Optimal shape of a twisted and compressed rod

We formulate and solve the problem of determining the shape of an elastic rod stable against buckling and having minimal volume. The rod is loaded by a concentrated force and a couple at its ends. The equilibrium equations are reduced to a single nonlinear second-order equation. The eigenvalues of the linearized version of this equation determine the stability boundary. By using Pontryagin's maximum principle we determine the optimal shape of the rod.     

Optimal shape of a vertical rotating column

We determine the shape of the lightest rotating column that is stable against buckling, positioned in a constant gravity field, oriented along the column axis. In deriving the optimality conditions, the Pontryagin's principle was used. Optimal cross-sectional area is obtained from the solution of a non-linear boundary value problem. For this problem a variational principle and a first integral are formulated. Also a priori estimates of the cross-sectional area at the lower end are presented. The procedure is illustrated by three concrete examples. The problem treated here may be considered as a step in the dynamic optimization procedure of a heavy rotating column.     

Optimal shape of an elastic column on elastic foundation

By using Pontryagin's maximum principle we determine the shape of an elastic compressed column on elastic, Winkler type foundation. We assume that the column has clamped ends. The optimality conditions for the case of bimodal optimization are derived. It is shown that the optimal cross-sectional area function is determined from the solution of a nonlinear boundary value problem. In the special case of a compressed column with no foundation, the optimality condition and the solution obtained earlier are recovered.     

Optimal strength of a compound column

A column of fixed length and variable cross section consists of two homogeneous and isotropic components. The components are joined along their side surfaces and have different Young's moduli, but the same Poisson's ratio. One of the components encloses the other that has the smaller Young's modulus. For different values of the ratio of the moduli, the shape of the column, which has the largest critical buckling load under axial thrust, is determined, assuming that the volumes of the components are prescribed. The problem is solved for the case of pinned ends.It appears that the solution of the most general problem, in which each of the areas of the component cross sections may be varied, is a combination of the solutions of some more elementary problems. Therefore, two types of problems are discussed: the compound bar with an inner component of fixed cross section and the general compound bar.The method of solution may be extended to other boundary conditions.     

IMPERFECTION SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF A RECTANGULAR COLUMN COMPRESSED INTO THE PLASTIC RANGE

I.IntroductionSinceelasticunloadingoccursinthedeformationprocess,theimperfectionsensitivityanalysisofstructuresloadedintotheplasticrangeismuchcomplicated.TheproblemisfirststudiedintheorybyHutchinson(1973,1974)l"ZI.HeusedKoiter'stheorytoanalysethebehaviorpriortotheonsetofelasticunloadingandtoobtaintheloadandthedisplacementatwhichelasticunloadingbegins.NeedlemanandTvergaard(1982)l'jpresentedananalysisofimperfeCtionsensitivityintheplasticrangethatignoreselasticunloading,thatis,substituteshypo-…     

The shape of the strongest column

The problem of determining that shape of column which has the largest critical buckling load is solved, assuming that the length and volume are given and that each cross section is convex. The strongest column has an equilateral triangle as cross section, and it is tapered along its length, being thickest in the middle and thinnest at its ends. Its buckling load is 61.2% larger than that of a circular cylinder. For columns all of whose cross sections are similar and of prescribed shape-not necessarily convex—the best tapering is found to increase the buckling load by one third over that of a uniform column. This result, which was independently obtained by H. F. Weinberger, is originally due to Clausen (1851). For a uniform column, triangularizing is shown to increase the buckling load by 20.9% over that of a circular cylinder. The results lead to isoperimetric inequalities for the buckling loads of arbitrary columns. The research reported in this paper has been sponsored by the Office of Naval Research under Contract No. (285) 46.     

On the optimal shape of a column with partial elastic foundation

By using Pontryagin's principle we study the optimal shape of an elastic column with clamped ends and positioned on elastic foundation of Winkler type. Two problems were treated. In the first one, which is a generalization of our previous work, we consider the case of a partially supported column. In the second problem we determine the optimal shape of a column on elastic foundation subjected to restrictions on minimal cross-sectional area. It is shown that in this case the optimization can be both bimodal and unimodal. We determine the transition value between unimodal and bimodal optimization for specified values of parameters.     

On the optimal shape of compressed rotating rod with shear and extensibility

In this paper, the optimal shape of a compressed rotating rod which maintains stability against buckling is presented. In the rod modeling, extensibility along the rod axis and shear stress is taken into account. Using Pontryagin's maximum principle, the optimization problem is formulated with a fourth order boundary value problem. The optimally shaped compressed rotating (fixed-free) rod has a finite cross-sectional area on the free end. This shape is qualitatively different from that suggested by the Bernoulli-Euler theory with zero cross-sectional area on the free end. In addition, the Bernoulli-Euler theory overestimates the buckling load, and this effect is more significant in the optimally shaped rod than for the corresponding constant cross-sectional rod consisting of the same material volume and length. In order to show this effect, it is necessary to use a generalized constitutive model which takes real material properties, such as axial extensibility and shear stress into account. Particularly, the solution of this generalized problem, obtained for thin rods, approaches the classical solution predicted by the Bernoulli-Euler theory.     

Optimal shape of lifting bodies in a flow with a plane shock

Some possibilities of improving the lift-to-drag ratio of lifting bodies in a supersonic flow with a plane shock attached to the leading edges are analyzed.Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 4, pp. 131–141, July–August, 1996.     

