不同防老剂对天然橡胶复合材料P-V-T关系的影响

采用PVT膨胀仪测试了添加不同防老剂的天然橡胶(NR)复合材料的压力-体积-温度(P-V-T)属性,通过最小二乘法拟合得到Tait方程参数,预测了体系的热膨胀系数(α)和等温压缩系数(β),结果表明,Tait状态方程可用来预测该复合材料体系的P-V-T行为,NR复合材料的α值随着压力的增大而减小,随温度变化不明显;β值随压力的增大而减小,且随着温度的升高而升高.分子模拟结果观察了体系凝聚态结构在不同温度下的变化,表明其变化原因是升温使体系自由体积增大,分子链的活动性增强,同时观察到单独加入防老剂4010NA或防老剂RD的体系α和β的值较大,说明其尺寸稳定性差,而当同时加入4010NA和RD进行防老剂并用时,体系的α和β值均较小,表明此复合材料体系不容易产生变形;通过分子动力学模拟手段计算了NR复合材料的内聚能密度(CED)随温度的变化规律,对于2种防老剂并用的体系,其CED比较大,说明分子间相互作用力较强,从而体系尺寸稳定性好,受温度和压力的影响小.     

在高压CO_2中聚乙二醇-聚己内酯嵌段共聚物的结晶行为

通过广角X射线衍射(WAXD)和小角X射线散射(SAXS)方法研究了PEO-b-PCL在CO2中的结晶形貌和片晶厚度的变化,利用高压示差扫描量热仪(HP DSC)考察了压力对熔融和等温结晶过程的影响.结果表明,PEO-b-PCL的结晶度、片晶厚度、熔融温度均随压力的升高而减小,结晶结构变得不完善.在等温结晶过程中,结晶速率随压力的升高而下降,结晶过程处于成核控制区,Avrami指数n在3.7~4.7,表明晶体的生长方式为三维生长.     

PP/POE共混物的P-V-T属性及压力对结晶温度的影响

采用PVT膨胀仪研究了PP/POE共混物的P-V-T属性, 利用Tait方程预测其比容和热膨胀系数(α), 研究了压力对结晶温度(Tc)的影响. 结果表明, Tait状态方程可用来预测部分相容的、半结晶PP/POE共混物的PVT行为. PP结晶前后的比容变化比POE的大得多, 随着POE含量的增加, PP/POE共混物结晶前后比容的变化均逐渐减小. PP在熔融状态下的α比固体状态的大, 而POE正好相反. PP/POE共混物的α随温度和压力的变化与其组成密切相关. 随着压力的增高, PP, POE及其PP/POE共混物的结晶温度均呈线性增高的趋势.     

高温凝胶渗透色谱法测定聚丙烯的相对分子质量及分布

双向拉伸聚丙烯(BOPP)是一种用于生产薄膜的高分子材料,该材料具有透明、有一定阻隔性、挺括、强度高、无毒等优越性。由于相对分子质量分布是影响BOPP加工性能、力学性质的主要因素,相对分子质量分布宽时,会导致在薄膜生产中趋向边缘比中间稍厚,而相对分子质量分布窄时,中间比边缘厚。前者所得薄膜更有利于横向拉伸,而后者易拉伸破膜。同时,相对分子质量分布加宽会使BOPP的熔体强度增大,有利于减轻挤出厚片的熔垂,因此适当的相对分子质量分布有利于加工。此类薄膜对相对分子质量及分布的要求比较严格,     

密封橡胶材料的压力-体积-温度关系的研究

制备了3种密封胶材料——丁苯橡胶、丁腈橡胶及丁腈/氯化丁基混合橡胶材料,利用压力-体积-温度(P-V-T)高压膨胀计对样品进行测试,得到了比容Vsp随着温度T和压力P变化的关系;采用Tait方程研究了P-V-T性能,并计算出Tait方程中相应的参数.结果表明,Tait方程计算所得的P-V-T理论关系与实验结果一致,具有较好的规律性;b3、b4均为常数,即B为常数;Tait方程计算所得值与实验值的平均残差均小于0.02,吻合度较好;因此Tait方程可以较好地描述3种密封橡胶体系的P-V-T关系,并且为定量研究密封橡胶材料的P-V-T关系提供理论基础.同时,根据Tait方程所得的参数,计算了3种橡胶材料的热膨胀系数α和等温压缩系数β,研究了3种橡胶材料的α和β随着压力、温度的变化规律,结果表明3种材料中丁苯橡胶的尺寸稳定性最好,而丁腈/氯化丁基复合橡胶的尺寸稳定性较差并且其α随着压力的变化有较大的改变.准确地描述了3种密封橡胶材料的α和β随压力、温度的变化.     

一种利用梯度光掩模制备梯度表面的简便方法

以自制杂化双向拉伸聚丙烯/氧化硅(BOPP/SiOx)有机/无机杂化膜为基材,由喷墨打印机直接在杂化膜表面打印色阶图案,制备出对紫外光强度呈梯度透过的梯度光掩模;通过此掩模控制,在双向拉伸聚丙烯(BOPP)和聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)表面实施受限光催化氧化(CPO)光感应羟基化反应、受限光接枝丙烯酸(AA)以及表面...     

