金属修饰半导体硅组成光电化学电池的研究

本文以n/n^+-Si和p/n^+-Si为基底, 通过铂、镍等金属膜表面修饰后组成光电化学电池, 探讨了金属/n-Si间的Schottky势垒对电池开路光电压的影响。研究了铂膜修饰电极的光电化学性能。用p/n^+-Si电极, 在65mW·cm^-^2的光照射下, 最佳电池的输出参数是: 开路光电压0.530V, 短路光电流47.6mA·cm^-^2, 填充因子0.35, 光电转换效率13.6%, 连续照光75小时, 电池性能基本稳定。     

A Systematic Evaluation of Polyurethane as a Conformal Coating for the Inhibition of Corrosion on Electronic Components

The corrosion of printed circuit boards can be effectively prevented with a polyurethane conformal coating. In this study, the protective performance of PU coating was investigated systematically through electrochemical measurements and simulated exposure/immersion tests. Some fungi tests were also included. All experimental results show that a polyurethane coating effectively inhibits corrosion on printed circuit boards. The optimal thickness of the coating film should be about 60 μm. Long-term exposure tests showed that this coating material could preserve the reliability of the investigated printed circuit boards for more than 400 days in a 90% relative humidity environment at 25°C.     

复合聚合物电解质的导电行为及电导率的测定

研究了乙烯碳酸酯（EX）增塑的（PEO）16LiClO4-EC复合聚合物电解质交流阻抗谱图，提出了不锈钢电极／聚合物电解质／不锈钢电极这种结构在交流阻抗测试分析中具有普适性的模拟等效电路，并且根据等效电路中元件拟合值测定出复合聚合物电解质体系在不同EC增塑量及温度时的电导率，用复合聚合物电解质体系中各组分之间的相互作用解释了EC对聚合物电解质电行为的影响，在低EC含量的复合聚合物电解质体系中，电导率和温度的关系在低温时符合Arrhenius方程，在高温时符合Vogel-Tamman-Fulcher(VTF)方程；而当EC含量大于20％时，电导率和温度的关系在实验温度范围内符合VTF方程。     

菁类染料敏化的固态纳米TiO2光电化学电池

染料敏化TiO2光电化学电池具有较高的能量转换效率,价格仅为传统单晶硅太阳能电池的1／10,成为半导体光电化学领域的研究热点^[1-4]。但该类电池内的电解液可流动,造成电池密封困难,限制其实用化。针对这一问题,采用无机p-型半导体材料^[5,6]和高分子导体等电解液替代物组装固态光电化学电池成为该领域的新的研究方向^[7-9]。我们^[10]用凝胶网络高分子电解质组装成固态电池,取得了令人满意的结果。电池中原使用的敏化剂是顺二硫氰根－双（2,2′－联吡啶－4,4′－二羧酸）合钌（Ⅱ）(cis-bis)(thiocyanato)bis(2,2′-bipyridyl-4,4′-dicarboxylate)ruthenium(Ⅱ）,其价格昂贵,合成路线复杂。本文用自合成的、价格低廉的纯有机不对称菁类染料（Cyanine dye,以下简称为CD）敏化TiO2电极和基于聚氧乙烯（PEO）的凝胶网络高分子电解质组装成固态电池,并研究了所得固态电池的光电转换性能。     

Molecular Design of TPD-based Organic A-π-D-π-A Dyes for Dye-sensitized Solar Cells

An interesitng class of organic A-π-D-π-A dyes based on an N,N,N′,N′-tetraphenylbenzidine(TPD) unit as donor was designed and synthesized for dye-sensitized solar cells(DSSCs). TPD-4-based DSSCs gave a short circuit photocurrent density(J_sc) of 16.67 mA/cm², a open circuit voltage(V_oc) of 0.635 V and a fill factor(ff) of 0.68, achieving a solar-to-electricity conversion efficiency(η) of 7.22% in preliminary tests. The N3-sensitized device gave an η value of 8.02% with a J_sc of 18.81 mA/cm², a V_oc of 0.630 V and an ff of 0.68 under the same conditions. The incident photo-to-current efficiency(IPCE) values above 70% observed in a range of 460 to 600 nm with a maximum value of 80% at 500 nm indicate that the TPD-4-based DSSC shows a high performance. Under the same conditions, the DSSC based on N3 provided the IPCE values above 70% in a range of 490 to 580 nm with a maximum value of 76% at 500 nm. Both further optimization of the device processing and structural modification of these dyes are anticipated to make the device give even better performances.     

