Modified Kolmogorov wave turbulence in QCD matched onto “Bottom-up” thermalization

We investigate modification of Kolmogorov wave turbulence in QCD calculating gluon spectra as functions of time in the presence of a low energy source which feeds in energy density in the infrared region at a time-dependent rate. Then considering the picture of saturation constraints as has been constructed in the “bottom-up” thermalization approach we revisit that picture for RHIC center-mass energy, W=130 GeV, and also extend it to LHC center-mass energy, W=5500 GeV, thus for two cases having an opportunity to calculate the equilibration time, τ_eq|therm, of the gluon system produced in a central heavy ion collision at mid-rapidity region. Thereby, at RHIC and LHC energies we can match the equilibration time, obtained from the late stage gluon spectrum of the modified Kolmogorov wave turbulence, onto that of the “bottom-up” thermalization and other evolutional approaches as well. In addition, from the revised “bottom-up” approach we find the gluon liberation coefficient to be on the average, ε0.81–1.06 at RHIC and ε0.50–0.56 at LHC. We also present other phenomenological estimates of τ_therm which, at QCD realistic couplings, yield 0.45–0.65 fmτ_therm0.97–2.72 fm at RHIC and 0.31–0.40 fmτ_therm0.86–2.04 fm at LHC. We show that the second upper-bounds of τ_therm in both cases are due to the late stage gluon spectrum of the original Kolmogorov wave turbulence in QCD, previously deduced with a low energy source which feeds in energy density at a constant rate. On the other hand, the lower-bounds and first upper-bounds of τ_therm are due to the late stage gluon spectrum of the modified QCD wave turbulence, deduced here at the specific time-dependent rate. In the latter case, at certain conditions, taking also into account both very small and realistic couplings we give estimates: 0.65 fmτ_therm1.29 fm at RHIC and 0.52 fmτ_therm1.16 fm at LHC, as well as at realistic couplings we find 0.53<τ_therm<0.7 fm at RHIC and 0.41<τ_therm<0.65 fm at LHC.     

Electron drag in intermediate magnetic fields with low electron density

Electron drag between two two-dimensional electron systems has been measured in intermediate magnetic fields (/τ<ω_ck_BT) with a relatively low electron density. We explore, in this sample, the unusual increase of drag in intermediate magnetic fields which was well characterized by a nearly temperature independent B³ dependence. The anomalous behavior of electron drag observed in higher density samples is found to persist for low sample density.     

The extraction of total cross section from

We report on the first measurement of the differential cross section of -meson photoproduction for the d(γ,pK⁺K⁻)n exclusive reaction channel. The experiment was performed using a tagged-photon beam and the CEBAF Large Acceptance Spectrometer (CLAS) at Jefferson Lab. A combined analysis using data from the d(γ,pK⁺K⁻)n channel and those from a previous publication on coherent production on the deuteron has been carried out to extract the −N total cross section, σ_N. The extracted −N total cross section favors a value above 20 mb. This value is larger than the value extracted using vector-meson dominance models for photoproduction on the proton.     

Dielectric/piezoelectric properties and temperature dependence of domain structure evolution in lead free single crystal

(K_0.5Na_0.5)NbO₃ (KNN) single crystals were grown using a high temperature flux method. The dielectric permittivity was measured as a function of temperature for [001]-oriented KNN single crystals. The ferroelectric phase transition temperatures, including the rhombohedral–orthorhombic T_R−O, orthorhombic–tetragonal T_O−T and tetragonal–cubic T_C were found to be located at −149  C, 205 C and 393 C, respectively. The domain structure evolution with an increasing temperature in [001]-oriented KNN single crystal was observed using polarized light microscopy (PLM), where three distinguished changes of the domain structures were found to occur at −150  C, 213 C and 400 C, corresponding to the three phase transition temperatures.     

