds, Nb3X (X=Si, Ge, Sn, Pb), have been calculated by use of the tight-binding method within the Extended Huckel approximation (EHT). By analysis of their energy bands, densities of states and crystal orbital overlap populations, the dependence of the superconducting transition temperatures (Tc) on the electronic structures and bondings is qualitatively elucidated.     

非线性光学晶体LiBX_2(B=Ga,In;X=S,Se,Te)的研究

LiBX2(B=Ga,In;X=S,Se,Te)晶体具有宽的透光波段、足够大的双折射率、高的激光损伤阈值和小的双光子吸收系数等特性,是目前最具发展前景的中红外波段频率转换材料之一。本文从晶体结构入手,重点介绍了LiBX2晶体的光学性能、缺陷结构及晶体应用的最新研究成果。LiBX2晶体在二次谐波(SHG)相位匹配、差频产生(DFG)、光学参量放大(OPA)和光学参量振荡(OPO)等方面具有重要的应用前景。通过对晶体的透过光谱、吸收光谱、光致发光光谱和电子辐照的研究可以确定缺陷类型、缺陷浓度及最佳退火温度,分析晶体颜色与晶体组成和缺陷的关系。最后,提出LiBX2晶体今后应重点开展的研究方向,即获得更高光学质量的大尺寸晶体、降低晶体残余吸收和设计性能优良的抗反射膜(AR)。     

Anion⋅⋅⋅Anion Attraction in Complexes of MCl3− (M=Zn,Cd, Hg) with CN−

High-level ab initio calculations show that the MCl₃⁻ anions comprising Group 2B M atoms Zn, Cd, and Hg form a stable complex with the CN⁻ anion, despite the like charge of the two ions. The complexation occurs despite a negative π-hole region above the M atom of MCl₃⁻. The dimerization distorts the planar geometry of MCl₃⁻ into a pyramidal shape which reduces the negative potential above the M atom, facilitating a close approach of the two anions, with R(M⋅⋅⋅C)∼2 Å, and an overall attractive electrostatic attraction within the dimer. In the gas phase, this dimer is less stable than the pair of separated ions by some 30 kcal/mol. However, the dissociation must surmount an energy barrier of roughly 25 kcal/mol which occurs at an intermolecular distance of 4 Å. In aqueous solution, the dimerization process is exothermic and barrier-free, with a binding energy in the 11–18 kcal/mol range.     

Low-Frequency Sub-Terahertz Absorption in HgII−XCN−FeII (X=S,Se) Coordination Polymers

Self-assembly Fe^II complexes of phenazine (Phen), quinoxaline (Qxn), and 4,4′-trimethylenedipyridine (Tmp) with tetrahedral building blocks of [Hg^II(XCN)₄]²⁻ (X=S or Se) formed six new high-dimensional frameworks with the general formula of [Fe(L)_m][Hg(XCN)₄]⋅solvents (L=Phen, m/X=2/S, 1 ; L=Qxn, m/X=2/S, 2 ; L=Qxn, m/X=1/S, 3 ; L=Qxn, m/X=1/Se, 3-Se ; L=Tmp, m/X=1/S, 4 ; and L=Tmp, m/X=1/Se, 4-Se ). 1 , 3 , and 3-Se show an intense sub-terahertz (sub-THz) absorbance of around 0.60 THz due to vibrations of the solvent molecules coordinated to the Fe^II ions and crystallization organic molecules. In addition, crystals of 1 , 4 , and 4-Se display low-frequency Raman scattering with exceptionally low values of 0.44, 0.51, and 0.53 THz, respectively. These results indicate that heavy metal Fe^II−Hg^II systems are promising platforms to construct sub-THz absorbers.     

(XY)12(X=B,Al;Y=P)团簇的结构与稳定性

采用B3LYP／6031G*方法,对(XY)12(X=B,Al;Y=P)笼状团簇的同分异构体进行优化,筛选出能量最低的构型．讨论它们的几何构型、HOMO-LUMO能隙、生成焓、核独立化学位移(NICS)和自由能．得到(BP)12和(AlP)12团簇的最稳定构型均为具有Th对称性的四、六元环组成的笼,亚稳态结构中含有五元环。     

Theoretical study on tetranuclear boron clusters: B4X4 (X = H, F, Cl, Br, I)

The molecular orbitals for B4H4, B4F4, B4Cl4, B4Br4 and B4I4 have been calculated by using all-electron or effective core potential ab initio method at the self-consistent field level using basis sets with diffuse and polarization functions. The boron-boron and boron-halide (-hydrogen) distances of these cage compounds are optimized with three kinds of basis sets constrained to a tetrahedral symmetry. According to the localization scheme of Boys, four three-centered two-electron (3c2e) B-B-B bonds localized on each of the faces of the B4 tetrahedron are derived for B4X4 clusters. The HOMO-LUMO energy gaps, atomization energies and Mulliken overlap populations of these compounds indicate that the stabilities of the clusters decrease in the sequence of B4F4 > B4Cl4, B4H4 > B4Br4 > B4I4.     

