First-principles study of native defects in rutile TiO2

Native point defects in the rutile TiO₂ are studied via first-principles pseudopotential calculations. Except for the two antisite defects, all the native point defects have low formation energies. Under the Ti-rich growth condition, high concentrations of titanium interstitials and oxygen vacancies would form spontaneously in p-type samples; whereas high concentrations of titanium vacancies would form spontaneously in n-type samples regardless of the oxygen partial pressure.     

Room temperature ferromagnetism in vacuum-annealed TiO2 thin films

Thin films of pure TiO₂ have been prepared using both spin-coating and sputter-deposition techniques on sapphire and quartz substrates. The structural characteristics of the films have been investigated in detail using Raman spectroscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). When annealed in vacuum, all films demonstrate room temperature ferromagnetism, while the air-annealed samples show much smaller, often negligible, magnetic moments. The magnetization of the vacuum-annealed sputtered samples depends on film thickness, with the volume magnetization decreasing monotonically with increasing thickness. Furthermore, the magnetization per unit area also decreases slightly with increasing film thickness. These results suggest that ferromagnetism in the vacuum-annealed TiO₂ films is mediated by surface defects or interfacial effects, but does not arise from stoichiometric crystalline TiO₂.     

First-principles study of ferromagnetism in Zn- and Cd-doped SnO2

The electronic structures and magnetic properties of Zn- and Cd-doped SnO₂ are investigated using first-principles calculations within the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) and GGA+U scheme. The substitutional Zn and Cd atoms introduce holes in the 2p orbitals of the O atoms and the introduced holes are mostly confined to the minority-spin states. The magnetic moment induced by doping mainly comes from the 2p orbitals of the O atoms, among which the moment of the first neighboring O atoms around the dopant are the biggest. The U correction for the anion-2p states obviously increases the moment of the first neighboring O atoms and transforms the ground states of the doped SnO₂ from half-metallic to insulating. The magnetic coupling between the moments induced by two dopants is ferromagnetic and the origin of ferromagnetic coupling can be attributed to the p–d hybridization interaction involving holes.     

N,Co共掺杂锐钛矿相YiO2光催化剂的第一性原理研究

采用第一性原理平面波超软赝势方法研究了N,Co共掺杂锐钛矿相TiO2的微观结构和光学性质.结果表明:N,Co共掺杂后TiO2晶格中产生的偶极矩使光生电子-空穴对更有效地分离;在TiO2导带和价带之间形成了新的杂质能级,一方面使吸收带边红移到可见光区,光吸收性能明显增强,另一方面有利于光生电子-空穴对的分离,提高TiO2的光量子效率;与纯TiO2相比,N,Co共掺杂锐钛矿相TiO2带边的氧化还原势只有微小的变化,共掺杂后TiO2的强氧化还原能力得以保持.     

First-principles study of the electronic and optical properties of the (Y, N)-codoped anatase TiO2 photocatalyst

First-principles plane-wave pseudopotential calculations are performed to study the geometrical structures, formation energies, and electronic and optical properties of Y-doped, N-doped, and (Y, N)-codoped TiO₂. The calculated results show that Y and N codoping leads to lattice distortion, easier separation of photogenerated electron-hole pairs and band gap narrowing. The optical absorption spectra indicate that an obvious red-shift occurs upon Y and N codoping, which enhances visible-light photocatalytic activity.     