关于平衡态热力学常见过程的定义

平衡态热力学中的等温过程是系统始态与终态温度相等且等于环境恒定温度的过程;等压过程是系统始态与终态压力相等且等于环境恒定压力的过程;等容过程是系统体积恒定不变的过程。称"系统和环境的温度(或压力)相等并恒定不变的过程为等温(或等压)过程"的说法是不全面的。     

测定气体水合物相平衡数据的高压 PVT装置

建立了一套用于研究气体水合物的高压流体PVT（压力－体积－温度）测试系统。分别利用低压和高压传感器在温度268－283．2K时,压力6－40．2kPa和4600－7200kPa范围内采用恒温试压法分别对1,1－dichloro-1-fluoroethane(1,1二氯－1－氟乙烷）和甲烷气体水合物相平衡点进行了测试;并将所得两组数据与文献值相比较。该装置温度、压力范围较宽,可用于气体水合物相平衡实验。     

振荡剪切对聚乳酸熔体分子链解缠结的研究

利用哈克旋转流变仪在一定的温度和压力条件下对聚乳酸(PLA)熔体施加应变为正弦变化的振荡剪切场,从而对PLA分子链进行高效的降黏解缠.结果表明,当温度为190°C、样品厚度为1.5 mm时,PLA熔体在振动频率和剪切应变分别为3.5 Hz和50%处呈现最佳的降黏效果,其黏度相比于未经处理的熔体黏度下降了3~4个数量级.同时,凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)测试结果表明经过振荡剪切处理的PLA其分子量基本不变,表明熔体黏度的大幅下降是由PLA分子链有效解缠结导致而非分子链降解.示差扫描量热仪(DSC)结果表明,解缠效果最佳的PLA样品相比于未经处理的样品呈现出更低的玻璃化转变温度和较高的结晶度,进一步验证了熔体解缠的效果.不仅如此,我们研究了不同退火时间(1~30 min)和温度(180~200°C)对PLA分子链重新恢复缠结的影响,发现随着退火温度和时间的增加,PLA在120°C下等温结晶的半结晶时间不断增加,并向未经解缠处理的PLA样品的半结晶时间不断靠近,表明振荡剪切导致的解缠能在低温度下保持较长时间,在高温下快速复缠.     

硬弹性聚丙烯的排状堆积片晶

用广角X射线衍射、小角X光散射等手段对硬弹性聚丙烯中排状堆积片晶的形成及结构进行了研究。结果表明,应力场下聚丙烯熔体结晶,得到的硬弹性聚丙烯具有垂直于挤出方向而又平行堆积的片晶结构(即排状堆积片晶)。熔融温度越高,排状堆积片晶所需的熔体拉伸比越高。而随着熔体所受拉伸比的增加,片晶厚度有所增加。随着熔融温度升高,片晶厚度下降。热处理温度在110-120℃之间,片晶厚度随热处理温度升高明显增加。     

Application of successive self-nucleation and annealing to study the stereo-defects distribution of biaxially oriented polypropylene

The stereo-defects distribution of polypropylene of the two industry biaxially oriented polypropylene （BOPP） samples T28FE and F28SO with different processing properties was studied through successive self-nucleation and annealing （SSA） technique. It was found that there were more medium isotactic components in sample F28SO, and the isotactic sequence length of polypropylene of sample F28SO was shorter and the isotactic sequence length distribution of polypropylene of sample F28SO was broader, which could be processed well at high-speed orientation during the processing of BOPP films. This result indicates that the isotactic sequence length distribution of polypropylene is related to the processing speed during preparing BOPP films, and the stereo-defects distribution of polypropylene has an important influence on its processing ability.     

Influence of the stretching in the crystallinity of biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) films

Summary The production of biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) films, by tenter-frame technology in its different steps, was studied to find the crystalline morphology of these films. DMA, DSC, and WAXD measurements and tensile tests were carried out for the cast film, the MDO film (the produced film in the machine direction orienter unit) and BOPP film. The obtained results suggest that the stretchings lead to a strong alignment of the crystals, producing fibers oriented in the stretching direction. This fact can be proved by WAXD, DMA, and tensile tests, moreover the DSC technique is not sensitive to detect these changes.     

Fabrication and properties of KMnO4-treated functionalized biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) films coated with a hybrid material

KMnO₄-treated functionalized biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) films coated with a hybrid material were synthesized, and the abrasion resistance properties of the resultant films were examined. The presence of functional groups was confirmed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, transmittance measurements were performed using an ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometer, and the intensities of the films were measured using a universal testing machine. The abrasion resistance and roughness of the composite films were significantly affected by modification of the BOPP film. The transmittance of the modified films obviously improved with the addition of Al₂O₃ sol, and the mechanical properties of the treated films were improved by the coatings. The abrasion resistance of one of the functionalized films (sample S159) increased by 79.5 % compared with that of the original film.     