Theoretical study of the energetics of the O3(X̃ 1A1) → O2(X 3Σ−g) + O(3P) dissociation process

The dissociation energy (D_e) for the O₃(X̃ ¹A₁) → O₂(X ³Σ⁻_g) + O(³P) process is computed using MC SCF, CI, MBPT, and CCD methods. A full-valence MC SCF calculation utilizing a [9s5p3d1f/5s3p2d1f] basis set yields a D_e value of 0.43 eV, far below the experimental value of 1.13 eV, demonstrating the importance of correlation effects involving non-valence orbitals. A CI calculation in the same basis set allowing for all single and double excitations from three-reference configuration yields a D_e value of 0.72 eV. This value is increased to 1.06 eV when the Davidson correction is included. When the number of reference configurations is increased to eight, the resulting CI calculation gives a D_e value of 0.82 eV prior to the Davidson correction and 1.10 eV after this correction.     

Nature of bonding in terminal borylene, alylene, and gallylene complexes of vanadium and niobium [(η(5)-C5H5)(CO)3M(ENR2)] (M = V, Nb; E = B, Al, Ga; R = CH3, SiH3, CMe3, SiMe3): a DFT study

Density functional theory calculations have been performed for the terminal borylene, alylene, and gallylene complexes [(η(5)-C(5)H(5))(CO)(3)M(ENR(2))] (M = V, Nb; E = B, Al, Ga; R = CH(3), SiH(3), CMe(3), SiMe(3)) using the exchange correlation functional BP86. The calculated geometry parameters of vanadium borylene complex [(η(5)-C(5)H(5))(CO)(3)V{BN(SiMe(3))(2)}] are in excellent agreement with their available experimental values. The M-B bonds in the borylene complexes have partial M-B double-bond character, and the B-N bonds are nearly B═N double bonds. On the other hand, the M-E bonds in the studied metal alylene and gallylene complexes represent M-E single bonds with a very small M-E π-orbital contribution, and the Al-N and Ga-N bonds in the complexes have partial double-bond character. The orbital interactions between metal and ENR(2) in [(η(5)-C(5)H(5))(CO)(3)M(ENR(2))] arise mainly from M ← ENR(2) σ donation. The π-bonding contribution is, in all complexes, much smaller. The contributions of the electrostatic interactions ΔE(elstat) are significantly larger in all borylene, alylene, and gallylene complexes than the covalent bonding ΔE(orb); that is, the M-ENR(2) bonding in the complexes has a greater degree of ionic character.     

Mössbauer studies of Fe1−xMxBO3 (x = 0, 0.1; M = Al3+, Ga3+, Cr3+) close to the Tc

The results of a Mössbauer study on the effect of substitution of Al³⁺, Ga³⁺, and Cr³⁺ in ferromagnetic FeBO₃ close to the T_c are presented. The Curie temperatures of FeBO₃, Fe_0.9Al_0.1BO₃, Fe_0.9Ga_0.1BO₃, and Fe_0.9Cr_0.1BO₃ have been determined to be 352, 317, 319, and 335 K, respectively. “Anomalous” spectra have been found to appear just 1° below the T_c for FeBO₃, but 15° below the T_c for substituted borates. The inadequacy of static models in explaining these spectra has been pointed out. These spectra have been simulated using relaxation models and estimates of activation energy obtained for spin-flip processes. The results are attributed to dominant superparamagnetic relaxation effects due to the presence of clusters. Mössbauer spectra of FeBO₃ substituted by a magnetic ion, viz., Cr³⁺, are found to differ significantly from those of the above-mentioned samples.     

Copolymerization of norbornene,styrene, and naleic anhydride catalyzed by Fe(acac)3−Al(i-Bu)3

Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry - Copolymerization of norbornene (NB), styrene (ST), and maleic anhydride (MA) catalyzed by Fe(acac)3-Al(i-Bu)3 has been investigated at different conditions...