N掺杂锐钛矿TiO2电子结构的第一性原理研究

为了研究N掺杂对锐钛矿型TiO₂电子结构的影响，进而揭示N掺杂导致锐钛矿型TiO₂的禁带宽度变小的机理，对N掺杂TiO₂进行了基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理研究. 通过对能带、态密度及电子分布密度图的分析，发现在N掺杂后，N原子与Ti原子在导带区，发生了强烈的相互关联作用，致使Ti原子3d轨道上的电子向N原子2p轨道发生移动，使得导带降低了，从而使得TiO₂导带的禁带宽度变小.理论预测可以发生红移现象，与实验结果对比分析，理论与实验基本相符. 关键词： N掺杂 2')" href="#">锐钛矿型TiO₂ 电子结构     

SnO2/TiO2 mixed oxide particles synthesized in doped premixed H2/O2/Ar flames

SnO₂/TiO₂ mixed oxides with primary particle size ranging between 5 nm d_p 12 nm were synthesized by doping a H₂/O₂/Ar flame with Sn(CH₃)₄ and Ti(OC₃H₇)₄ co-currently. The effects of “flow coordinate,” concentration and flame configurations were investigated with respect to particle size and morphology of the generated mixed oxides. In situ characterization of the mixed oxides was performed using the particle mass spectrometer (PMS), while XRD, TEM, BET and UV–Vis were performed ex situ. Results obtained showed that primary particle size of mixed oxides can be controlled by varying experimental parameters. The mixed oxides have interesting properties compared to those of the pure oxides of TiO₂ and SnO₂, which were also synthesized in flames earlier. Band gap tuning opportunities are possible using mixed oxides.     

Nd高掺杂锐钛矿相TiO2电子结构和吸收光谱的第一原理研究

基于密度泛函理论平面波超软赝势方法, 采用第一原理研究未掺杂和不同浓度Nd高掺杂锐钛矿相TiO₂的电子结构和吸收光谱. 计算结果表明, 在本文限定的Nd高掺杂浓度范围内, Nd高掺杂浓度越小, 锐钛矿相TiO₂的禁带宽度越窄, 吸收光谱发生红移越显著. 计算结果与实验结果变化趋势相一致.     

N掺杂锐钛矿TiO2光学性能的第一性原理研究

用平面波赝势方法(PWP)计算了N掺杂锐钛矿型TiO₂前后的光学特性,即介电函数虚部ε₂(ω)，光学吸收系数I(ω)和反射率R(ω). 并从能带结构上解释了为什么掺N后锐钛矿型TiO₂的光学谱在2.93，3.56和3.97eV处相对掺杂前会出现3个峰值的原因. 从光谱图上分析得出，掺杂后TiO₂要发生红移现象，实验现象证实了这一结果. 关键词： N掺杂 2')" href="#">锐钛矿型TiO₂ 光学性能 第一性原理     

TiO,O2 和TiO2的分析势能函数及光谱研究

用Gaussian09程序包的密度泛函理论DFT方法,在BP86/6-311++g(d,p)水平上对O₂, TiO和TiO₂ 分子进行了优化.得到该系列分子的基态电子态分别为：O₂(X³Σ_g), TiO(X³Π_g), TiO₂(X¹ A₁), TiO₂分子的稳定构型为C_2v构型. 用Murrell-Sorbie势能函数对TiO和O₂分子的扫描势能点进行拟合, 其扫描点都与四参数Murrell-Sorbie函数拟合曲线符合得很好,在此基础上推导出它们的光谱数据和力常数. 用多体项展开理论导出TiO₂分子的全空间解析势能函数,在固定键角∠OTiO=110.5° 的情况下, R_Ti-O = 0.1652 nm处存在一个深度为15.09 eV的势阱, 表明在该处易形成稳定的TiO₂分子. 关键词： TiO 2和TiO₂')" href="#">O₂和TiO₂ 密度泛函理论 势能函数     

Photocatalytic Activity of N-doped TiO2 Photocatalysts Prepared from the Molecular Precursor (NH4)2TiO(C2O4)2

