Radiation stability of some thermally stable inorganic ion exchangers

The effect of -irradiation on the ion-exchange capacity, distribution coefficient and the efficiency for binary separations of some thermally stable inorganic ion exchangers have been studied. Irradiation upto 100 Mrad, has no effect on these substances, except thorium tungstate which showed changes in ion-exchange capacity, distribution behaviour and in binary separations.     

Radiation stability of some thermally stable inorganic ion exchangers

Effect of various doses of gamma radiation on the ion-exchange capacity, distribution coefficient values, elution behaviour, pH titration and infrared spectra of some thermally stable inorganic ion exchangers has been studied systematically. No change has been observed in the ion-exchange capacity, elution behaviour and the infrared spectra of the materials irradiated up to a total dose of 3·10⁸ rad, while, a change has been observed in their pH-titration and distribution behaviour.     

Structural studies on some inorganic ion exchangers

Ferrocyanides of zirconium(IV) and tin(IV), antimonates of cerium(IV) and titanium(IV), and cerium(IV) tungstate, has been shown to be useful materials as inorganic ion exchangers in radio- and analytical chemistry. These materials are sufficiently stable towards high dose of γ-radiations. Attempt is made to study some structural aspects and possible exchange sites of these materials using different techniques like thermal, Mössbauer and infrared spectroscopy.     

Fr and Ra fixation on some inorganic sorbents or mixed composite ion exchangers

Zinc and nickel hexacyanoferrates (II) present a high affinity for²²³Fr and no retention for²²³Ra in hydrochloric acid solutions with concentrations greater than 0.5N. Hydrated antimony pentoxide is the best sorbent for²²³Ra. Incorporated in a composite exchanger, it could be used for decontamination purposes.     

Comparison of nonporous silica-based ion exchangers and monolithic ion exchangers in separations of inorganic anions

Low capacity anion exchangers for IC have been prepared by modification of nonporous uniformed silica MICRA microbeads and by modification of the organic polymeric monolithic matrixes prepared in situ in quarz capillary. Due to the small particle size (1.5 microm) high-performance adsorbents were prepared allowing to obtain up to 190,000 tp/m. However, the column possesses a very high back-pressure and can be used in a short length up to 50 mm only to meet the requirements of conventional chromatographic equipment. An analysis of a test mixture of seven anions was completed within 3 min with a back column pressure of about 350 bar (HETP of about 5.5 microm, where HETP is the height equivalent to the theoretical plate). Monolithic capillary columns provide lower efficiency per column unit length than MICRA columns; however, they can be used at a longer length because of their low flow resistance. Monolithic column of ca. 40 cm length has workable pressure below 10 bar and allows separation of a five anions test mixture within less than 10 min. A better efficiency of monolithic column (HETP approximately 75 microm) can be achieved at reduced flow rates when the analysis time is not a critical parameter.     

Investigation of silica gel supported inorganic ion exchangers

Microcrystalline zirconium phosphate (-ZrP), hydrous manganese dioxide (HMnO), ammonium molybdophosphate (AMP) and silica gel supported forms of these materials as well as silica gel (SG) itself were investigated by thermoanalytical, electron microscopic, X-ray diffraction and infrared spectrometric methods. Chemical composition, structure and some related properties of the inorganic ion exchangers mentioned above are reported.     

Investigation of the resistance of some naturally occurring and synthetic inorganic ion exchangers against gamma radiation

