催化剂膜厚对碳纳米管薄膜生长的影响

采用射频等离子体增强化学气相沉积技术,以Ni为催化剂,在Si基底上沉积出定向性良好的碳纳米管.用扫描电镜表征了催化剂颗粒大小和相应的碳纳米管形貌.深入研究了催化剂膜厚对碳纳米管牛长的影响.结果表明:不同度的催化剂薄膜经刻蚀形成的颗粒密度、尺寸、分布等对碳纳米管的合成质量起主要作用.催化剂厚度≤5 nm时,形成的颗粒密度较小而且分布不均,制备的碳纳米管产量低、定向性差.催化剂厚度≥15 nm时,形成的颗粒较大,粘连在一起,生长时大部分被非晶碳包覆,几乎没有碳纳米管的生长.催化剂厚度为10 nm时,形成的颗粒密度大、分布较均,制备的碳纳米管纯度高、定向性好.     

衬底温度对氢化非晶硅薄膜特性的影响

采用等离子增强化学气相沉积(PECVD)系统,以乙硅烷和氢气为气源,石英玻璃和单晶硅片为衬底制备了氢化非晶硅(a-Si∶ H)薄膜.采用扫描电子显微镜、X-射线衍射仪、台阶仪、紫外可见分光光度计、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪和电子能谱仪等分别表征了a-Si∶H薄膜的表面形貌、结晶特性、沉积速率,光学带隙,键合结构和Si化合态等特性.结果表明:随着衬底温度的增加,a-Si∶H薄膜表面的颗粒尺寸减小,均匀性增加,沉积速率则逐渐降低;衬底温度从80℃增加到130℃时,光学带隙显著增加,而在130℃至230℃范围内,光学带隙基本不随衬底温度变化;以SiH键对应的伸缩振动的相对峰强度逐渐增加,而以SiH2或(SiH2)n键对应的伸缩振动的相对强度逐渐减小;a-Si∶H薄膜中Si0+态的相对含量增加.因此,衬底温度大于130℃有利于制备优质a-Si∶H薄膜,230℃是沉积a-Si∶H薄膜的最佳衬底温度.     

超声喷雾热解法制备CeO2薄膜及性能研究

以硝酸铈(Ce(NO3)3·6H2O)水溶液为前驱溶液,采用自制超声喷雾热解装置在石英衬底上沉积制备CeO2薄膜,并通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、紫外可见分光光度计等分析薄膜晶体结构、微观形貌及光学特性.结果表明,随着沉积温度升高,薄膜择优生长取向逐渐变为(200);当沉积温度为500℃时,薄膜具有良好的致密性;薄膜在可见光区表现出近85;的高透过率,同时发现随着沉积温度升高,薄膜透过率逐渐增大,光吸收逐渐由缺陷吸收转变为本征吸收.     

化学浴沉积法制备ZnS薄膜的结构及可见-近红外光谱特性研究

采用化学水浴法,以ZnSO4、柠檬酸钠、NH3·H2O、SC(NH2)2为反应物,在玻璃衬底上制备了ZnS薄膜,采用XRD、SEM、分光光度计、台阶仪等手段研究了水浴温度、沉积时间、pH值等条件对ZnS薄膜的晶体结构、表面形貌、光学性能的影响.结果表明,ZnS薄膜经退火后出现明显特征衍射峰,为闪锌矿结构,可见光范围内平均透过率均大于80;.经过工艺优化,在水浴温度为80℃、沉积时间为1h、pH=10条件下沉积的ZnS薄膜表面均匀致密,可见光范围内平均透过率为89.6;,光学带隙为3.82 eV,适合做铜铟镓硒和铜锌锡硫薄膜太阳电池的缓冲层.     

衬底温度对nc-Si∶H薄膜微结构和氢键合特征的影响

采用射频等离子体增强型化学气相沉积(RF-PECVD)技术,以H2和SiH4作为反应气体源,在不同的衬底温度下沉积了nc-Si∶H薄膜.采用Raman散射、X射线衍射、红外吸收等技术分析了薄膜的微结构和氢键合特征.结果表明,随衬底温度的升高,nc-Si∶H薄膜的沉积速率不断增大,晶化率和晶粒尺寸增加,纳米硅颗粒呈现出Si(111)晶面的择优生长趋势.键合特性显示,薄膜中的氢含量随衬底温度升高而逐渐减小,薄膜均匀性先增大后减小.     

