Polymerization of Methyl Methacrylate with Samarocene Complex Supported on Mesoporous Silica

Synthesis of polymers with controlled molecular weight and narrow polydispersity is of both fundamental interest and practical importance. In recent years, high molecular weight poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) having an unusually narrow polydispersity has been synthesized by using the unique initiating property of (C5Me5)2LnⅢR (R=H, Me, Ln=Sm, Yb) complexes1,2. Herein we report the results of the first example of the polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) with samarocene complex …     

Ethylene polymerization studies with supported cyclopentadienyl,arene, and allyl chromium catalysts

Highly active catalysts for low pressure ethylene polymerization are formed when chromocene, bis (benzene)- or bis (cumene)-chromium or tris- or bis (allyl)-chromium compounds are deposited on high surface area silica-alumina or silica supports. Each catalyst type shows its own unique behavior in preparation, polymerization, activity, isomerization, and response to hydrogen as a chain transfer agent. The arene chromium compounds require an acidic support (silicaalumina) or thermal aging with silica to form a highly active catalyst. At 90°C polymerization temperature arene chromium catalysts produced high molecular weight polyethylene and showed, in contrast to supported chromocene catalysts, a much lower response to hydrogen as a chain transfer agent. An increase in polymerization temperature caused a significant decrease in polymer molecular weight. Addition of cyclopentadiene to supported bis (cumene)-chromium catalyst led to a new catalyst which showed a chain transfer response to hydrogen typical of a supported chromocene catalyst. Polymerization activity with tris- or bis (allyl)-chromium appears to depend on the divalent chromium content in the catalyst. Changes in the silica dehydration temperature of supported allyl chromium catalyst have a significant effect on the resulting polymer molecular weight. High molecular weight polymers were formed with catalysts that were prepared using silica dehydration temperatures below about 400°C. Dimers, trimers, and oligomers of ethylene were usually formed with catalysts that were prepared on silica dehydrated much above 400°C. The order of activity of the different types of catalysts was chromocene/silica > chromocene/silica-alumina > bis (arene)-chromium/silica-alumina ? allyl chromium/silica.     

Synthesis of polyethylene with bimodal molecular weight distribution by supported iron‐based catalyst

Through immobilization of two iron‐based complexes, [((2,6‐MePh)N = C(Me))₂C₅H₃N]FeCl₂ ( 1 ) and [((2,6‐iPrPh)N = C(Me))₂C₅H₃N]FeCl₂ ( 2 ), on SiO₂ pretreated with tetraethylaluminoxane (TEAO), two supported iron‐based catalysts, 1 /TEAO/SiO₂ ( 3 ) and 2 /TEAO/SiO₂ ( 4 ), were prepared. These two supported catalysts 3 and 4 could be used to catalyze ethylene polymerization with moderate polymerization activity and prepare linear high‐density polyethylene with bimodal molecular weight distribution (MWD). It was demonstrated that immobilization of catalyst could significantly improve molecular weight (MW) of high‐MW fraction of the resultant polyethylene, as well as maintain bimodal MWD of polyethylene produced by the corresponding homogeneous catalysts. Such bimodal MWD of polyethylene produced by supported iron‐based catalysts could be well tailored by varying polymerization conditions, such as ethylene pressure and molar ratio of Al to Fe. It has been proven that TEAO is an efficient activator for both homogeneous and heterogeneous iron‐based catalysts for producing polyethylene with bimodal MWD. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 5662–5669, 2004     

Effect of the calcination temperature on the properties of Fe2O3/SiO2 catalysts for oxidation of hydrogen sulfide

The effect of the calcination temperature on the properties of supported iron oxide catalysts for hydrogen sulfide oxidation prepared by impregnation of silica with iron(III) nitrate has been studied. An increase in the calcination temperature was found to diminish the catalytic activity of the Fe₂O₃/SiO₂ catalysts in hydrogen sulfide oxidation. This behavior can be explained by the agglomeration of iron oxide particles and by a decrease in the surface concentration of active sites. It has been shown that an increase in the calcination temperature makes the catalyst more stable towards the sulfidation of the active component (Fe₂O₃) to the iron disulfide phase.     

