ACE-Inhibitory and Antioxidant Activities of Peptide Fragments Obtained from Tomato Processing By-Products Fermented Using <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus subtilis</Emphasis>: Effect of Amino Acid Composition and Peptides Molecular Mass Distribution

The effects of amino acid composition and peptide molecular mass on ACE-inhibitory and antioxidant activities of protein fragments obtained from tomato waste fermented using Bacillus subtilis were evaluated. The addition of B. subtilis increased the relative amounts of aromatic and positively-charged amino acids which have been described to influence the biological activities of peptide fragments. IC₅₀ values of hydrolysates for ACE-inhibitory and 2, 2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activities were found to be 1.5 and 8.2 mg/mL, respectively. Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) pattern of the hydrolysate indicated the breakdown of parent proteins to smaller peptides with molecular weights mainly below 1400 Da. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the highest ACE-inhibitory activity was due to peptides showing molecular mass range 500–800 Da, while the most active antioxidant peptides were found to be mainly at the two different peptide weight ranges 500–800 Da and 1200–1500 Da.     

The “Fingerprint” of a freshwater microalga Scenedesmus sp. LX1: Visualizing the composition of its soluble algal products

The composition of soluble algal products was visualized by a fingerprint analytical method.     

Determination of total,leachable and mobile boron in sedimentary rocks by ICP-AES

An ion exchange batch technique is described, which allows to determine the amount of mobile boron in geological material. Boron selective ion exchange resin IRA-743 (0.5 g, effective size 0.45 mm) was slurried together with 5 g sample (grain size smaller than 0.04 mm) at 70 °C in aqueous solution. After separating resin and suspension by sieving, elution was done in columns with 3N HCl. Boron was determined in the eluates by ICP-AES. Possible corrections for the iron interferences on the boron emission lines are discussed. The mobile boron content in the investigated shallow marine sedimentary rocks ranged between 5 and 10% of the total. It must be assumed that most of the boron in the shales is fixed in the lattice of the minerals.Presented in part at the 1989 European Winter Conference on Plasma Spectrochemistry, Reutte, Austria     

Studies on an enzymatically synthesized antitumor polysaccharide SPR-901

An antitumor polysaccharide SPR-901 was found in a fermented broth of a kind of lactic acid bacteria isolated from rice bran. SPR-901 is a high molecular alpha-glucan and its linkages are almost linear alpha-1,6 glucosidic ones with a small amount (ca. 5%) of branches at C-3 positions. It is a highly purified alpha-glucan and it contains no protein and no inorganic salts. SPR-901 showed significant antitumor activities against murine allogeneic and syngeneic tumors by both intraperitoneal and oral administration, and enhanced carbon clearance ability in mice, while it showed no direct cytotoxicities in vitro. The mechanism of antitumor activities of SPR-901 is supposed to be a host-mediated one, and this substance is classified as one of the biological response modifiers. These properties of SPR-901 were identical to those of RON, which was obtained from rice bran, therefore we concluded that these two polysaccharides were the same substance.     

CH4-CO2 reforming to syngas over Pt-CeO2-ZrO2/MgO catalysts: Modification of support using ion exchange resin method

Pt-CeO2-ZrO2/MgO (Pt-CZ/MgO) catalysts with 0.8 wt% Pt, 3.0 wt% CeO2 and 3.0 wt% ZrO2 were prepared by wet impregnation method. Support MgO was obtained using ion exchange resin method or using commercial MgO. XRD, BET, SEM, TEM, DTA-TG and CO2-TPD were used to characterize the catalysts. CH4-CO2 reforming to synthesis gas (syngas) was performed to test the catalytic behavior of the catalysts. The catalyst Pt-CZ/MgO-IE(D) prepared using ion exchange resin exhibits more regular structure, smaller and more unique particle sizes, and stronger basicity than the catalyst Pt-CZ/MgO prepared from commercial MgO. At 1073 K and atmospheric pressure, Pt-CZ/MgO-IE(D) catalyst has a higher activity and greater stability than Pt-CZ/MgO catalyst for CH4-CO2 reforming reaction at high gas hourly space velocity of 36000 mL/(g·h) with a stoichiometric feed of CH4 and CO2. Activity measurement and characterization results demonstrate that modification of the support using ion exchange resin method can promote the surface structural property and stability, therefore enhancing the activity and stability for CH4-CO2 reforming reaction.     

