具有热补偿的内腔KTP光参量振荡器

在电光调Q Nd:YAG激光抽运内腔KTP光参量振荡器中,由于在抽运光的谐振腔内插入了起偏器,当工作在高重复频率时,Nd:YAG棒热致双折射效应致使起偏器产生退偏损耗,导致抽运光能量下降和光束质量变差,最终光参量振荡器的激光输出能量也将下降.为了补偿热致双折射引起的起偏器退偏损耗,提出了基于λ/4波片的具有热补偿的内腔光参量振荡器结构,实验结果表明在高重复频率工作时,具有热补偿的内腔光参量振荡器较无补偿内腔光参量振荡器的激光输出能量提高了20%左右.     

Nd:YAG棒中的热光效应计算

激光通过工作物质时所产生的热透镜以及应力双折射两种效应是高功率二极管泵浦激光器(DPL)的设计和优化过程中必需考虑的因素.讨论了采用有限差分光束传播法计算热透镜效应及结合材料的弹光系数矩阵计算应力双折射效应的一般方法,并具体针对长6 cm、均匀泵浦的NdYAG棒,计算了这两种效应对光束的影响.结果表明,由于热透镜的聚焦效应,棒中心的光场振幅在通过棒后增大了6%,棒中心与边缘产生了20个波长的相位差;同时,应力引起的双折射造成了约30%的功率损失.     

二极管泵浦高功率薄片激光器关键技术

固体激光器向高平均功率发展存在的最大问题是沉积在激光介质里的废热。废热的消除将导致热透镜、机械应力和退偏等效应，并由此造成光束质量的退化，激光功率的降低，甚至可能造成介质的断裂。采用薄片激光器设计可以允许介质具有高的泵浦功率密度而不产生显著的温度梯度，当泵浦区尺寸远大于薄片厚度时，热流可认为是沿厚度方向的一维分布。合理设计泵浦耦合结构，可以使薄片径向温度分布近似均匀，从而大大降低介质的热透镜效应和热致应力双折射。因此薄片激光器可以定标放大到很高的平均功率。     

纵向泵浦固体激光介质热透镜效应的理论研究

 在分析了纵向泵浦、周边致冷固体激光棒内加热及冷却机理的基础上,将热传导方程合理简化为一维形式,求解出以级数方式表达的棒内温度分布。并根据热弹性力学原理,获得了激光棒中热致应力场和应变场。在考虑了与热透镜效应有关的三个因素：即热色散、热致应力双折射和端面变形后,推导出了纵向泵浦固体激光棒有效热焦距的解析表达式。将所获结果运用于常用的激光晶体Nd:YAG,发现当使用10W半导体激光器泵浦时,所产生的有效热焦距在毫米量级。     

高功率法拉第隔离器多模退偏特性

理论分析了隔离器在高功率多模激光入射时的自退偏特性.结果表明：线性双折射致退偏与圆双折射致退偏均与入射光功率的平方成正比,线性双折射致退偏与光斑大小无关,而圆双折射致退偏随光斑半径的增大而减小.当光斑半径与旋转晶体半径相比很小时（R0/r0≥80）圆双折射引起的退偏大于线性双折射引起的退偏,当光斑半径接近旋转晶体半径（R0/r0≤3）时,与线性双折射引起的退偏相比,圆双折射引起的退偏可以忽略.对比单模激光入射,在同种条件下,多模入射使得线性双折射致退偏减小了0.4倍, 最小圆双折射致退偏减小为0.05倍.     

纵向泵浦固体激光介质热透镜效应的理论研究

在分析了纵向泵浦、周边致冷固体激光棒内加热及冷却机理的基础上,将热传导方程合理简化为一维形式,求解出以级数方式表达的棒内温度分布。并根据热弹性力学原理,获得了激光棒中热致应力场和应变场。在考虑了与热透镜效应有关的三个因素：即热色散、热致应力双折射和端面变形后,推导出了纵向泵浦固体激光棒有效热焦距的解析表达式。将所获结果运用于常用的激光晶体Nd:YAG,发现当使用10W半导体激光器泵浦时,所产生的有效热焦距在毫米量级。     

干涉条纹法测量LD端面泵浦Nd∶YAG热透镜焦距

研究了端面泵浦Nd∶YAG晶体热透镜效应,提出了一种新的测量热透镜的方法-干涉条纹法,并通过理论估算与用此方法所测的热透镜焦距相比较, 表明此方法所测热透镜焦距随着泵浦光功率的增大二者越来越吻合, 验证了该方法的可靠性. 该方法解决了端泵Nd∶YAG时, 由温度梯度, 热应力双折射和端面形变所引起的总的热透镜焦距难以测量的问题.     