One-phase supported titanium-based catalysts for polymerization of ethylene. II. Effect of hydrogen

The relation between composition of the one-phase titanium-based silica supported catalysts for gas-phase ethylene polymerization, and the ability of these catalysts to control the molecular weight of polymer using hydrogen has been studied. Halogen containing alkylaluminium compounds and alkoxy groups on titanium promote the chain transfer process. A significant polymerization rate lowering effect is caused by hydrogen. However, catalyst activity fully revives after hydrogen removal from the polymerization system. The proportion of active titanium was found to be 18±4% in the presence of hydrogen, and the value of propagation rate constant (k_p) was calculated to be 190±45 L/mol.s. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

聚丙烯接枝马来酸酐/SiO_2复合载体型钛催化剂及其聚乙烯的形态研究

扫描电子显微镜(SEM)是研究材料形态、形貌的强有力工具,并广泛用于载体催化剂的研究[1～4].在工业化的烯烃聚合催化剂中,通常需要首先进行负载化,由于无机和有机载体各自具有特殊的优点并存在一些不利因素,如何利用不同类型载体进行复配获得性能优良的复合载体,已成为烯烃聚合催化剂载体化研究的一个重要方向.本工作合成了聚丙烯接枝马来酸酐(PMA)/SiO2复合载体,负载了TiCl4作为烯烃聚合催化剂,既可以避免由纯无机物为载体而引入过多的无机灰分,又能克服仅用聚合物为载体而造成的负载率不高的缺点,同时保持了无机载体固有的刚性和聚合物载体官能团多分布性的特点.该类复合载体制备工艺简单,原料易得,成本较低.为获得复合载体化催化剂形态及其对聚合产物形态影响的信息,我们采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)跟踪催化剂和聚合物的形态,本文将报道该研究的初步结果.     

在杂多酸催化剂上苯和1-十二烯烷基化合成十二烷基苯

对不同ＳｉＯ２负载磷钨酸（ＰＷ）催化剂的表面性质、热稳定性、酸性、以及对苯与丙烯和１－十二烯的烷基化反应的催化活性进行了对比研究,结果表明,ＰＷ在ＳｉＯ２上的分散状况与ＳｉＯ２的比表面积和孔径大小有关,ＰＷ与载体表面作用的强弱会直接影响负载型催化剂的热性和酸性,采用不同的ＳｉＯ２可以制得比表面积、孔结构和酸强度不同的负载型ＰＷ催化剂,以满足不同催化反应的要求。     

硅胶负载聚乙烯吡啶-聚[苯乙烯-顺丁烯二酸]-钯催化剂的结构研究

利用X-光电子能谱、紫外-可见光谱、电子显微镜等技术研究了硅胶负载的聚乙烯吡啶-聚[苯乙烯-顺丁烯二酸]-钯催化剂的结构.发现催化剂中活性组分除钯(0)外,还存在少量钯(Ⅱ).第二种高分子的存在可以影响钯(Ⅱ)的相对含量.催化剂中钯以很小的粒子均匀分布在载体上,因此具有良好的催化加氢性能.     

介孔硅材料及其负载型催化剂去除挥发性有机物的最新进展

介孔硅材料由于具有大的比表面积,均一的孔结构和大的孔径,常被用于分离、吸附和催化等领域.本文综述了近年来国内外介孔硅材料及其负载型催化剂去除各类挥发性有机物(VOCs)的研究进展,主要包括烃类、甲醇、甲醛、丙酮、苯、甲苯、萘、乙酸乙酯等.讨论了介孔硅材料的结构对VOCs吸附过程的影响;介绍了不同催化剂消除各类VOCs的催化性能及反应机理,并重点评述了甲苯在不同催化剂上的研究进展.分析结果表明,介孔硅材料的表面环境、孔道结构以及宏观形貌是影响VOCs分子在介孔硅材料上吸附的主要因素;贵金属催化剂的应用需要提高其抗中毒性以及降低成本;过渡金属的研究应着重于研发高活性的负载型过渡金属复合氧化物催化剂.最后对国内外介孔硅材料及其负载型催化剂的发展进行了展望,今后催化剂的设计可以从“氧化硅载体”和“介孔孔道”两个方面展开,这将为设计合适的催化剂处理各类VOCs污染物提供一定参考.     

The influence of porosity on the Phillips Cr/silica catalyst 2. Polyethylene elasticity

The Phillips Cr/silica catalyst produces low levels of long chain branching (LCB) in polyethylene, which have a powerful influence on industrial molding behavior. Although many catalyst and reactor variables determine the degree of LCB, perhaps the most significant of these is the morphology of the silica support. In this study many different types of silicas were converted into Cr/silica catalysts, which were tested in ethylene polymerization, and the resultant polymer elasticity was then determined. In some experiments, the surface area of the catalyst seemed to correlate quite well with polymer elasticity. In other tests, however, no connection with surface area was evident but the pore volume was quite influential. Together, all these studies suggest that it is the degree of structural reinforcement of the silica matrix, rather than any one physical measurement of porosity, that influences elasticity. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 845–865, 2009     