Study on the influence of humic acid of different molecular weight on basic ion exchange resin's adsorption capacity

In this paper, humic acid (HA) was ultra-filtered into different molecular weight sections and was characterized by multi-element analysis, UV₂₅₄/TOC, FT-IR and three-dimensional fluorescence spectrometric. Since humic acids of different molecular weights have different hydrophilic and molecular size, the maximum adsorption capacity of basic ion exchange resins appears on the humic acid whose molecular weight ranges from 6000 to 10,000 Da.     

Spectroscopic and chemical characterizations of molecular size fractionated humic acid

A sample of humic acid was divided by ultrafiltration into five fractions of different molecular size (F1; 300 000: F2; 100 000-300 000: F3; 50 000-100 000: F4; 10 000-50 000: F5; 1000-10 000 daltons). Characterization by IR, and CPMAS C-13 NMR spectroscopy indicated that the molecules of the fraction of >/=100 000 daltons were primarily aliphatic, while the smaller molecules of the >/=10 000 dalton fraction were predominantly aromatic. Titration (pH) data were consistent with an increase in the number of carboxylate groups per unit mass as molecular size became smaller. A comparative study with unpurified and purified (by treatment with ion exchange elution, acid precipitation and alkaline dissolution) humic acid samples showed chemical alteration with some loss of carboxyl groups in the humic acid.     

Preparation of magnetic anion exchange resin and their adsorption kinetic behavior of reactive blue

Magnetic anion exchange resin(MD-1) was prepared from quaternization of magnetic copolymeric resin(glycidyl methacrylate -eo-divinylbenzene).For comparison,magnetic resin MD-0 without quaternization and non-magnetic resin(D-1) were also synthesized for the adsorption process.It was found that the adsorption was mainly contributed to the chemical interaction between quaternary ammonium groups and reactive blue RXHC.Due to the smaller size,MD-1 had faster adsorption and desorption kinetics than D-1.Coupled with the advantage of easy separation,the magnetic anion exchange resin was considered to be superior to common anion exchange resin in removal of reactive dye.     

原子类型电拓扑状态指数预测吲哚喹唑啉衍生物的抗癌性

采用原子类型电拓扑状态指数(ETSIAT)对17个吲哚喹唑啉衍生物的抗癌活性进行定量构效关系(QSAR)的研究. 经逐步回归变量筛选, 得到包含4个ETSIAT变量的最优偏最小二乘模型, 其复决定系数R2、留一法交互验证复决定系数Q2和均方根误差RMSEE分别为0.806、0.736 和0.248. 将样本随机分为训练集和预测集后, 采用相同变量组合对模型进行外部验证, 结果显示模型具有较高的外部预测能力. 模型分析结果显示, 与抗癌活性相关的4个ETSIAT描述子对应结构碎片分别为≥N=, —NH—, =O, >N—. 其中—NH—结构碎片与抗癌活性呈负相关关系, 而≥N=, >N—和=O则与抗癌活性呈正相关关系. 此外, 研究亦显示, 取代基R1上存在强的吸电子基团可显著提高化合物的抗癌活性, 且影响抗癌活性的因素可能还有R2基团的空间位阻效应. 据此设计出4个化合物的预测活性比最高活性样本分别提高7.7%、15.3%、23.1%和130%.     

Radiochemical separation of thorium by isotope ion exchange

The aim of the present work is to obtain the separation of²³³Th from the radioisotopes formed in the irradiation of Mn, U, Ba, Cs, Co and the lanthanide elements with thermal neutrons, because they may interfere in the neutron activation analysis of Th, when the activity of²³³Th is used. The experiments were performed with the resin Bio-Rad AG 50W X-4 and X-8 (100–200 mesh) in the thorium form. The separation of²³³Th from the interfering radioisotopes is based on the retention of²³³Th by the resin (isotope exchange) and the elution of the interfering radioisotopes with a dilute solution of Th in 0.5M HCl. Batch experiments were made in order to determine the equilibrium time for the isotopic ion exchange of thorium and also the distribution coefficients of the interfering elements between the solution and the resin. Column experiments were carried out with the purpose of establishing the conditions that allow the maximum isotope exchange of²³³Th and the minimum retention of the interfering radioisotopes in the resin. With this purpose, a statistical interpretation of a four variable experimental design is presented.From a thesis submitted by C. Sepúlveda Munita to the Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (CNEN/SP) University of São Paulo, in partial fulfillment of a Doctor of Science's Degree. Work supported by the Brazilian Atomic Energy Commission.     