用不同温度控制分解草酸氧钛铵制备N掺杂TiO₂光催化剂．利用XRD、IR、热分析、N₂吸-脱附等温线、XPS、紫外可见漫反射光谱和SEM表征了N-TiO₂光催化剂的结构．400～600 oC焙烧的N-TiO₂光催化剂为纯锐钛矿相,而700 oC焙烧的N-TiO₂光催化剂为锐钛矿和金红石混合相．N掺杂在TiO₂的间隙位使锐钛矿相TiO₂带隙变窄．在光降解甲基橙的反应中,600和400 oC焙烧的N-TiO₂催化剂分别在紫外光和全波长光照射下有最好活性;700 oC焙烧的N-TiO₂催化剂无论在紫外光和全波长光下都表现出最好的比活性,即最高的光量子效率,这可以归因于700 oC焙烧的N-TiO₂光催化剂良好的结晶程度和锐钛矿-金红石异相结的存在．     

From anodic TiO2 nanotubes to hexagonally ordered TiO2 nanocolumns

We report on the formation of hexagonally ordered TiO₂ nanocolumnar layers by electrochemical oxidation in a fluoride containing electrolyte, using self-organizing nanotube formation conditions at elevated potentials and low temperatures. The influence of the substrate temperature on the nanocolumn morphology and composition is investigated and characterized by FE-SEM and EDX. The origin of these nanocolumns can be attributed to a thickening of the inner tube wall of the double wall structure of self-organized TiO₂ nanotubes. Furthermore, a transition from nanocolumnar to nanotubular structure can be established by changing the applied voltage or applying a post-immersion treatment.     

Sm-N共掺杂对锐钛矿相TiO2的电子结构和吸收光谱影响的第一性原理研究

采用基于密度泛函理论框架下的第一性原理平面波超软赝势方法, 建立了N, Sm分别单掺杂以及Sm-N共掺杂的锐钛矿TiO₂超胞模型, 对其态密度、能带结构和吸收光谱进行了计算. 结果表明: N单掺杂的锐钛矿TiO₂的红移效果最强, 但Sm-N共掺杂锐钛矿TiO₂的载流子寿命更长, 且共掺杂形成的体系更加稳定.     

Optical and hydrophilic properties of Cr doped TiO2-SiO2 nanostructure thin film

Cr doped TiO₂-SiO₂ nanostructure thin film on glass substrates was prepared by a sol-gel dip coating process. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to characterize the structural and chemical properties of the films. A UV-vis spectrophotometer was used to measure the transmittance spectra of the thin film. The hydrophilicity of the thin film during irradiation and storage in a dark place was measured by a contact angle analyzer. The results indicated that Cr doping has a significant effect on the transmittance and super-hydrophilicity of TiO₂-SiO₂ thin film.     

Preparation of visible light responsive N doped TiO2 via a reduction-nitridation procedure by nonthermal plasma treatment

A visible light responsive N-doped TiO₂ was prepared via a reduction-nitridation procedure by nonthermal plasma treatment. X-ray diffraction, N₂ adsorption, UV-vis spectroscopy, photoluminescence, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to characterize the prepared TiO₂ samples. The plasma treatment did not change the phase composition and particle sizes of TiO₂ samples, but extended its absorption edges to the visible light region. The photocatalytic activities were tested in the degradation of an aqueous solution of a reactive dyestuff, methylene blue, under visible light. The photocatalytic activities of TiO₂ prepared by reduction-nitridation procedure were much higher than that of samples prepared by simple nitridation treatment. The enhanced activity was ascribed to the substitutional N-doping and appropriate concentration of oxygen vacancies. TOHN10 prepared by reduction-nitridation procedure exhibited excellent photocatalytic stability. A possible mechanism for the photocatalysis was proposed.     

First-principles prediction of the hardness of fluorite TiO2

We present first-principles calculations on the elastic constants, ideal tensile and shear strengths of cubic TiO₂ with a fluorite structure (f-TiO₂). The results show that f-TiO₂ is mechanically stable at the ground-state structure. Both shear modulus and value of hardness predicted indicate that the hardness of f-TiO₂ is comparable with TiN but is lower than TiB₂. The ideal shear strength results suggest that the hardness of f-TiO₂ is reduced because of the lower stress on the shear (1 1 1) 〈1 1¯ 0〉 slip system.     