小口径超空泡子弹头部外形的优化设计

在水下高速运动时,小口径射弹周围的水会发生空化现象,阻力系数最优的弹头几何外形对应着射弹被空泡全包裹的超空泡状态。针对一种小口径射弹,可以利用计算流体力学（CFD）数值方法模拟含空化现象的气液两相流动,探究空泡形态和阻力系数与射弹头部几何外形的关系。选取三段锥形为基本射弹头形,采用分步优化方式对射弹头部外形进行了优化。同时,结合神经网络与序列二次规划（SQP）算法减少优化过程中的计算量,缩短了优化工作所需的总时间。优化后的射弹阻力系数比优化前的减小约30%,且能够形成包裹全弹体的超空泡。     

考虑压杆稳定性时二杆桁架的优化设计

从材料力学中一个简单桁架结构的优化设计问题入手,讨论了考虑压杆稳定时二杆桁架的优化设计问题.     

The penny-shaped crack at a bonded plane with localized elastic non-homogeneity

This paper examines the axisymmetric problem pertaining to a penny-shaped crack which is located at the bonded plane of two similar elastic halfspace regions which exhibit localized axial variations in the linear elastic shear modulus, which has the form G(z)=G₁+G₂e^±ζz. The equations of elasticity governing this type of non-homogeneity are solved by employing a Hankel transform technique. The resulting mixed boundary value problem associated with the penny-shaped crack is reduced to a Fredholm integral equation of the second kind which is solved in a numerical fashion to generate the crack opening mode stress intensity factor at the tip.     

On the concept of an equivalent column in the stability problem of compressed helical springs

Summary A more exact equivalent column for buckling of helical springs is introduced. It accounts for the pitch angle and possible buckling in two planes. Non-linear compression rigidity, local bending and shear rigidities as well as lower bounds for the mean values of these rigidities are established. The problem of anisotropy of buckling of helical springs is investigated in detail.

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Zum konzept äquivalenter stäbe für das knickproblem von Schraubenfedern

Übersicht Vorgeschlagen wird ein verbessertes Konzept äquivalenter Stäbe für die Knickung von Schraubenfedern. Der Steigungswinkel der Schraubenlinie sowie Knickung in zwei Ebenen werden berücksichtigt. Nichtlineare Drucksteifigkeit, lokale Biege- und Schubsteifigkeiten sowie untere Schranken für Mittelwerte dieser Steifigkeiten werden ermittelt. Das Problem der Anisotropie der Knickung von Schraubenfedern wird eingehend untersucht.

     

Buckling of a twisted and compressed rod

We consider the problem of determining the stability boundary for an elastic rod under thrust and torsion. The constitutive equations of the rod are such that both shear of the cross-section and compressibility of the rod axis are considered. The stability boundary is determined from the bifurcation points of a single nonlinear second order differential equation that is obtained by using the first integrals of the equilibrium equations. The type of bifurcation is determined for parameter values. It is shown that the bifurcating branch is the branch with minimal energy. Finally, by using the first integral, the solution for one specific dependent variable is expressed in terms of elliptic integrals. The solution pertaining to the complete set of equilibrium equations is obtained by numerical integration.     

Convective diffusion from a non-uniformly distributed source in flowing blood

The experimental evaluation of solute diffusivity in blood in or near a zero shear rate region poses difficulties, particularly at low hematocrits. This work studies the pertinent theoretical aspects of a possible flow technique which may circumvent these difficulties. The dispersion in a Casson fluid flowing laminarly in a circular tube is studied under the conditions when a solute is injected continuously but non-uniformly from a centrally placed source. The plots of centreline concentration decay as a function of the axial distance as well as the radial concentration profiles are made and their significance for evaluating the diffusivity is critically discussed.     

Periodic flow boiling in a non-uniformly heated microchannel heat sink

Hydrodynamic and thermal characteristics of flow boiling in a non-uniformly heated microchannel were studied. Experiments were performed with a single microchannel and a series of microheaters to study the microscale boiling of water under axially non-uniform heat input conditions. A simultaneous real time visualization of the flow pattern was performed with the measurement of experimental parameters. Tests were performed over a mass flux of 309.8 kg/m² s, and heat flux of 200–600 kW/m². Test results showed different fluctuations of heated wall temperature, pressure drop, and mass flux with variations of the heat input along the flow direction. The unique periodic flow boiling in a single microchannel was observed at all heat flux conditions except for the increasing heat input distribution case which is the nearly uniform effective heat input distribution condition. The instability is correlated with flow pattern transition. For the nearly uniform effective heating condition, no fluctuation of the wall temperature, pressure drop, or mass flux was observed. We can relieve the instability by increasing total heat input along the flow direction and predict the instability using the transition criteria and flow pattern map.     

压杆失稳与Liapunov稳定性

根据Kirchhoff理论和Liapunov理论的分析,压杆的平衡状态稳定,而拉杆的平衡状态不稳定. 此结论与压杆失稳的传统理论相悖. 本文解释此现象的产生原因,并说明在应用Liapunov理论讨论静力学中的稳定性问题时,由于时间变量改变为空间变量,运动稳定性理论所反映的物理过程将产生根本改变.