Asymmetric di-jet production in polarized hadronic collisions

Using the collinear QCD factorization approach, we study the single-transverse-spin dependent cross section Δσ(S) for the hadronic production of two jets of momenta P₁=P+q/2 and P₂=−P+q/2. We consider the kinematic region where the transverse components of the momentum vectors satisfy PqΛ_QCD. For the case of initial-state gluon radiation, we show that at the leading power in q/P and at the lowest non-trivial perturbative order, the dependence of Δσ(S) on q decouples from that on P, so that the cross section can be factorized into a hard part that is a function only of the single scale P, and into perturbatively generated transverse-momentum dependent (TMD) parton distributions with transverse momenta .     

Surface morphology and composition of c-, a- and m-sapphire surfaces in O2 and H2 environments

This paper reports that monitoring the composition of the c(0 0 0 1), a(11–20) and m(10–10) sapphire surfaces is essential for a proper interpretation of the surface morphologies obtained after annealing at 1253 and 1473 K in ArH₂ or ArO₂ atmospheres. Our experimental investigations, which have used Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) on the surfaces of 99.99% pure sapphire wafers, have led to the following original conclusions: (i) Calcium segregates at the c-surface of sapphire both under ArO₂ and ArH₂. (ii) Potassium adsorption enhances the kinetics of step-bunching on the c-surface under ArO₂. (iii) The step edges on the a-surface may develop a comb-like morphology made of parallel strips along the [10–10] direction. (iv) At 1253 K, clean m-surfaces may be stable. (v) Under ArH₂, alumina surface diffusion is much slower than under ArO₂ for all surface orientations, the surface concentration of impurities is low, and the Al–O ratio of the AES signals at the surface is significantly larger.     

Tunneling conductance in a gapped graphene-based superconducting structure: Case of massive Dirac electrons

The tunneling conductance in a NG/SG graphene junction in which the graphene was grown on a SiC substrate is simulated. The carriers in the normal graphene (NG) and the superconducting graphene (SG) are treated as massive relativistic particles. It is assumed that the Fermi energy in the NG and SG are E_FN400 meV and E_FS400 meV+U, respectively. Here U is the electrostatic potential from the superconducting gate electrode. It is seen that the Klein tunneling disappears in the case where a gap exist in the energy spectrum. As U→∞, the zero bias normalized conductance becomes persistent at a minimal value of G/G₀1.2. The normalized conductance G/G₀ is found to depend linearly on U with constant slope of , where is the size of the gap Δ opening up in the energy spectrum of the graphene grown on the SiC substrate. It is found that G/G₀2+αU for potentials in the range −270 meV<U<0 meV and G=0 for potentials U<−270 meV. As α→∞, the conductance for eV=Δ (V is the bias voltage placed across the NG/SG junction) can be approximated by a unit step function G(eV=Δ,U)/G₀2Θ(U). This last behavior indicates that a NG/SG junction made with gapped graphene could be used as a nano switch having excellent characteristics.     

Improvement of cubic silicon carbide crystals grown from solution

Cubic-silicon carbide crystals have been grown from carbon-rich silicon solutions using the travelling-zone method. To improve the growth process, we investigated the effect of controlling more tightly some of the growth parameters. Using such improved growth conditions, our best sample is a 12 mm diameter and 3 mm long 3C–SiC crystal. It is grown on a (0001) 2 off, 6H–SiC seed and has 111-orientation. The low amount of silicon inclusions results in a reduced internal stress, which is demonstrated by the consideration of μ-Raman spectra collected at room temperature on a large number of samples.     

Transport properties of single crystal

Transport properties of BaNi₂P₂ single crystals prepared by high-pressure synthesis method have been investigated. The temperature dependence of the resistivity is that of a typical metal with the anisotropy ratio ρ/ρ of 6.3 and suggests that electron–phonon interaction dominates the scattering mechanism. We have also found that the Hall effect and the magnetoresistance can be explained by a two-carrier model which is consistent with a multiple-band structure with both hole and electron characters.     