Synthesis of bistriphenylamine‐ and benzodithiophene‐based random conjugated polymers for organic photovoltaic applications

In this study, donor–acceptor random polymers containing benzotriazole acceptor and bistriphenylamine and benzodithiophene donors, P1 and P2 , were successfully synthesized by Stille coupling polymerization. The effect of bistriphenylamine moiety and thiophene π‐conjugated linker on electrochemical, spectroelectrochemical, and optical behaviors of the polymers were investigated. Optoelectronic properties and photovoltaic performance of the polymers were examined under the illumination of AM 1.5G, 100 mW cm^?2. The polymers were characterized by cyclic voltammetry, UV‐Vis‐NIR absorption spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography. HOMO/LUMO energy levels of P1 and P2 were calculated as ?5.47 eV/–3.41 eV and ?5.43 eV/–3.27 eV, respectively. Bulk heterojunction type solar cells were constructed using blends of the polymers (donor) and [6,6]‐phenyl C₇₁ butyric acid methyl ester (PC₇₁BM) (acceptor). Photovoltaic studies showed that the highest power conversion efficiency of these photovoltaic devices were recorded as 3.50% with open circuit voltage; 0.79 V, short circuit current; 9.45 mA cm^?2, fill factor; 0.53 for P1 :PC₇₁BM (1:2, w/w) in 3% o‐dichlorobenzene (o‐DCB) solution and 3.15% with open circuit voltage; 0.75 V, short circuit current; 8.59 mA cm^?2, fill factor; 0.49 for P2 :PC₇₁BM (1:2, w/w) in 2% chlorobenzene (CB) solution. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2017 , 55 , 3705–3715     

Evaluation of in situ electrodeposition technique in electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry

Conventional electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometric (ETAAS) equipment was extensively modified to enable automated in situ electrodeposition. The original autosampler injection Teflon capillary was replaced by a composite Pt/Teflon capillary which served as an anode in the electrodeposition circuit. Incorporation of a peristaltic pump and of a three-way solenoid under computer control into the sample dispenser circuit provided all necessary steps for automated electrodeposition-ETAAS determination. The automated sequence controlled addition of Pd modifier and of the analyte, electrolysis, withdrawal of spent electrolyte, rinsing, drying and atomization. Performance of the system was evaluated by analyzing Pb in 3% m/v NaCl. Optimization using factorial design yielded 3sigma detection limit of 20 pg Pb and reproducibility of 1.0-1.4% (for constant current electrodeposition), these values being superior to the results of conventional ETAAS of Pb in 0.5% m/v NaCl. Sensitivity of Pb determination is not affected by NaCl, NaOH, NaNO3 and NH4H2PO4, up to 4.6% m/v, demonstrating efficient matrix removal in the electrodeposition step.     

Enhanced performance of ruthenium dye-sensitized solar cell by employing an organic co-adsorbent of N,N'-bis((pyridin-2-yl)(methyl) methylene)-o-phenylenediamine

A pyridine-anchor co-adsorbent of N,N'-bis((pyridin-2-yl)(methyl) methylene)-o-phenylenediamine(named BPPI) is prepared and employed as co-adsorbent in dye-sensitized solar cells(DSSCs). The prepared co-adsorbent could overcome the deficiency of N719 absorption in the low wavelength region of visible spectrum, offset competitive visible light absorption of I₃^-, enhance the spectral responses of the co-adsorbed TiO₂ film in region from 300 nm to 750 nm, suppress charge recombination, prolong electron lifetime, and decrease the total resistance of DSSCs. The optimized cell device co-sensitized by BPPI/N719 dye gives a short circuit current density of 12.98 mA cm^-2, an open circuit voltage of 0.73 V, and a fill factor of 0.66 corresponding to an overall conversion efficiency of 6.22% under standard global AM 1.5 solar irradiation, which is much higher than that of device solely sensitized by N719(5.29%) under the same conditions. Mechanistic investigations are carried out by various spectral and electrochemical characterizations.     

TiO_2/CdS/Ru(bpy)_2(NCS)_2作为太阳电池光阳极的探讨

将 Cd S纳米粒子复合在 Ti O2 纳米多孔膜上 ,用染料 Ru( bpy) 2 ( NCS) 2 对此复合半导体纳米膜电极进行敏化 ,测量了不同 Cd S复合量的 ITO/Ti O2 /Cd S/Ru( bpy) 2 ( NCS) 2 光阳极组成光电池的能量转换效率 .实验证明 ,ITO/Ti O2 /Cd S/Ru( bpy) 2 ( NCS) 2 作为太阳电池光阳极的能量转换效率与 Ti O2 /Cd S复合半导体中 Cd S的含量有关 .当 Cd S复合时间为 5 min的电池的短路电流为 5 .2 3A/m2 ,开路电压为 0 .71 6 V,能量转换效率为 0 .77% .     