The determination of protein, oligonucleotide and peptide molecular weights by ion-spray mass spectrometry

The mass spectra of several compounds with molecular weights in the 2500-20,000 Da range were obtained with a quadrupole mass spectrometer equipped with an atmospheric pressure ion source. Average molecular weight determinations of mellitin (2846.4 Da), a synthetic oligonucleotide (4262.8 Da), myoglobin (16,950.4 Da) and on the subunits of beta-lactoglobulin (18,277.1 Da) requiring as little as 1 pmol of material were achieved with accuracies and precisions of +/- 1 Da. An ion-spray interface was used to produce ions via the ion evaporation process, producing mass spectra containing a series of multiply-charged molecular species. A simple method for calculating the molecular weight of unknown compounds from the spectra containing multiply-charged ions is described.     

Studies on decontamination of spent ion exchange resin used for plutonium purification in PUREX stream

This paper deals with the studies on decontaminations of spent ion exchange resin used for purification of plutonium in PUREX process stream. Studies were carried out to optimize the chemical procedure for removal of plutonium and fission products activities form spent Ion Exchange resin. Different metal complexing reagents were tested for leaching out of radionuclides entrapped in irradiated spent ion exchange resin. The experimental results indicate that 0.01 M NaF solution was found the most suitable for removal of plutonium. The mixture of Na₂CO₃ and sodium salt of EDTA solution was found to be better for decontamination of spent ion exchange resin from beta and gamma activities. Optimized mixture of 0.5 M Na₂CO₃ and 0.1 M sodium salt of EDTA solution was found to be the most effective for fission product activities removal. After successive multiple contacts using these suitable reagents, the Pu and fission product activities in spent ion exchange resin were brought down to a minimum possible level, making it quite suitable for its long term storage.     

Application of Br-82 as a radioactive tracer isotope to study bromide ion-isotopic exchange reaction in strongly basic anion exchange resin Duolite A-161

In the present investigation Br-82 radioactive isotope was used as a tracer to study the kinetics of exchange reaction taking place between the ion exchange resin and the external bromide ion solution. In an attempt to study the reversible bromide ion-isotopic exchange reaction kinetics, it was expected that whether the initial step was the exchange of radioactive bromide ions from the solution on to the ion exchange resin (forward reaction), or from the ion exchange resin in to the solution (reverse reaction), the two ion-isotopic exchange reactions should occur simultaneously, which was further confirmed from the values of specific reaction rate 0.122 and 0.123 min⁻¹ respectively obtained under identical experimental conditions. The radioactive tracer technique employed in the present investigation will be useful for characterization of various industrial grade ion exchange resins.     

Phenol synthesis by liquid-phase oxidation of benzene with molecular oxygen over iron-heteropoly acid

The phenol synthesis by liquid-phase oxidation of benzene with molecular oxygen over iron-heteropoly acid (HPA) system was studied. When iron salts were used with H₃PW₁₂O₄₀, the highest activity was obtained. Spectroscopic studies showed that the state of the iron ion was changed after interaction with heteropoly acid (HPA) while the Keggin structure of HPA remained. The acidic nature of HPA activated benzene to form cationic species. Insoluble iron ion-exchanged heteropoly acid was obtained by partial ion exchange method, which also showed high activity on oxidation of benzene with molecular oxygen. The effects of reaction conditions were studied and the mechanism of deactivation was discussed. For the regeneration of catalytic activity, the addition of -ascorbic acid as a reducing agent was suggested.     

Ion exhange and molecular sorption of oxalic acid with a highly basic anion exchanger

Ab initio modeling of a matrix fragment of resin and geometry optimization of the molecular structure of oxalic acid were performed. The isotherm of oxalic acid sorption with AV-17-8 anion exchange resin was obtained by the variable concentrations technique. The ion-exchange and molecular components of sorbate fixation with the ion exchanger were determined. The hydration of the highly basic anion exchanger that absorbed different quantities of dicarboxylic acid was evaluated by the centrifuging method. The dependence of the amount of water and sorbate concentration in the resin was linear antibatic.     

Water exchange dynamics of lithium(I) ion in aqueous solution

The water exchange dynamics of the fourfold coordinated first hydration shell of the lithium(I) ion was studied by both direct and umbrella sampling QM/MM-MD and classical MD simulations. The structural changes and energetics accompanying the activation process are discussed. The overall exchange rate constant was found to be k(ex) = 5.8 x 10(9) s(-1) from classical MD simulations. QM/MM-MD umbrella sampling simulations predict an exchange rate constant of k(TST) = 1.01 x 10(10) s(-1) as obtained from classical transition-state theory. First-shell ligands exchange preferably via an associatively activated mode.     