Non-Abelian duality from vortex moduli: A dual model of color-confinement

It is argued that the dual transformation of non-Abelian monopoles occurring in a system with gauge symmetry breaking G→H is to be defined by setting the low-energy H system in Higgs phase, so that the dual system is in confinement phase. The transformation law of the monopoles follows from that of monopole-vortex mixed configurations in the system (with a large hierarchy of energy scales, v₁v₂) , under an unbroken, exact color-flavor diagonal symmetry . The transformation property among the regular monopoles characterized by π₂(G/H), follows from that among the non-Abelian vortices with flux quantized according to π₁(H), via the isomorphism π₁(G)π₁(H)/π₂(G/H). Our idea is tested against the concrete models—softly-broken supersymmetric SU(N), SO(N) and USp(2N) theories, with appropriate number of flavors. The results obtained in the semiclassical regime (at v₁v₂Λ) of these models are consistent with those inferred from the fully quantum-mechanical low-energy effective action of the systems (at v₁,v₂Λ).     

Transition from resonances to surface waves in elastic scattering

In this article, we study resonances and surface waves in π⁺–p scattering. We focus on the sequence whose spin-parity values are given by . A widely-held belief takes for granted that this sequence can be connected by a moving pole in the complex angular momentum (CAM)-plane, which gives rise to a linear trajectory of the form , which is the standard expression of the Regge pole trajectory. But the phenomenology shows that only the first few resonances lie on a trajectory of this type. For higher J^p this rule is violated and is substituted by the relation JkR, where k is the pion-nucleon c.m.s. momentum, and R1 fm. In this article we prove: (a) Starting from a non-relativistic model of the proton, regarded as composed by three quarks confined by harmonic potentials, we prove that the first three members of this π⁺–p resonance sequence can be associated with a vibrational spectrum of the proton generated by an algebra . Accordingly, these first three members of the sequence can be described by Regge poles and lie on a standard linear trajectory. (b) At higher energies the amplitudes are dominated by diffractive scattering, and the creeping waves play a dominant role. They can be described by a second class of poles, which can be called Sommerfeld’s poles, and lie on a line nearly parallel to the imaginary axis of the CAM-plane. (c) The Sommerfeld’s pole which is closest to the real axis of the CAM-plane is dominant at large angles, and describes in a proper way the backward diffractive peak in both the following cases: at fixed k, as a function of the scattering angle, and at fixed scattering angle θ=π, as a function of k. (d) The evolution of this pole, as a function of k, is given in first approximation by JkR.     

Velocity of electroweak bubble walls

We study the velocity of bubble walls in the electroweak phase transition. For several extensions of the Standard Model, we estimate the friction and calculate the wall velocity, taking into account the hydrodynamics. We find that deflagrations are generally more likely than detonations. Nevertheless, for models with extra bosons, which give a strongly first-order phase transition, the deflagration velocity is in general quite high, 0.1v_w0.6. Therefore, such phase transitions may produce an important signal of gravitational waves. On the other hand, models with extra fermions which are strongly coupled to the Higgs boson may provide a strongly first-order phase transition and small velocities, 10⁻²v_w10⁻¹, as required by electroweak baryogenesis.     

Further observations on the variation with dielectric constant and thickness of the reflectance and phase change on reflection of films

Studies of the behaviour with ₁, ₂ and film thickness of the optical functions reflectance (R) and phase change on reflection (Φ_r) have previously been made for both very thin and very thick films. Abelès [J. Opt. Soc. Amer. 47 (1957) 473] has formulated equations for very thin films where functions of ₁ and ₂ are the coefficients of a power series of the optical thickness, x(2πd/λ) up to x², whilst in the case of very thick films (solids) the relationships between ₁ and ₂ can be represented in polar coordinates L and α by ₁=L cos α, ₂=L sin α where L_R=2y²₀W²(1+cos α−1/W²) [W=(1+R)/(1−R)] and L_Φr=2(y₀/ tan Φ_r)²(1−cos α+tan ² Φ_r) [Ward, Opt. and Laser Tech. 27 (1995) 125]. The present study is concerned with films of intermediate optical thicknesses (1.0<2πd/λ<solid) and has revealed that the polar-type relationships previously noted for solid materials are augmented by secondary structures of maxima and minima whose position and amplitude can be predicted by adapting the exact equations for R and Φ_r.     