高功率法拉第隔离器多模退偏特性

理论分析了隔离器在高功率多模激光入射时的自退偏特性.结果表明:线性双折射致退偏与圆双折射致退偏均与入射光功率的平方成正比,线性双折射致退偏与光斑大小无关,而圆双折射致退偏随光斑半径的增大而减小.当光斑半径与旋转晶体半径相比很小时(R0/r0≥80)圆双折射引起的退偏大于线性双折射引起的退偏,当光斑半径接近旋转晶体半径(R0/r0≤3)时,与线性双折射引起的退偏相比,圆双折射引起的退偏可以忽略.对比单模激光入射,在同种条件下,多模入射使得线性双折射致退偏减小了0.4倍, 最小圆双折射致退偏减小为0.05倍.     

干涉条纹法测量LD端面泵浦Nd∶YAG热透镜焦距

研究了端面泵浦Nd∶YAG晶体热透镜效应,提出了一种新的测量热透镜的方法 干涉条纹法,并通过理论估算与用此方法所测的热透镜焦距相比较,表明此方法所测热透镜焦距随着泵浦光功率的增大二者越来越吻合,验证了该方法的可靠性 该方法解决了端泵Nd∶YAG时,由温度梯度,热应力双折射和端面形变所引起的总的热透镜焦距难以测量的问题.     

掠入射板条放大器链的热效应模拟分析

对LD泵浦的掠入射板条放大器链系统激光介质的热效应进行研究。针对掠入射放大器结构建立了相应的热力学模型,对激光介质的温度场分布、热致波前畸变和热透镜效应进行了详细的理论分析。利用有限元分析软件COMSOL模拟了晶体内部的温度、应力及应变的分布情况,并进一步讨论了板条厚度、泵浦尺寸以及种子光入射角对光程差和热透镜造成的影响。结果表明,随着泵浦光斑尺寸和种子光入射角的增大,光程差变小,热透镜效应减弱;板条厚度对光程差和热透镜的影响较小。模拟计算结果对于预测板条热效应的强弱、热效应的补偿,以及放大器链结构参数的设计提供了依据。     

Thermally induced second harmonic generation in PbO-B2O3 glasses

Second harmonic generation (SHG) was observed in PbO-B₂O₃ glasses after heat treatment at elevated temperature followed by rapid quenching in water at room temperature (about 25 °C). According to the results of thermally stimulated depolarization current (TSDC) measurement and XRD patterns, no depletion layer or crystals was found in the rapidly quenched glass samples. The thermally induced nonlinear layer is located in the regions extended from the surface and 8 μm into the bulk. The possible mechanism responsible for the SHG is that the bond deformation of glass structure induced by stress gradient breaks the inversion symmetry of glass. The influencing factors of the SH intensity are also discussed.     

双折射滤光片消除激光热致双折射的研究

详细研究了双折射滤光片(BF)在宽带增益激光器中对腔内倍频效率的影响,发现它不仅可以压缩基频光线宽,还可以有效补偿腔内元件的热致双折射,减小腔内损耗,大幅度提高腔内倍频效率.另外,由于补偿了热致双折射,提高基频光的偏振度,减小了两个正交偏振模耦合,有效改善了谐波的稳定性.实验中发现热效应不仅来源于激光晶体,非线性晶体也有相当大的贡献,还分析了滤光片的位置对热致双折射补偿的效果和腔内损耗的影响.     

2.1 Tesla permanent-magnet Faraday isolator for subkilowatt average power lasers

A Faraday isolator with one magneto-optical element providing 31 dB isolation ratio for 330 W average power lasers was produced and investigated in an experiment. These remarkable parameters were achieved by increasing the magnetic field and using a [0 0 1] oriented TGG crystal.     

Compensation of the thermally induced depolarization in a double-pass Nd:YAG rod amplifier with a stimulated Brillouin scattering phase conjugate mirror

Stimulated Brillouin scattering phase conjugate mirrors (SBS-PCMs) are extensively used to compensate the phase distortion of active media in a high-energy laser system with double-pass amplification. However, the depolarization loss from the thermally induced birefringence of the active medium by a photoelastic effect cannot be avoided despite the uses of phase conjugate mirrors. In this work, the depolarization loss in a double-pass Nd:YAG rod amplifier with a SBS-PCM has been studied with Jones matrix calculations. In addition, the depolarization ratios and the leak beam patterns are obtained experimentally and theoretically for four possible optical schemes. Both experiment and theoretical results show that depolarization is effectively compensated when a Faraday rotator is located after the amplifier.     

