面发射分布反馈半导体激光器

本文详细阐述了面发射分布反馈半导体激光器(SE-DFB-LD)的基本工作原理、结构设计及其工作性能,针对国内外研究最新进展与发展现状进行了总结和评述,并在此基础上,对面发射半导体激光器的研究工作和发展趋势做出了进一步的讨论和展望。随着面发射分布反馈半导体激光器各性能指标的不断优化提升和后期加工、装调技术的逐渐成熟,其将不断满足科学研究及工业、军事等实际应用领域对半导体激光器的需求,具有很大的发展潜力。     

Photonic engineering of surface‐emitting terahertz quantum cascade lasers

Various resonators for surface emission are reviewed that have recently been developed to improve radiative‐ and collection‐efficiencies of terahertz quantum cascade lasers (THz QCL). While the fabrication of waveguides for long wavelengths is challenging in terms of molecular beam epitaxy, long wavelengths also provide a wonderful testbed for new photonics structure concepts, since these can be easily produced by conventional optical lithography because of the typically large size of the required features. This led to novel geometries, like one‐ and two‐dimensional non‐periodic photonic crystals, or circular gratings for microdisk‐ and ring‐lasers, which are all implemented by simply patterning the top metal cladding of a metal‐metal waveguide. The modeling of such resonators with the finite element method is also described, highlighting the importance of this tool for the engineering of surface losses and far‐field patterns.     

High power-efficiency terahertz quantum cascade laser

We demonstrate continuous-wave(CW) high power-efficiency terahertz quantum cascade laser based on semiinsulating surface-plasmon waveguide with epitaxial-side down(Epi-down) mounting process.The performance of the device is analyzed in detail.The laser emits at a frequency of ~3.27 THz and has a maximum CW operating temperature of ~ 70 K.The peak output powers are 177 mW in pulsed mode and 149 mW in CW mode at 10 K for 130-μm-wide Epi-down mounted lasers.The record wall-plug efficiencies in direct measurement are 2.26% and 2.05% in pulsed and CW mode,respectively.     

Measurements of the linewidth of a continuous-wave distributed feedback quantum cascade laser

Two-sample (Allan) variance with a modified algorithm was applied to the determination of the experimental linewidth of a thermoelectrically-cooled continuous-wave distributed feedback quantum cascade laser at a wavelength of 4.333 μm. From successive laser transmittance scans over the CO₂ ν₃, (01¹1 − 01¹0) P(33) absorption line at 2307.653 cm^− 1, two-sample variances were calculated for the laser frequency difference between different points on the sides of the absorption peak. From the minimum two-sample variance of the laser frequency difference between two adjacent points (5 μs between the points) on the same side of the absorption line the experimental laser linewidth was estimated to be less than 36(7) kHz at a laser power of ~ 25 mW, a laser current of 976 mA and a laser temperature of + 19.5 °C.     

Single‐mode distributed feedback laser operation with no dependence on the morphology of the gain medium

Organic distributed feedback (DFB) lasers can be useful photonic tools for biological applications where the roles of organic materials are important, because highly coherent single mode emission with broad tuning range can be obtained. However, the formulaic structures of organic lasers, and the uses of gain media as resonators themselves, are not suitable for inducing laser emission from irregular shaped gain media, such as dye‐staining cells and tissues. Here, we report a reusable photonic template comprising an exceedingly thin and discrete titanium dioxide (TiO₂) layer on a one‐dimensional (1D) quartz grating to induce single mode DFB lasing from a variety of states of optical gain media. Using the same template, the external gain media of optically thick and thin casted film, liquid, and a free‐standing thick film reveal single mode lasing with reliable performance. Numerical simulations demonstrate that the 25‐nm thick TiO₂ disconnected grating lines support a spatially confined DFB mode in the vertical direction, even under no index difference between superstrate and substrate. Additionally, not using the typical waveguide gain layer promises high sensitivity and detection limit in refractometric sensing. These results suggest that the photonic structure may serve as a versatile sensing platform for bioapplications.     

Very low threshold operation of quantum cascade lasers

A strain-compensated InP-based quantum cascade laser(QCL) structure emitting at 4.6 μm is demonstrated,based on a two-phonon resonant design and grown by solid-source molecular beam epitaxy(MBE).By optimizing the growth parameters,a very high quality heterostructure with the lowest threshold current densities ever reported for QCLs was fabricated.Threshold current densities as low as 0.47 kA/cm~2 in pulsed operation and 0.56 kA/cm~2 in continuous-wave(cw) operation at 293 K were achieved for this state-of-the-art QCL.A minimum power consumption of 3.65 W was measured for the QCL,uncooled,with a high-reflectivity(HR) coating on its rear facet.     

量子级联激光器有源核中界面声子的特性研究

研究了量子级联激光器有源核中界面声子的色散关系和静电势分布. 根据有源核内部的平移不变性导出了界面声子的色散关系. 计算显示有源核中的界面声子可以分为体声子和表面声子模式. 体声子的色散曲线构成一系列准连续的声子子带，其静电势分布于整个有源核并呈现出Bloch波的特征. 表面声子的色散曲线位于各体声子子带的带隙内，其静电势局域在有源核一侧. 这些结果将有助于量子级联激光器和子带跃迁激光器的优化设计.     