Concavity for nuclear bindings, thermodynamical functions and density functionals

Sequences of experimental ground-state energies for both odd and even A are mapped onto concave patterns cured from convexities due to pairing and/or shell effects. The same patterns, completed by a list of excitation energies, give numerical estimates of the grand potential Ω(β,μ) for a mixture of nuclei at low or moderate temperatures T=β⁻¹ and at many chemical potentials μ. The average nucleon number A(β,μ) then becomes a continuous variable, allowing extrapolations towards nuclear masses closer to the drip lines. We study the possible concavity of several thermodynamical functions, such as the free energy and the average energy, as functions of A. Concavity, which always occurs for the free energy and is usually present for the average energy, allows easy interpolations and extrapolations providing upper and lower bounds, respectively, to binding energies. Such bounds define an error bar for the prediction of binding energies. Finally we show how concavity and universality are related in the theory of the nuclear density functional.     

Lepton flavour violating heavy Higgs decays within the and their detection at the LHC

Within the νMSSM, a Minimal Supersymmetric neutrino See-saw Model, Lepton Flavour Violating Higgs couplings are strongly enhanced at large tanβ (30), which can lead to BR(H⁰/A⁰→τμ)O(10⁻⁴), for M_H⁰/A⁰160 GeV. Enhancements on the production of Higgs bosons, through the gluon fusion mechanism, gg→H⁰/A⁰, and the associated production channel , whose rates grow with tanβ, as well as the mass degeneracy that occurs between the H⁰ and A⁰ states in this regime, also contribute to further the possibilities to detect a heavy Higgs signal into τμ pairs. We show that the separation of τμ Higgs events from the background at the upcoming CERN Large Hadron Collider could be done for Higgs masses up to about 600 GeV for 300 fb⁻¹ of luminosity, for large tanβ values. However, even with as little as 10 fb⁻¹ one can probe H⁰/A⁰ masses up to 400 GeV or so, if tanβ=60. Altogether, these processes then provide a new Higgs discovery mode as well as an independent test of flavour physics.     

Electric and magnetic losses and gains in determining the sign of refractive index

Within the framework of classic electromagnetic theories, we have studied the sign of refractive index of optical medias with the emphases on the roles of the electric and magnetic losses and gains. Starting from the Maxwell equations for an isotropic and homogeneous media, we have derived the general form of the complex refractive index and its relation with the complex electric permittivity and magnetic permeability, i.e. , in which the intrinsic electric and magnetic losses and gains are included as the imaginary parts of the complex permittivity and permeability, respectively, as  = _r + i_i and μ = μ_r + iμ_i. The electric and magnetic losses are present in all passive materials, which correspond, respectively, to the positive imaginary permittivity and permeability _i > 0 and μ_i > 0. The electric and magnetic gains are present in materials where external pumping sources enable the light to be amplified instead of attenuated, which correspond, respectively, to the negative imaginary permittivity and permeability _i < 0 and μ_i < 0. We have analyzed and determined uniquely the sign of the refractive index, for all possible combinations of the four parameters _r, μ_r, _i, and μ_i, in light of the relativistic causality. A causal solution requires that the wave impedance be positive Re{Z} > 0. We illustrate the results for all cases in tables of the sign of refractive index. One of the most important messages from the sign tables is that, apart from the well-known case where simultaneously  < 0 and μ < 0, there are other possibilities for the refractive index to be negative n < 0, for example, for _r < 0, μ_r > 0, _i > 0, and μ_i > 0, the refractive index is negative n < 0 provided μ_i/_i > μ_r/_r.     