Electron paramagnetic resonance and thermally stimulated luminescence studies of uranyl doped calcium sulphate

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and thermally stimulated luminescence (TSL) studies were conducted onγ-irradiated CaSO₄:UO ₂ ²⁺ to elucidate the role of the electron/hole traps in thermally stimulated reactions and to obtain the trap parameters (trap depth and frequency factor). Intense TSL glow peaks around 140, 375, 400 and 438±2K are observed and their spectral characteristics have shown that UO ₂ ²⁺ and UO ₆ ⁶⁻ act as luminescent centres. EPR studies have shown the peaks at 140 and 400/438K to be associated with the thermal destruction of O⁻ and SO ₄ ⁻ radical ion in two stages respectively. The maximum rate of thermal destruction of SO ₄ ⁻ ions (as seen by EPR) in various alkaline earth sulphate matrices investigated in our laboratory is also summarized. The activation energy which characterizes the electron transfer reaction between SO ₄ ⁻ and the dopant ion lies in the range of (0.95±0.15 eV). This value is independent of the dopant and therefore seems to be characteristic of the binding energy of hole in the SO ₄ ⁻ radical ion.     

Thermally stimulated luminescence and electron paramagnetic resonance studies of actinide doped calcium chloro phosphate

Electron paramagnetic resonance [EPR] and thermally stimulated luminescence [TSL] studies were conducted on self [α]-irradiated²³⁹Pu doped calcium chloro phosphate andγ-irradiated²³⁹Pu/²³⁸UO ₂ ²⁺ doped calcium chloro phosphate to elucidate the role of the electron/hole traps in thermally stimulated reactions and to obtain trap parameters from both TSL and EPR data. TSL glow peaks around 135 K (# peak 1), 190 K (# peak 2), 435 K (# peak 5) and 490 K (# peak 7) were observed and their spectral characteristics have shown that Pu³⁺ and UO ₆ ⁶⁻ act as luminescent centres in calcium chloro phosphate with respective dopants. EPR studies have shown the formation of the radical ions H⁰, PO ₄ ²⁻ , O⁻, O ₂ ⁻ and [ClO]²⁻ under different conditions. Whereas the [ClO]²⁻ radical being stable up to 700 K, was not found to have any role in TSL processes, the thermal destruction of other centres was found to be primarily responsible for the TSL peaks observed. The trap depth values were determined both by using the TSL data and also the temperature variation of EPR spectra of these centres.     

Test for quasi-equilibrium in thermally stimulated luminescence and conductivity

The uncertainty about the existence of quasi-equilibrium (QE) condition during the readout of thermoluminescence and thermally stimulated conductivity glow peaks in real materials causes doubts about the validity of applying the QE-based analytical expressions to analyse these glow peaks. In this paper a simple method is given to verify the QE condition during the readout of these glow peaks in real materials. The method is based on changes in the glow peak shapes caused by changing the heating rate in non-QE cases. It is illustrated by using synthetic glow peaks derived from two different physically meaningful models.     

Thermally stimulated luminescence and electron paramagnetic resonance studies on uranium doped K2Ca2(SO4)3

Thermally stimulated luminescence (TSL) studies of gamma-irradiated uraniumdoped K₂Ca₂(SO₄)₃ revealed two glow peaks around 400 K and 435 K. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies carried out on these samples have shown the formation of the radical ions SO ₄ ⁻ , SO ₃ ⁻ , SO ₂ ⁻ and O ₃ ⁻ . From the study of the thermal stabilities of these radical ions, it was found that the thermal destruction of SO ₂ ⁻ and SO ₄ ⁻ radical ions are associated with the glow peaks observed around 400 K and 435 K respectively. Uranate ion was identified as the luminescent centre for the observed TSL glow. The trap depth values for the glow peaks have been determined from TSL data.     

Jeans' gravitational instability of a thermally conducting plasma

The gravitational instability of an infinitely extending homogenous plasma endowed with several physical mechanisms, namely Hall currents, finite conductivity, ion viscosity and thermal conductivity is considered. The main result is that the various parameters play different physical roles in the perturbed problem. Jeans' criterion is analyzed in the framework of Tsallis' statistics for possible modifications due to the presence of nonextensive effects. A simple generalization of the Jeans' criterion is obtained and the standard values are obtained in the limiting case q=1, q being the nonextensive parameter.