The effect of various doses of gamma radiation on the ion-exchange capacity, distribution coefficient values, elution behaviour, physical effect, pH titration and infrared spectra of some synthetic inorganic ion exchangers, namely the cerium substituted phosphates; and naturally occurring inorganic ion exchangers, zeolites from different parts of Iran, have been studied systematically.No significant change has been observed in the ion-exchange capacity (with the exception of CeP(Na), CeP(Di·Na) and zeolite 5 (deposits of arababad talas)), elution behaviour, physical effect, chemical stability and the infrared spectra of the synthetic ion exchangers irradiated upto a total dose of 200 kGy, while a change has been observed in the pH-titration and distribution behaviour. The increase in pH is sharper for irradiated samples with divalent cations than for the normal samples. Furthermore, the K_d values, and hence the selectivity towards certain cations increase with the total dose absorbed, reaching its optimum selectivity with the dose of 50–100 kGy. The natural zeolites chosen for these studies, show, similar pattern to those of synthetic ion exchangers, and in some cases an extremely high selectivity toward certain cations, like Be^II. These make, zeolites, which are naturally occurring ion exchangers more viable economically, and extremely useful alternative in this industry.     

The adsorption behaviour of microamounts of radium on inorganic ion exchangers

The radiochemical method has been used for investigation of the adsorption of radium on eighteen inorganic ion exchangers. The distribution coefficient of radium obtained are as follows: barite 2955, celestite 2420, BaSO₄ 4350, BaCrO₄ 5245, Ba₃(PO₄)₂ 5775, MnO₂·nH₂O 1681, La₂O₃·nH₂O 4150, Zerolit S/F 2920, etc.Presented at the International Conference on Nuclear and Radiochemistry, Beijing, Sept. 1–5, 1986.     

Recent uses of liquid ion exchangers in inorganic analysis

A review of recent uses of liquid ion exchangers in inorganic analysis is presented.     

Synthesis and thermal analysis of some oligomeric silicon derivatives of ferrocene

This article reports a study of the catalytic addition reaction of ferrocene containing dihydrosilane to diacetylenic silicon derivatives. A hypothetical structure based on reaction kinetics and spectral data is presented. The oligomers obtained were studied by TG and DTA from ambient temperature to 1000°C in oxygen atmosphere (80 mL/min). The existance of phenyl groups in the structure of the oligomers makes them less stable than those with derivatives.     

Complexation ion-exchange chromatography of some metal ions on papers impregnated with Ti(IV)-based inorganic ion exchangers

The chromatographic behavior of 40 metal ions is studied on titanium (IV) arsenate, titanium (IV) phosphate-, titanium (IV) molybdate-, titanium(IV) tungstate-, and titanium(IV) selenite-impregnated papers in 0.1M oxalic, citric, and tartaric acid as mobile phases. Similar studies are carried out on Whatman No. 1 papers for comparison. The ion-exchange capacity of these papers is determined, and their selectivity for different cations is discussed. The mechanism of migration is explained in terms of ion-exchange, precipitation, and adsorption. The prediction of elution sequence from RF values is also checked. The average Ri is found to be almost linearly dependent on the charge of the metal ions. The effect of the pKa of complexing acids on average RF values of 3d series metal ions is explained. A number of binary and ternary separations are achieved.     

Studies on sorption of plutonium on inorganic ion exchangers from sodium carbonate medium

Sorption of Pu(IV) from sodium carbonate medium has been investigated by using three inorganic ion exchangers, viz. alumina, silica gel and hydrous titanium oxide (HTO). Distribution ratios (D) of Pu(IV) for its sorption on these ion exchangers have been determined. The values are 700, 10³ and 10⁴ for alumina, silica gel and hydrous titanium oxide, respectively, from 0.1M sodium carbonate medium. The high distribution ratios indicate their suitability for the removal of Pu(IV) from sodium carbonate waste streams. Pu(IV) breakthrough capacities have been determined with 5 ml bed at a flow rate of 30 ml per hour. The 10% Pu(IV) breakthough capacities for alumina and silica gel are 3 g l^–1 and 14 g l^–1, respectively. The capacity of HTO is 60 g of Pu(IV) per liter of exchanger at 4% Pu(IV) breakthrough.     