Contours of constant Δ and Ψ in the 2–4 plane for the ellipsometric functions

Contour graphs of ₂ vs ₄ for different film thicknesses and a range of angles of incidence have been plotted for the ellipsometric functions Δ and Ψ in both the reflection and transmission modes. In the case of reflection ellipsometry, when the plots for Δ_R and Ψ_R are superimposed, the two sets of contours cross nearly at right angles over a large part of the field, this being indicative of the high accuracy obtainable in using this technique to determine ₄ and ₂ and hence the optical constants, n and k, for the film material. The reflection ellipsometric technique is accurate over angles of incidence between 30° and 75° and for a range of film thicknesses between λ/30 and 5λ. Transmission ellipsometry is less useful, due to anomalies in both X_s and X_p where sudden phase changes of ±π occur in regions of interest. There is also the possibility of multiple solutions, although the use of a multiangle technique would enable the “correct” values to be more easily determined.     

Calculation of transport parameters in KT-1 tokamak edge plasma

The radial profiles of KT-1 tokamak (major radius of 27 cm, minor radius of 4.25 cm, two poloidal stainless-steel limiters) edge plasma parameters are measured using single and triple electric probes. The particle transport parameters are calculated from the measured edge plasma parameters, and the results are analyzed by the simple fluid approximations. The cross-field particle diffusion coefficient (D) in the boundary plasma of the KT-1 is calculated from the density scrape-off length (λ_n) measured by using a triple probe. The particle density and electron temperature fall exponentially in the radial direction with the e-folding length of λ_n=0.13 cm and λ_e=0.41 cm, respectively. From the scrape-off layer (SOL) model, the experimental values of scrape-off length (λ_n) is used to calculate the cross-field diffusion coefficient (D=1.2×10³cm²/s), roughly corresponding to one third of the typical Bohm value. A simple SOL model with the contribution of recombination is introduced to evaluate the Bohm diffusion in the KT-1 tokamak edge plasma. Cross-field heat conductivity calculated from these deduced values is 5.2D in the SOL of KT-1 edge plasma. These results provide the finally certain information for edge particle transport in the KT-1 boundary plasmas.     

Energetics of dopant atoms in subsurface positions of diamond semiconductor

We present a set of ab initio energetics for a substitutional boron (B) impurity atom in subsurface positions, from the topmost to the fifth atomic layer, of both C(001)-2×1:H and C(111)-1×1:H. We compare the calculated surface-B binding energies with those obtained for P [T. Miyazaki, H. Kato, H. Okushi, S. Yamasaki, e-J. Surf. Sci. Nanotech. 4 (2006) 124]. The surface-P binding energies become larger as the position of P is closer to the two surfaces. They are up to 4 eV for C(001)-2×1:H and 2.6 eV for C(111)-1×1:H, respectively. For B, in contrast, the binding energies are within 0.5 eV for both surfaces. An implication of our finding in the context of a mechanism for P and B doping in diamond is discussed.     

Structure and properties of the one-dimensional cobalt oxide CaCo2O4

We have studied crystal structure and transport properties of the quasi one-dimensional cobalt oxide CaCo₂O₄. The CaCo₂O₄ phase crystallizes in calcium-ferrite type structure, which consists of a corner- and edge-shared CoO₆ octahedron network including one-dimensional double chains. Large thermoelectric power (S  150 μV/K at 390 K) with metallic temperature dependence of S, moderate resistivity (ρ  2.9 × 10⁻¹ Ω cm at 390 K) with carrier localization at low temperature, and normal thermal conductivity (κ  6.3 W/Km at 390 K) were observed. The phonon mean-free path was calculated from the observed data, as a function of temperature. The long phonon mean-free path (l  24 Å at 300 K) implies that the thermal conductivity could be suppressed by impurity scattering of phonons with partial element substitution.