Radium balance studies at the Beaverlodge Mill

The objective of these studies was to determine the course taken by Ra-226 in the Beaverlodge Mill circuit. The results obtained show that the dissolved portion of radium at any station is small relative to the total radium in the system (<1.5%) and hence the containment of radium from solutions within the Beaverlodge Mill circuit is not practical. In the Dorrclone Plant, treatment of the bulk tailings segregates the fine –75 m fraction. The Dorrclone overflow which contains most of the radium (>83%) is discharged to the tailings treatment system.     

MEH-PPV和PCBM共混体系光电池中电荷传输及性能与光强的关系

以MEH-PPV{poly[2-methoxy-5-(2'-ethylhexoxy)]-1,4-phenylene vinylene}作为电子给体材料, PCBM[1-(3-methoxycarbonyl)-propyl-1-1-phenyl-(6,6)C61]作为电子受体材料, 制成了共混体系的高性能太阳电池. 光电池在100 mW/cm2强度光照下, 其开路电压Voc为0.8 V, 短路电流密度Jsc为5.06 mA/cm2, 填充因子FF为48.1%, 能量转换效率η为1.93%. UV-Vis及PL图表明, MEH-PPV与PCBM之间没有发生化学变化, 但有明显的荧光猝灭, 说明光生激子能有效地快速分离, 并在各自的传输网络中传递. 分析了光照及暗导I-V曲线的物理意义, 探讨了MEH-PPV与PCBM之间的电荷传输, 研究了在不同强度的光照下器件性能的变化. 随着光强的增加, 器件的短路电流密度线性增大, 开路电压也略有升高, 并联电阻和填充因子下降, 串联电阻变化不明显. 分析了其物理机理, 并进行了合理的解释.     

Dye-sensitised solar cells with iodine-free discotic electrolytes

Discotic mesogenic molecules viz., hexahexylthiotriphenylene (HHTT) and hexahexyloxytriphenylene were applied, for the first time, as iodine-free redox electrolyte in dye-sensitised solar cells (DSSCs). The cell shows open circuit voltage (V_oc) of 0.95 V, short circuit current density (J_sc) of 0.534 mA/cm², fill factor 88.24% and overall power conversion efficiency (η) 0.45% in a typical fluorine doped tin oxide/TiO₂/N719/HHTT/Pt DSSC configuration. Scanning electron microscopy was used to study surface profile of electrolytes while electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used to understand the electrochemical behaviour of electrolytes. The photovoltaic parameters were measured under standard conditions using Oriel solar simulator class AAA. These first results demonstrate the potential of the discotic molecules as charge transporter and mediator and show promise to be used in iodine-free DSSCs.     

染料敏化纳米薄膜太阳电池中DMPII浓度的优化

利用超微铂电极和循环伏安法及电化学阻抗谱研究了在1,2-二甲基-3-丙基咪唑碘(DMPII)的3-甲氧基丙腈(MePN)溶液中I₃^－和I^－的氧化还原行为，并对比了由不同浓度的I2和DMPII组成的电解质溶液，其染料敏化纳米薄膜太阳电池(DSCs)的光伏性能. 发现以MePN为溶剂，含1.0 mol•dm^-3 DMPII、0.12 mol•dm^-3 I2、0.10 mol•dm^-3 LiI和0.50 mol•dm^-3 4-叔丁基吡啶的电解质溶液，其DSCs的短路光电流密度为16.67 mA•cm^-3、开路电压为0.69 V、填充因子为0.70、光电转换效率达8.08%.     

A high voltage RF oscillator for driving multipole ion guides

A high voltage RF oscillator circuit has been designed and constructed for driving multipole ion guides. The circuit is tunable from 500 kHz to 1.5 MHz by changing a capacitor and provides 0–1000 V_p-p that is controlled by a 0–10 V input using a negative feedback circuit. This inexpensive circuit uses a set of high voltage transistors oscillating in tandem and does not require tuning of the resonance drive frequency as the oscillator automatically resonates at the (LC)^−1/2 frequency. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-Fourier transform mass spectrometry (MALDI-FTMS) mass spectra were acquired using this tunable RF oscillator circuit to allow transmission of protein ions in the 8.5–39 kDa range through the quadrupole ion guide from the ion source to the mass analyzer.     

Synthesis and photoelectrochemical properties of cyclometallated ruthenium(II) complex

A new ruthenium complex, (4-carboxy-1,10-phenantroline-7-carboxylate)(4,7-dicarboxy-1,10-phenantroline)(2-phenylpyridino-²C,N) ruthenium(II), was obtained for the application as a sensitizer in photoelectrochemical converters (PECC). Electrochemical and spectral characteristics of the compound were studied. It was found that the illumination of PECC with AM 1.5 100 mW/cm² solar spectrum simulator provides short circuit current density of 3.9 mA cm^?2 and broken circuit voltage of 0.47 V. PECC efficiency is 1.4% at fillfactor 76%. The lifetimes of charge carriers (electrons) and their transit time determined by modulation spectroscopy were found to be 28 and 4 ms, respectively.     