First-principles study of electronic structures and optical properties of Cu, Ag, and Au-doped anatase TiO2

We perform first-principles calculations to investigate the band structure, density of states, optical absorption, and the imaginary part of dielectric function of Cu, Ag, and Au-doped anatase TiO₂ in 72 atoms systems. The electronic structure results show that the Cu incorporation can lead to the enhancement of d states near the uppermost of valence band, while the Ag and Au doping cause some new electronic states in band gap of TiO₂. Meanwhile, it is found that the visible optical absorptions of Cu, Ag, and Au-doped TiO₂, are observed by analyzing the results of optical properties, which locate in the region of 400-1000 nm. The absorption band edges of Cu, Ag, and Au-doped TiO₂ shift to the long wavelength region compared with the pure TiO₂. Furthermore, according to the calculated results, we propose the optical transition mechanisms of Cu, Ag, and Au-doped TiO₂. Our results show that the visible light response of TiO₂ can be modulated by substitutional doping of Cu, Ag, and Au.     

Preparation and characterization of amine-functionalized SiO2/TiO2 films for formaldehyde degradation

This paper investigated the gaseous formaldehyde degradation by the amine-functionalized SiO₂/TiO₂ photocatalytic films for improving indoor air quality. The films were synthesized via the co-condensation reaction of methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMOS) and 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APTMS). The physicochemical properties of prepared photocatalysts were characterized with N₂ adsorption/desorption isotherms measurement, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT/IR). The effect of amine-functional groups and the ratio of MTMOS/APTMS precursors on the formaldehyde adsorption and photocatalytic degradation were investigated. The results showed that the formaldehyde adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of the APTMS-functionalized SiO₂/TiO₂ film was higher than that of SiO₂/TiO₂ film due to the surface adsorption on amine sites and the relatively high of the specific surface area of the APTMS-functionalized SiO₂/TiO₂ film (15 times higher than SiO₂/TiO₂). The enhancement of the formaldehyde degradation of the film can be attributed to the synergetic effect of adsorption and subsequent photocatalytic decomposition. The repeatability of photocatalytic film was also tested and the degradation efficiency was 91.0% of initial efficiency after seven cycles.     

Microstructural, optical and photocatalytic properties of CdS doped TiO2 thin films

CdS doped TiO₂ thin films (with CdS content=0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 at%) were grown on glass substrates. The X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that the films are polycrystalline of monoclinic TiO₂ structure. The microstructure parameters of the films such as crystallite size (D_ν) and microstrain (e) are calculated. Both the crystallites size and the microstrain are decreased with increasing CdS content. The optical constants have been determined in terms of Murmann's exact equations. The refractive index and extinction coefficient are increased with increasing CdS content. The optical band gap is calculated in the strong absorption region. The possible optical transition in these films is found to be an allowed direct transition. The values of E_g^opt are found to decrease as the CdS content increased. The films with 3 at% CdS content have better decomposition efficiency than undoped TiO₂. The films with 6 at% and 9 at% CdS content have decomposition efficiency comparable to that of undoped TiO₂, although they have lower band gap. The CdS doped TiO₂ could have a better impact on the decomposing of organic wastes.     

Preparation and photo-induced superhydrophilicity of composite TiO2-SiO2-In2O3 thin film

In this work, TiO₂-SiO₂-In₂O₃ composite thin films on glass substrates were prepared by the sol-gel dip coating process. X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to evaluate the structural and chemical properties of the films. UV-vis spectrophotometer was used to measure the transmittance spectra of thin films. The water contact angle (WCA) of thin films during UV/vis irradiation and storage in a dark place was measured by a contact angle analyzer. The results indicated that fabrication of composite film has a significant effect on transmittance and superhydrophilicity of TiO₂ films.