基于双光反馈垂直腔面发射激光器的双信道混沌同步通信

利用双光反馈垂直腔面发射半导体激光器(VCSELs) 两个正交偏振模式输出的两个混沌信号作为混沌载波, 构建了一个双信道的混沌保密通信系统, 并对该系统的通信性能进行了数值仿真研究.研究结果表明: 通过合理的选取反馈参量, 双光反馈VCSELs两个偏振模式输出的混沌信号能很好地隐藏外腔反馈延时特性; 双光反馈VCSEL两个偏振模式输出的混沌信号通过偏振保持注入到接收VCSEL中, 在强注入锁定条件下可以实现很好的混沌同步, 同步性能对频率失谐的容忍性随着注入强度的增加而加强; 在附加混沌调制加密方式下, 500 Mbit/s的信号在传输过程中能够得到很好的隐藏, 同时在接收端可以成功解调; 随着通信速率的增加, Q因子呈现下降的趋势, 但对于 6 Gbit/s的信息, Q因子仍大于6. 关键词： 垂直腔面发射激光器 双光反馈 双信道 混沌通信     

2.9THz束缚态向连续态跃迁量子级联激光器研制

采用气源分子束外延技术生长了GaAs/AlGaAs束缚态向连续 态跃迁的太赫兹量子级联激光器材料, 基于半绝缘等离子体波导工艺制作了太赫兹量子级联激光器. 测量了激光器的发射光谱和功率-电流-电压关系曲线, 研究了器件的激光特性. 器件激射频率约2.95 THz, 脉冲模式下, 最高工作温度为67 K. 连续波模式下, 阈值电流密度最低为230 A/cm², 最大光输出功率1.2 mW, 最高工作温度为30 K. 关键词： 太赫兹 量子级联激光器 分子束外延 波导     

Multi‐wavelength quantum cascade laser arrays

The progress on multi‐wavelength quantum cascade laser arrays in the mid‐infrared is reviewed, which are a powerful, robust and versatile source for next‐generation spectroscopy and stand‐off detection systems. Various approaches for the array elements are discussed, from conventional distributed‐feedback lasers over master‐oscillator power‐amplifier devices to tapered oscillators, and the performances of the different array types are compared. The challenges associated with reliably achieving single‐mode operation at deterministic wavelengths for each laser element in combination with a uniform distribution of high output power across the array are discussed. An overview of the range of applications benefiting from the quantum cascade laser approach is given. The distinct and crucial advantages of arrays over external cavity quantum cascade lasers as tunable single‐mode sources in the mid‐infrared are discussed. Spectroscopy and hyperspectral imaging demonstrations by quantum cascade laser arrays are reviewed.

     

2.5 THz量子级联激光器的研制

基于束缚态到连续态跃迁有源区能带结构,实现了2.5 THz量子级联激光器的连续波工作。激光器的输出频率随电流可在2.45~2.47 THz之间可调,在连续波工作模式下的最高输出功率大于6.0 mW,最高连续波工作温度为60 K,阈值电流密度为120 A/cm2,经Si透镜整形后的输出光斑为高斯分布。     

基于中红外量子级联激光器和石英增强光声光谱的CO超高灵敏度检测研究

采用石英增强光声光谱(QEPAS)技术对CO痕量气体展开检测研究. 为了实现超高灵敏度探测, 采用输出波长为4.6 μm的新颖中红外高功率分布反馈量子级联激光器为光源, 实现了对CO气体基频吸收带的激发与测量. 在优化了调制深度、气体压强和提高了CO分子的振动-转动弛豫速率后, 获得了1.95 ppbv的优异探测极限. 在分析检测结果的过程中, 讨论了能级寿命对信号强度的影响, 并对QEPAS信号强度的表达式进行了修正.     

Numerical investigation on photonic microwave generation by a sole excited-state emitting quantum dot laser with optical injection and optical feedback

Based on three-level exciton model, the enhanced photonic microwave signal generation by using a sole excited-state(ES) emitting quantum dot(QD) laser under both optical injection and optical feedback is numerically studied. Within the range of period-one(P1) dynamics caused by the optical injection, the variations of microwave frequency and microwave intensity with the parameters of frequency detuning and injection strength are demonstrated. It is found that the microwave frequency can be continuously tuned by adjusting the injection parameters, and the microwave intensity can be enhanced by changing the injection strength. Moreover, considering that the generated microwave has a wide linewidth, an optical feedback loop is further employed to compress the linewidth, and the effect of feedback parameters on the linewidth is investigated. It is found that with the increase of feedback strength or delay time, the linewidth is evidently decreased due to the locking effect. However, for the relatively large feedback strength or delay time, the linewidth compression effect becomes worse due to the gradually destroyed P1 dynamics. Besides, through optimizing the feedback parameters, the linewidth can be reduced by up to more than one order of magnitude for different microwave frequencies.     