Effect of gamma irradiation on physico-mechanical properties of spice packaging films

Physico-mechanical properties of two types of laminated films, commercially used for spice packaging, are investigated after gamma irradiation at 8, 10 and 15 kGy. Data showed that polyethylene terephthalate/polyethylene terephthalate/linear low density polyethylene (PET/PET/LLDPE) was more resistant to radiation compared to biaxially oriented polypropylene/cast polypropylene (BOPP/CPP) and its barrier properties slightly improved up to 15 kGy. Oxygen transmission rate of BOPP/CPP was increased by 25%, and the melting peak temperature was decreased by 3.9% at 15 kGy, which may lead to oxidation of packaged spices and loss of their aroma/flavour, respectively.     

Investigation of glow discharge plasma for surface modification of polypropylene

Material surface properties of polymers, plastics, ceramics and textiles can be modified by atmospheric or low‐pressure glow discharge plasma. The aim of the present work is to study the surface modification of biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) film in order to improve its hydrophilic and wetting properties. In this article we used low‐pressure, low‐temperature oxygen plasma for the surface treatment of BOPP. Scanning electron microscopy indicates that plasma treatment causes mainly physical changes by creating microcraters and roughness on the surface and increasing surface friction. Attenuated total reflectance infrared spectra show oxygen‐containing groups such as ? OH at 3513 cm^?1 and C?O at 1695 cm^?1. Microscopic investigations of water droplets on BOPP (treated, untreated) show that the interfacial adhesion of treated surfaces is increased. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Improving the softness of BOPP films: From laboratory investigation to industrial processing

Young's modulus of biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) films prepared with homemade film stretcher was investigated,which can be used to indicate the softness of fihns.It was found that the modulus of films was decreased by about 69％ as the content of polyethylene (PE) added into polypropylene (PP) reached 30％.Also,increasing draw temperature can induce lower stress level during stretching,which may lead to the formation of crystals with low orientation level and thus decreased modulus of films.Based on laboratory study,BOPP films produced on commercial line were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC),wide and small-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS,SAXS) with varying contents of PE.SAXS results show that the crystals are oriented in both machine direction (MD) and transverse direction (TD),and the crystals are more oriented in TD than MD according to the WAXS results for all films.Also,the orientation parameter of crystal along TD increases from 0.68 to 0.83 as the contents of PE increase from 0％ to 25％.Meanwhile,the modulus of films in MD declines with increase of PE contents generally,improving the film softness.Orientation of crystals is thus an effective structure parameter to adjust the film softness.The relationship of processing-structure-property is also established.     

Experimental Equations of State for Some Organic Liquids Between 273 and 333 K and Up to 280 MPa

Abstract

Five non-linear and three polynomial isothermal equations of state for liquids have been tested for their performance in describing the data of the density and the isothermal compressibility of benzene and cyclohexane from 288 to 323 K up to the melting pressures, and of methanol and ethanol between 273 and 333 K up to 280 MPa. It is found that the best representation is given by an expansion in temperature and density and the second best by the Usual Tait equation. The coefficients of these two equations for the four organic liquids are obtained by fitting the experimental data by a least squares analysis.     

Fabrication of a molecular-level multilayer film on organic polymer surfaces via chemical bonding assembly

A fresh multilayer film was fabricated on a molecular level and successfully tethered to the surface of a hydroxylated organic substrate via chemical bonding assembly (CBA). Sulfate anion groups (SO4-) were preintroduced onto the surface of biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) films via a reference method. Upon hydrolysis of the SO4- groups, hydroxyl groups (--OH) were formed that subsequently acted as initial reagents for a series of alternate reactions with terephthalyl chloride (TPC) and bisphenol A (BPA). A stable and well-defined multilayer film was thus fabricated via the CBA method. As a result of the nanoscale multilayer fresh film being abundant with reactive groups, it is believed that the film and its fabrication method should provide a fundamental platform for further surface functionalization and direct the design of advanced materials with desired properties.     

Micro- and nano-thermal analysis applied to multi-layered biaxially-oriented polypropylene films

In this paper we compare Wollaston and silicon probes for localized thermal analysis measurements (LTA) on biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) films. Up till now, no real comparison was reported in literature between the different transition temperatures measured using Wollaston and silicon probes. Using different types of probes for studying the same material proves to be very interesting. Using the Wollaston probe, the thermal properties and thickness of a 1 μm thick skin layer can be determined by through-thickness local thermal analysis measurements. The improved resolution of the silicon probes, enables the measurement of thermal properties of individual layers in a cross-sectioned film, even for layers of only 1 μm thickness. Based on the results, the silicon probes seem to be more sensitive toward the start of the melting process, since the silicon probe already penetrates at lower temperature, as compared to the Wollaston probes. This sensitivity can be exploited for studying the effect of variations in thermal history between or within samples.