Synthesis and thermal stability of hydrotalcites based upon gallium

Hydrotalcites based upon gallium as a replacement for aluminium in hydrotalcite over a Mg/Al ratio of 2:1 to 4:1 were synthesised. The d(003) spacing varied from 7.83 Å for the 2:1 hydrotalcite to 8.15 Å for the 3:1 gallium containing hydrotalcite. A comparison is made with the Mg/Al hydrotalcite in which the d(003) spacing for the Mg/Al hydrotalcite varied from 7.62 Å for the 2:1 Mg hydrotalcite to 7.98 Å for the 4:1 hydrotalcite. The thermal stability of the gallium containing hydrotalcite was determined using thermogravimetric analysis. Four mass loss steps at 77, 263–280, 485 and 828 °C with mass losses of 10.23, 21.55, 5.20 and 7.58% are attributed to dehydration, dehydroxylation and decarbonation. The thermal stability of the gallium containing hydrotalcite is slightly less than the aluminium hydrotalcite.     

Studies on inorganic anion exchangers

The commercially available inorganic anion exchangers Polyan, Polyan HT, Oxtain and Oxti have been studied by the construction of exchange isotherms for the ions SO₄²⁻, NO₃⁻, Cl⁻, Br⁻ and I⁻. They were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction and thermal analyses when appropriate. Conclusions are as to selectivities and reversibilities, and comments made on the thermal and chemical stabilities of the exchangers.     

Pyridine based zirconium(IV) and tin(IV) phosphates as new and novel intercalated ion exchangers

Pyridine based zirconium(IV) phosphate (PyZrP) and tin(IV) phosphate (PySnP) have been synthesized as new and novel intercalated ion exchangers. These materials have been characterized using X-ray, IR spectra, TG, DTG and DTA studies in addition to their ion exchange capacity, elution, pH titration, concentration and distribution behaviour. The distribution studies towards several metal ions in different media/concentrations have suggested that PyZrP and PySnP are selective for Hg(II) and Pb(II), respectively. As a consequence some binary separations of metal ions involving Hg(II) and Pb(II) ions have been performed on a column of these materials, demonstrating their analytical and environmental potential.     

New inorganic (an)ion exchangers based on Mg-Al hydrous oxides: (alkoxide-free) sol-gel synthesis and characterisation

New inorganic ion exchangers based on double Mg-Al hydrous oxides were generated via the new non-traditional sol-gel synthesis method which avoids using metal alkoxides as raw materials. Surface chemical and adsorptive properties of the final products were controlled by several ways of hydrogels and xerogels treatments which produced the materials of the layered structure, mixed hydrous oxides or amorphous adsorbents. The final adsorptive materials obtained via thermal treatment of xerogels were the layered mesoporous materials with carbonate in the interlayer space, surface abundance with hydroxylic groups and maximum adsorptive capacity to arsenate. Higher affinity of Mg-Al hydrous oxides towards H(2)AsO(4)(-) is confirmed by steep adsorption isotherms having plateau (removal capacity) at 220 mg[As]g(dw)(-1) for the best sample at pH=7, fast adsorption kinetics and little pH effect. Adsorption of arsenite, fluoride, bromate, bromide, selenate, borate by Mg-Al hydrous oxides was few times high either competitive (depending on the anion) as compare with the conventional inorganic ion exchange adsorbents.     

Redox ion exchangers based on sulfochlorinated copolymers of styrene and divinylbenzene

Conclusions The authors have obtained redox polymers by reacting sulfochlorinated copolymers of styrene and divinylbenzene of both ordinary and macroporous structures with quinones, di-, and trihydroxybenzenes or dialkyl esters of hydroquinone; their properties have been studied.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 9, pp. 2126–2128, September, 1970.     

Synthesis of phosphorus (silicon,tin)-containing derivatives of mercaptoketenes and some of their properties

Some newS-phosphorylated,S-silylated, andS-stannylated derivatives of -mercaptoketones were obtained. The reactions of some of these compounds induced by the temperature and by molecular oxygen as well as the phosphorylation of the Si- and Sn-containing derivatives were studied.Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2, pp. 353–357, February, 1995.