在硅衬底上制备Si纳米线及其表征

采用以硅衬底为硅源的简单方法,在蘸有一层催化剂(0.05 M FeCl2·6H2O)薄膜的硅基片上直接制备了大量的单晶Si纳米线.用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)分别观察了硅纳米线的形貌及单根Si纳米线的显微结构.试验结果表明:随着温度的升高,纳米线的直径增大;催化剂是Si纳米线生成的重要因素,没有沉积催化剂的硅基片上不会有硅纳米线的生成,且该硅纳米线的生长机理为典型的气-液-固模式.     

竹节型结构碳纳米管的形成机制研究

利用化学气相沉积制备碳纳米管的过程中,在含氮的气体环境中,竹节型结构的碳纳米管在催化剂的作用下可制备出来.然而,目前对其形成机制仍不十分清楚.本工作中,分析化学气相沉积制备碳纳米管过程中催化剂的状态之后,研究了碳在不同状态催化剂中的扩散,提出了新的竹节型结构碳纳米管形成机制.     

恒电压沉积SmS光学薄膜

以SmCl3·6H2O和Na2S2O3·5H2O为原料,采用电沉积法在ITO玻璃基板制备了SmS光学薄膜.采用XRD、AFM和紫外可见光分光光度计对薄膜进行了表征.研究了沉积电压和热处理温度对于薄膜的物相组成、显微结构和光学性能的影响.结果表明:在n(S):n(Sm)=4:1,溶液pH值为3.0,沉积电压为10 V以及热处理温度为400℃的条件下,可制备出主晶相为SmS且表面比较平整的薄膜.热处理后薄膜的禁带宽度增加.随着沉积电压的增加,SmS逐渐由金属相向半导体相转变,薄膜的禁带宽度相应地变大.     

化学气相沉积法制备平直多壁碳纳米管的研究

本文研究了用焦炭还原二氧化碳后的一氧化碳作碳源,化学气相沉积法合成平直的多壁碳纳米管的工艺.研究表明在化学气相沉积条件下,用焦炭还原二氧化碳得到的一氧化碳在适当的铁基催化剂作用下,采用催化剂/碳原子共沉积的工艺可以生产出平直、并且内径很大的多壁碳纳米管.碳源中催化剂的浓度影响着纳米管的形成,而沉积温度对其没有影响.     

液相自组装法制备铁酸铋薄膜的研究

采用液相自组装法成功制备出铁酸铋(BiFeO3)薄膜,并采用XRD、SEM和VSM等测试方法对BiFeO3薄膜进行了表征.研究了功能化的自组装单分子层(SAMs)表面对BiFeO3薄膜成核和生长的影响,以及沉积温度对铁酸铋薄膜的形成和微观形貌的影响.结果表明:功能化的SAMs表面上薄膜与基底结合牢固,结构致密均一;沉积温度在60～70 ℃之间,薄膜表面比较平整均一,当沉积温度高于70 ℃,薄膜表面出现多晶聚集体现象.     

Modelling of mechanism of agglomeration of KCl crystallization

The article presents an analysis into agglomeration during KCl vacuum crystallization. The theoretical and experimental investigations into the mechanism of agglomeration during mass crystallization result in an extension of the growth phenomena within the known model equations. The basis for this is essentially constituted by the collision model concepts of the theory of floculation in disperse systems. The parameters derived from the microprocess analysis (energy dissipation, content of solids, growth rate of individual grains) lead to model equations which are confirmed by laboratory and test trials.     

Relationship of Morphological Types of Dynamic Forms of Crystals

Crystallography Reports - The relationship of morphological spectra (sets of data on the morphological types of real polyhedral crystals and their probabilities under current physicochemical...     