Continuous‐wave vertically emitting photonic crystal terahertz laser

Compact semiconductor light sources with high performance continuous‐wave (CW) and single mode operation are highly demanded for many applications in the terahertz (THz) frequency range. Distributed feedback (DFB) and photonic crystal (PhC) quantum cascade (QC) lasers are amongst the leading candidates in this field. Absorbing boundary condition is a commonly used method to control the optical performance of a laser in double‐metal confinement. However, this approach increases the total loss in the device and results in a large threshold current density, limiting the CW maximum output power and operating temperature. In this letter, a robust surface emitting continuous‐wave terahertz QC laser is realized in a two‐dimensional PhC structure by a second order Bragg grating extractor that simultaneously provides the boundary condition necessary for mode selection. This results in a 3.12 THz single mode CW operation with a 3 mW output power and a maximum operation temperature (T_max) of 100 K. Also, a highly collimated far‐field pattern is demonstrated, which is an important step towards real world applications.     

基于单个量子级联激光器的大气多组分测量方法

利用单个新型中红外量子级联激光器作为激光光源,结合长程光学吸收池技术开展了大气多组分同时测量方法的研究.通过结合基于自适应性Savitzky-Golay滤波的数据处理算法,有效地提高了系统检测灵敏度和光谱分辨率.研究结果表明,在1 s的时间分辨率和1 atm压力条件下,采用二次微分探测技术可实现CO,N_2O和H_2O测量精度分别为8.20 ppb,7.90 ppb和64.00 ppm(1 ppb=10~(-9),1 ppm=10~(-6));通过提高信号平均时间,在最佳的积分时间(85 s)时,系统可实现的最小检测限分别为1.25 ppb(CO),1.15 ppb(N_2O)和35.77 ppm(H_2O).整个系统具有结构紧凑,成本相对较低,通过选择其他波段的量子级联激光器的激光光源,即可实现对其他分子的实时分析.本系统可广泛应用于大气化学等领域的应用研究.     

太赫兹量子级联激光器频率梳的色散

群速度色散会限制太赫兹量子级联激光器频率梳的稳定以及频谱宽度.对于太赫兹量子级联激光器频率梳,其色散主要由器件增益、波导损耗、材料损耗引起.研究基于4.2 THz量子级联激光器双面金属波导结构,通过建立德鲁德模型,利用有限元法计算了激光器的波导损耗;器件未钳制的增益由费米黄金定则计算得到,结合增益钳制效应,计算了器件子带电子跃迁吸收以及镜面损耗,得到了器件钳制后的增益;利用Kramers-Kronig关系得到了器件的增益、波导损耗、材料损耗引起的色散,结果表明器件的激射区域存在非常严重的色散(–8×10~5—8×10~5 fs~2/mm).同时,计算了一种基于Gires-Tournois干涉仪结构的色散,结果表明,该结构的色散具有周期性,可以用于太赫兹量子级联激光器的色散补偿.     

室温脉冲QCL光谱特性实验研究

本文报道导了对长脉冲工作模式下中心波长为1274cm^-1量子级联激光器光谱特性的研究结果．通过采用高带宽的中红外HgCdTe探测器及高速数据采集装置得以记录时域下的光谱,结合高分辨率的标准具,可以获得有关光谱在频域下的信息．通过对测量的光谱数据的分析,获得了光谱的外形、调谐特性、分辨率随时间变化的特性与规律,以及电压、温度对光谱的影响方式,得到了提高光谱分辨率、优化光谱质量的方法,从而可以提高下一步光谱定量分析的准确性．     

太赫兹量子级联激光器中有源区上激发态电子向高能级泄漏的研究

利用热力学统计理论和激光器输出特性理论,建立了太赫兹量子级联激光器(THz QCL)有源区中上激发态电子往更高能级电子态泄漏的计算模型,以输出功率度量电子泄漏程度研究分析了晶格温度和量子阱势垒高度对电子泄漏的影响.数值仿真结果表明,晶格温度上升会加剧电子泄漏,并且电子从上激发态泄漏到束缚态的数量大于泄漏到阱外连续态,同时温度的上升也会降低激光输出功率.增加量子阱势垒高度能抑制电子泄漏,并且有源区量子阱结构中存在一个最优量子阱势垒高度. THz QCL经过最优量子阱势垒高度优化后,工作温度得到提升,其输出功率相比于以往的结果也有所提高.研究结果对优化THz QCL有源区结构、抑制电子泄漏和改善激光器输出特性有指导作用.     

高频调制大功率窄线宽分布反馈光纤激光器

研制了一种窄线宽光纤激光器.在有源相移光栅后加一段掺铒光纤,当用980 nm抽运光注入时,首先形成了分布反馈(DFB)光纤激光器,而残余抽运光将铒纤中铒离子从基态抽运到了激发态,对DFB激光实现了有效放大,实现了对残余抽运光的充分利用,节省了功耗、降低了成本;同时利用温控技术克服了DFB光纤激光器的温度敏感问题;将相移光栅黏贴于片状压电陶瓷(PZT)的表面实现了高频调制.实验研制的激光器的最高调制频率为2 kHz、输出功率为15.6 dBm,线宽为300 kHz. 关键词： 分布反馈光纤激光器 窄线宽 大功率 高频调制