Phenol removal from aqueous solution by adsorption and ion exchange mechanisms onto polymeric resins

The removal of phenol from aqueous solution was evaluated by using a nonfunctionalized hyper-cross-linked polymer Macronet MN200 and two ion exchange resins, Dowex XZ (strong anion exchange resin) and AuRIX 100 (weak anion exchange). Equilibrium experimental data were fitted to the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms at different pHs. The Langmuir model describes successfully the phenol removal onto the three resins. The extent of the phenol adsorption was affected by the pH of the solution; thus, the nonfunctionalized resin reported the maximum loading adsorption under acidic conditions, where the molecular phenol form predominates. In contrast both ion exchange resins reported the maximum removal under alkaline conditions where the phenolate may be removed by a combined effect of both adsorption and ion exchange mechanisms. A theoretical model proposed in the literature was used to fit the experimental data and a double contribution was observed from the parameters obtained by the model. Kinetic experiments under different initial phenol concentrations and under the best pH conditions observed in the equilibrium experiments were performed. Two different models were used to define the controlling mechanism of the overall adsorption process: the homogeneous particle diffusion model and the shell progressive model fit the kinetic experimental data and determined the resin phase mechanism as the rate-limiting diffusion for the phenol removal. Resins charged after the kinetic experiments were further eluted by different methods. Desorption of nonfunctionalized resin was achieved by using the solution (50% v/v) of methanol/water with a recovery close to 90%. In the case of the ion exchange resins the desorption process was performed at different pHs and considering the effect of the competitive ion Cl⁻. The desorption processes were controlled by the ion exchange mechanism for Dowex XZ and AuRIX 100 resins; thus, no significant effect for the addition of Cl⁻ under acidic conditions was observed, while under alkaline conditions the total recovery increased, specially for Dowex XZ resin.     

Matrix-free high-resolution imaging mass spectrometry with high-energy ion projectiles

The importance of imaging mass spectrometry (MS) for visualizing the spatial distribution of molecular species in biological tissues and cells is growing. We have developed a new system for imaging MS using MeV ion beams, termed MeV-secondary ion mass spectrometry (MeV-SIMS) here, and demonstrated more than 1000-fold increase in molecular ion yield from a peptide sample (1154 Da), compared to keV ion irradiation. This significant enhancement of the molecular ion yield is attributed to electronic excitation induced in the near-surface region by the impact of high energy ions. In addition, the secondary ion efficiency for biologically important compounds (>1 kDa) increased to more than 10(10) cm(-2), demonstrating that the current technique could, in principle, achieve micrometer lateral resolution. In addition to MeV-SIMS, peptide compounds were also analyzed with cluster-SIMS and the results indicated that in the former method the molecular ion yields increased substantially compared to the latter. To assess the capability of MeV-SIMS to acquire heavy-ion images, we have prepared a micropatterned peptide surface and successfully obtained mass spectrometric imaging of the deprotonated peptides (m/z 1153) without any matrix enhancement. The results obtained in this study indicate that the MeV-SIMS technique can be a powerful tool for high-resolution imaging in the mass range from 100 to over 1000 Da.     

脱氢枞酸及其衍生物生物活性的研究进展

脱氢枞酸是一种从松香中分离出来的具有三环二萜结构的树脂酸,具有广泛的生物活性,在医药、工业、农业等领域具有重要的用途。本文综述了脱氢枞酸衍生物在抑菌、抗病毒、K离子通道开启、抗肿瘤等生物活性方面的研究进展,展望了脱氢枞酸衍生物的研究和应用前景。     

The Au(n) cluster probe in secondary ion mass spectrometry: influence of the projectile size and energy on the desorption/ionization rate from biomolecular solids

A Au-Si liquid metal ion source which produces Au(n) clusters over a large range of sizes was used to study the dependence of both the molecular ion desorption yield and the damage cross-section on the size (n = 1 to 400) and on the kinetic energy (E = 10 to 500 keV) of the clusters used to bombard bioorganic surfaces. Three pure peptides with molecular masses between 750 and 1200 Da were used without matrix. [M+H](+) and [M+cation](+) ion emission yields were enhanced by as much as three orders of magnitude when bombarding with Au(400) (4+) instead of monatomic Au(+), yet very little damage was induced in the samples. A 100-fold increase in the molecular ion yield was observed when the incident energy of Au(9) (+) was varied from 10 to 180 keV. Values of emission yields and damage cross-sections are presented as a function of cluster size and energy. The possibility to adjust both cluster size and energy, depending on the application, makes the analysis of biomolecules by secondary ion mass spectrometry an extremely powerful and flexible technique, particularly when combined with orthogonal time-of-flight mass spectrometry that then allows fast measurements using small primary ion beam currents.