苯并[1,2-b:4,5-b']二噻吩和二噻吩邻苯二甲酰亚胺的平面型交替共聚物的合成及其光伏性能

通过Stille聚合反应合成了含有苯并[1,2-b:4,5-b']二噻吩和二噻吩邻苯二甲酰亚胺的D-A结构平面共聚物PBDTPhBT.该聚合物热稳定性和在常见有机溶剂中的溶解性良好、在380～580nm范围内有强吸收.分子模拟计算的结果表明,聚合物主链具有较好的平面型.PBDTPhBT的光学带隙为2.10eV、用电化学方法测量的HOMO能级为5.23eV.以聚合物PBDTPhBT为给体、PC70BM为受体(给受体重量比为1:1)、Ca/Al为负极制备了本体异质结聚合物太阳能电池.在AM1.5,100mWcm2光照条件下器件的开路电压和短路电流分别为0.79V和5.63mAcm2,能量转换效率达到了1.76%.     

Engineering of a novel ruthenium sensitizer and its application in dye-sensitized solar cells for conversion of sunlight into electricity

A novel ligand 4,4'-bis(carboxyvinyl)-2,2'-bipyridine (L) and its ruthenium(II) complex [Ru(II)L(2)(NCS)(2)] (K8) were synthesized and characterized by analytical, spectroscopic, and electrochemical techniques. The performance of the K8 complex as a charge transfer photosensitizer in nanocrystalline TiO(2) based solar cells was studied. When the K8 complex anchored onto a nanocrystalline TiO(2) film, we achieved very efficient sensitization yielding 77 +/-5% incident photon-to-current efficiencies (IPCE) in the visible region using an electrolyte consisting of 0.6 M methyl-N-butyl imidiazolium iodide, 0.05 M iodine, 0.05 M LiI, and 0.5 M 4-tert-butylpyridine in a 50/50 (v/v) mixture of valeronitrile and acetonitrile. Under standard AM 1.5 sunlight, the complex K8 gave a short circuit photocurrent density of 18 +/- 0.5 mA/cm(2), and the open circuit voltage was 640 +/- 50 mV with fill factor of 0.75 +/- 0.05, corresponding to an overall conversion efficiency of 8.64 +/- 0.5%.     

钌配合物敏化La3+掺杂纳米多孔TiO2电极的光电性能研究

在染料敏化太阳能电池中,TiO2膜和敏化剂决定着电池的总体效率和机械性能。本文以4-甲基吡啶为原料,经过偶联、氧化、配位和配体交换反应合成了cis-RuL2(SCN)2, (L=2,2’-联吡啶-4,4’-二羧酸),通过溶胶-凝胶法制备了TiO2膜。为了提高TiO2膜的光电性能,将不同浓度的La(NO3)3 (0.1%、0.3%、0.5%和0.7%) 加入到溶胶中,采用cis-RuL2(SCN)2将掺杂前后的TiO2膜进行敏化。利用X射线衍射仪、原子力显微镜和X射线光电子能谱对所得薄膜进行结构表征。结果表明,当La离子的浓度为0.5%时,太阳能电池的效率最高,短路电流和开路电压比未掺杂的分别提高了0.54 mA/cm2和30.41 mV。     

Photovoltaic cells based on sequentially adsorbed multilayers of conjugated poly(p-phenylene ethynylene)s and a water-soluble fullerene derivative

We describe the layer-by-layer (LBL) fabrication of multilayer films and photovoltaic cells using poly(phenylene ethynylene)-based anionic conjugated polyelectrolytes as electron donors and water-soluble cationic fullerene C60 derivatives as acceptors. LBL film deposition was found to be linearly related to the number of bilayers as monitored by UV-vis absorption. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the multilayer films revealed an aggregated but relatively uniform morphology devoid of any long-range phase separation. The maximum incident monochromatic photon to current conversion efficiency (IPCE) of the photovoltaic cells was 5.5%, the highest efficiency reported to date for cells fabricated by using the LBL fabrication technique, and since the thin film cells do not provide complete absorption of the incident light, the current generation per photon absorbed may be as much as 10%. The cells exhibited open circuit voltages of 200-250 mV with highest measured short circuit currents up to 0.5 mA/cm2 and fill factors around 30%. The power conversion efficiencies measured at AM 1.5 solar conditions (100 mW/cm2) varied between 0.01 and 0.04%, and similar to the IPCE results, the efficiency is a function of the thickness of the PV active layer.