吸附相反应技术制备双金属 Ag-Ni 催化剂用于硝基苯液相加氢

 浙江大学化学工程与生物工程学系, 浙江杭州 310027 摘要：采用吸附相技术在乙醇-水体系中分别制备了硅胶和高岭土负载的 Ag-Ni 双金属催化剂, 并用于硝基苯低温液相加氢制苯胺反应. 考察了催化剂中 Ni 含量和 Ni/Ag 比对催化剂形貌和活性的影响. 结果表明, 高岭土或硅胶负载的催化剂在 Ni/Ag = 5 (摩尔比) 时活性较高, 且都存在一个最佳 Ni 含量, 分别为 0.04% 和 0.03%. 在相同条件下, 以高岭土负载的 Ag-Ni 催化剂的活性和苯胺收率更高.     

硅胶负载聚乙烯基吡啶—钯催化剂的制备及其催化加氢性能的研究

利用硅胶表面的弱酸性和吸附性能,将某些碱性聚合物吸附在硅胶表面上,然后与PdCl_2络合,经还原,合成了硅胶负载的聚乙烯基吡啶-钯催化剂。用XPS、UV-Vis、电子显微镜等手段研究了催化剂的结构,观察了制备条件、组成等因素对其性能的影响。研究了各种反应条件与催化剂活性的关系及催化剂的稳定性和使用寿命。合成的催化剂对丙烯酸甲酯等底物具有很高的催化加氢活性。     

Morphology Evolution in the Early Stages of Olefin Polymerization

The olefin polymerizations were carried out by using silica supported metallocene/MAO catalysts and MgCl₂ supported Ziegler-Natta catalysts under mild reaction conditions and stopped at very low yield. The surface and cross sectional morphology of the polymer particles were characterized by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A homogeneous distribution of (co)catalyst on the support material is a prerequisite condition to get a homogeneous fragmentation and uniform polymer particle morphology. In the present work the catalysts show two different fragmentation behaviors. They can gradually fragment from the outer to the inner surface of the catalyst particle, or instantaneously break up into a large amount of small sub-particles at the beginning of the polymerization. The incorporation of comonomer does not change the general catalyst fragmentation scheme but delays the catalysts break-up progress.     

Supported bis(indenyl)– and bis(fluorenyl)–chromium catalysts for ethylene polymerization

Silica-supported bis(indenyl)– and bis(fluorenyl)–chromium catalysts show good activity in ethylene polymerization. For maximum productivity with the indenyl chromium catalyst, the silica must be dried, with higher dehydration temperatures giving a significant increase in polymerization activity. Less deactivation on thermal aging of the supported bis(indenyl)–chromium catalyst allows ethylene polymerization to proceed for many hours, which provides polyethylenes of low residual chromium content. In contrast to the behavior of supported chromocene catalysts, the indenyl–and fluorenyl–chromium catalysts require a higher hydrogen/ethylene ratio to achieve a specific polymer melt index. Nevertheless, highly saturated polyethylenes are produced with these new catalysts. This result indicates that chain transfer to hydrogen remains the major chain transfer reaction. Addition of cyclopentadiene to a supported indenyl–chromium catalyst provided a catalyst with a much higher transfer response to hydrogen. This result suggests that ligand exchange occurred, producing a supported chromocene catalyst. These overall results are consistent with an active-site model which comprises a supported divalent chromium center attached to an indenyl or fluorenyl ligand during the polymerization process. Polymerization is believed to occur by a coordinated anionic mechanism of the type previously discussed for a supported chromocene catalyst.     

Bringing Homogeneous Iron Catalysts on the Heterogeneous Side: Solutions for Immobilization

Noble metal catalysts currently dominate the landscape of chemical synthesis, but cheaper and less toxic derivatives are recently emerging as more sustainable solutions. Iron is among the possible alternative metals due to its biocompatibility and exceptional versatility. Nowadays, iron catalysts work essentially in homogeneous conditions, while heterogeneous catalysts would be better performing and more desirable systems for a broad industrial application. In this review, approaches for heterogenization of iron catalysts reported in the literature within the last two decades are summarized, and utility and critical points are discussed. The immobilization on silica of bis(arylimine)pyridyl iron complexes, good catalysts in the polymerization of olefins, is the first useful heterogeneous strategy described. Microporous molecular sieves also proved to be good iron catalyst carriers, able to provide confined geometries where olefin polymerization can occur. Same immobilizing supports (e.g., MCM-41 and MCM-48) are suitable for anchoring iron-based catalysts for styrene, cyclohexene and cyclohexane oxidation. Another excellent example is the anchoring to a Merrifield resin of an Fe^II-anthranilic acid complex, active in the catalytic reaction of urea with alcohols and amines for the synthesis of carbamates and N-substituted ureas, respectively. A SILP (Supported Ionic Liquid Phase) catalytic system has been successfully employed for the heterogenization of a chemoselective iron catalyst active in aldehyde hydrogenation. Finally, Fe^III ions supported on polyvinylpyridine grafted chitosan made a useful heterogeneous catalytic system for C–H bond activation.     