Velocities of Disappearance and Lifetime of Faces of Growing Crystals

The formulae for absolute R_disap and relative R velocities of disappearance and lifetime τ of faces of growing crystals have been derived for stationary growth. It was shown that the quantities are determined by the relative growth velocity R_A/R_critA of the vanishing face A with respect to the critical growth velocity R_critA and by the geometry of a crystal expressed by the trigonometric functions of interfacial angles β and γ formed between face A and the adjacent faces. R increases and τ decreases with the increase in R_A/R_critA to certain limiting values. The calculations have been verified and illustrated by the experimental results for triclinic potassium bichromate (KBC) crystals. Results enable ones to predict values of velocities of disappearance and lifetimes of undesirable, supplementary faces of any real crystal.     

Development of Pauling's concepts of geometric characteristics of atoms

The evolution of the geometric characteristics introduced by Pauling and their dependence on the specific features of the structure and chemical bonds have been considered. The values of the covalent and van der Waals radii are given as well as their relationships and mutual transitions.     

A review of measurement of thermophysical properties of silicon melt

Measurements of thermophysical properties of Si melt and supplementary study of X-ray scattering/diffraction by the authors' group were reviewed. The values obtained differed variously from those of literature. Density was 2–3% larger, surface tension 20–30% smaller, viscosity up to 40% larger, electrical conductivity 8% smaller, spectral emissivity more or less in good agreement with literature values, and thermal diffusivity a few percent larger. An anomalous density jump was found near the melting point. Surface tension and viscosity also showed anomaly. A strange time-dependent change of density was observed over 3 h after melting. X-ray analyses suggested a slight change in local atom ordering, but showed no sign of cluster formation. An addition of 0.1 at% gallium caused the density jump to disappear, while that of boron caused no change. An EXAFS study of the former melt indicated a strong interaction between Ga and Si atoms as if molecules of GaSi₃ existed. The implications of the measured properties are a possibility of soft-turbulence in an Si melt in a relatively large crucible, a more complicated manner of intake of oxygen depleted molten Si from the free surface region to underneath the growing crystal, and a relaxation of the melt after melting arising from trapped gas species.     

Dependence of the parameters of equations of viscous flow on chemical composition of silicate melts

The temperature dependence of viscosity of silicate melts is discussed in the framework of the Avramov–Milchev (AM) equation. The composition is described by means of two parameters: the molar fraction, x, and the “lubricant fraction”, l. The molar fraction is the sum of the molar parts x_i of all oxides dissolved in SiO₂, the molar fraction of the latter being 1 ? x. It is shown that, with sufficient precision, two of the parameters of the AM equation can be presented as unique functions of the molar fraction. On the other hand, x is not sufficient to determine properly the reference temperature T_r , at which viscosity is η_r = 10¹³ [dPa.s]. Therefore, additional parameter, “lubricant fraction” l, is introduced. For each of the components, l_i is a product of molar part x_i and a specific dimensionless coefficient 0 ≤ k_i ≤ 1 accounting for the specific contribution of this component to the increased mobility of the system. It is demonstrated that, for l > 0, the reference temperature is related to the “lubricant fraction” l through the reference temperature T_r,SiO2 of pure SiO₂.     

Comparative analysis of two methods of calculation of the orientation of domain walls in ferroelastics

Two types of domain-wall equations are analyzed: the equations derived by the Sapriel method and the equations obtained by interface matching of the thermal-expansion tensor. It is shown that, for W-type domain walls, these methods yield the same equations. For W′-type domain walls, the equations obtained by different methods coincide for proper ferroelastics and differ for improper ferroelastics.     

Generation of crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds by the method of discrete modeling of packings

Within the method of discrete modeling of packings, an algorithm of generation of possible crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds containing two or three molecules in the primitive unit cell, one of which has an arbitrary shape and the other (two others) has a shape close to spherical, is proposed. On the basis of this algorithm, a software package for personal computers is developed. This package has been approved for a number of compounds, investigated previously by X-ray diffraction analysis. The results of generation of structures of five compounds—four organic salts (with one or two spherical anions) and one solvate—are represented.