Supported dichlorobis(3-hydroxi-2-methyl-4-pyrone)Ti(IV) catalysts: Evaluation on ethylene polymerization

Dichlorobis(3-hydroxi-2-methyl-4-pyrone)Ti(IV) complex was grafted on different inorganic supports, namely different kinds of SiO₂, MAO-modified silica, MCM-41, Al₂O₃, ZrO₂ and MgO. The resulting supported catalysts were shown to be active in ethylene polymerization using methylaluminoxane (MAO) as cocatalyst, most of them being even more active that the homogeneous complex. The highest catalyst activities were observed for the Ti complex supported on SiO₂ 948 activated at 450 °C, MCM-41 and Al₂O₃.     

Advances in late transition metal catalysts for olefin polymerization/oligomerizarion

In this review article, we have consolidated our recent studies on late transition metal catalysts (mainly Fe, Co) for olefin polymerization/oligomerization. A series of bisiminopyridyl Co(II) and Fe(II) complexes were synthesized. These catalysts when activated with MAO in aromatic or aliphatic hydrocarbon solvents, oligomerize or polymerize ethylene to α-olefins or high molecular weight polymers with exceptionally high activities and selectivities. The electronic and steric effects of allyloxy and benzyloxy substituted bisiminopyridyl Fe(II) and Co(II) complexes were also investigated. The influence of catalyst structure and temperature on the polymerization activity, thermal properties and molecular weight were discussed. The effects of heterogenization of these catalysts on silica and modified SBA-15 were analyzed. The polymerization of polar monomers such as vinyl ethers and methyl methacrylate was tested and no specific trends in activity and polymer molecular weight with changes in steric bulkiness around the metal center were observed with the same catalyst system.     

Binary metallocene supported catalyst for propylene polymerization

The binary silica supported catalyst system comprising the Cp₂ZrCl₂ and SiMe₂(Ind)₂ZrCl₂ metallocene compounds was prepared with different immobilization methods and evaluated at different propylene polymerization conditions. The performance results of the homogeneous isolated catalysts and also the homogeneous catalyst mixture were also included for comparison. High activities were obtained with the supported systems and the molecular weight of the produced polypropylene was invariably higher than that obtained using the homogeneous precursor.     

A chemical study of thermally activated chromic titanate on silica ethylene polymerization catalysts

Thermally activated ethylene polymerization catalysts which contain chromium and titanium on silica differ from those catalysts which contain only chromium on silica. The characteristics of chromium-titanium catalysts vary with the method of incorporating the titanium and the thermal activation procedure. Titanated catalysts of the kind examined in this article have faster initiation and a higher polymerization rate per unit catalyst weight than corresponding catalysts without titanium. High-density polyethylene produced by this type of titanium-chromium catalyst tends to have a higher melt index and a broader molecular weight distribution than polyethylene made with chromium on silica catalysts. Iodometric titration showed that reduction from the initial hexavalent chromium to trivalent occurs when the dry, catalyst starting material is treated with titanium tetraisopropoxide. A study of the reaction between chromium trioxide and titanium tetraisopropoxide in carbon tetrachloride revealed that (1) it is not necessary to have a reaction between surface silanols and titanium tetraisopropoxide for the reduction to occur, and (2) the reaction product has an absorption near 660 nm in the visible range. Comparison of spectra showed that chromium trioxide on silica reduced by isopropyl alcohol has a shifted absorption, i.e., 600 nm. These findings are interpreted to mean that titanium atoms come sufficiently close to chromium atoms to change their electron density in the starting material and remain close neighbors in the activated catalysts. The interpretation is further supported by ESCA data and leads to the proposal that in this case the activated catalysts contain titanium chromate structures.     

Silica‐Supported Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl Ytterbium(II) and Samarium(II) Sites: Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Polyethylene without Co‐Catalyst

Designing highly active supported ethylene polymerization catalysts that do not require a co‐catalyst to generate electrophilic metal alkyl species is still a challenge despite its industrial relevance. Described herein is the synthesis and characterization of well‐defined silica‐supported cyclopentadienyl Ln^II sites (Ln=Yb and Sm) of general formula [(≡SiO)LnCp*]. These well‐defined surface species are highly activite towards ethylene polymerization in the absence of added co‐catalyst. Initiation is proposed to occur by single electron transfer.