杂多酸为催化剂的丙烯与醋酸气-液酯合成的反应模型初探

杂多酸对有机羧酸与低级烯烃的直接加成反应具有催化作用,但一般需在高压下进行。作者研究了较低压力(0.5～2.0 MPa)下的醋酸与丙烯、丁烯的加成酯化反应,结果较令人满意。本文初步探讨了醋酸与丙烯加成反应模型,为预测最佳反应条件提供了证据。     

A new way of probing reaction networks: analyzing multidimensional parameter space

Technically relevant partial oxidation reactions represent complex reaction networks. Establishing a kinetic model for a system of multiple consecutive and parallel reaction steps is a challenging goal. The synthesis of acrylic acid by oxidation of propane using MoVTeNb mixed oxide as catalyst is such a reaction network. In an on-going study, a 10- fold parallel reactor set-up is used to vary systematically reaction conditions in a broad range over a single, well-defined MoVTeNb oxide. Selectivity and product yield in a multidimensional parameter space can give insight into the reaction network. Apparent activation energies and reaction orders of propane are derived for several conditions. Optimum reaction conditions within the investigated parameter space are specified. The results presented within this contribution contain about 200 data points measured in steady states each corresponding to reaction conditions that differ in temperature, contact time, and propane feed concentration. The fact that this data was collected in less than two months shows clearly the advantage of parallel screening of reaction conditions for mechanistic studies.     

Combined kinetic analysis of solid-state reactions: a powerful tool for the simultaneous determination of kinetic parameters and the kinetic model without previous assumptions on the reaction mechanism

The combined kinetic analysis implies a simultaneous analysis of experimental data representative of the forward solid-state reaction obtained under any experimental conditions. The analysis is based on the fact that when a solid-state reaction is described by a single activation energy, preexponetial factor and kinetic model, every experimental T-alpha-dalpha/dt triplet should fit the general differential equation independently of the experimental conditions used for recording such a triplet. Thus, only the correct kinetic model would fit all of the experimental data yielding a unique activation energy and preexponential factor. Nevertheless, a limitation of the method should be considered; thus, the proposed solid-state kinetic models have been derived by supposing ideal conditions, such as unique particle size and morphology. In real systems, deviations from such ideal conditions are expected, and therefore, experimental data might deviate from ideal equations. In this paper, we propose a modification in the combined kinetic analysis by using an empirical equation that fits every f(alpha) of the ideal kinetic models most extensively used in the literature and even their deviations produced by particle size distributions or heterogeneities in particle morphologies. The procedure here proposed allows the combined kinetic analysis of data obtained under any experimental conditions without any previous assumption about the kinetic model followed by the reaction. The procedure has been verified with simulated and experimental data.     

间歇反应器内醋酸丁酯酯化反应与渗透汽化集成过程的模型计算

 建立了一个间歇反应器内酯化反应与渗透汽化集成过程的数学模型, 用于描述反应和脱水同时进行的过程. 该模型考虑了反应体系中所有组分的渗透量影响以及混合物的非理想热力学行为. 选择乙酸和正丁醇生成醋酸丁酯的酯化反应与 PVA 膜渗透汽化集成过程为研究体系, 将模型结果与文献中已报道的实验数据进行对比, 验证了该模型的有效性. 结果表明, 采用渗透汽化脱除酯化反应的水分将提高酯的产率. 对温度、反应物初始比、膜面积与反应体积比以及催化剂浓度几种操作条件对集成过程性能影响进行了参数的分析. 根据结果讨论得到该膜过程与反应集成过程的优化操作条件.     

用于流化床燃烧脱硫的石灰石固硫反应模型

在模拟流化床燃烧脱硫气氛和温度条件下，建立了石灰石煅与固硫反应同时进行的数学模型。描述了两反应过程之间的相互影响及石灰石内部晶粒大小、孔隙率和运行参数对反应过程的影响。模型的合理性通过理论计算和实验结果的比较得到验证。     

Reactive extraction with liquid emulsion membranes: The finite reaction zone concept

For three-phase liquid emulsion membranes, a reaction zone model is derived on the basis of the known reaction front model. Differences between the two are discussed in terms of the concepts and some results. The reaction zone model is more generally valid and it simplifies to the earlier model under appropriate conditions.     

Dynamic Monte Carlo simulation of the NO + CO reaction on Rh(111)

The kinetics of the catalytic reduction of NO by CO on Rh(111) surfaces was investigated by using dynamic Monte Carlo simulations. Our model takes into account recent experimental findings and introduces relevant modifications to the classical reaction scheme, including an alternative pathway to produce N2 through an (N-NO)* intermediate, the formation of atomic nitrogen islands in the adsorbed phase, and the influence of coadsorbed species on the dissociation of NO. All elementary steps are expressed as activated processes with temperature-dependent rates and realistic values dictated by experiments. Calculated steady-state phase diagrams are presented for the NO + CO reaction showing the windows for the conditions under which the reaction is viable. The model predicts variations in both production rates and adsorbate coverages with temperature consistent with experimental data. The effect of varying the individual kinetic parameters and the importance of each step in the reaction scheme were probed.     

Effect of different reaction parameters on the conductivity and dielectric properties of polyaniline synthesized electrochemically and modeling of conductivity against reaction parameters through regression analysis

The polyaniline (PAni) is prepared electrochemically from an aqueous solution of aniline and HCl in a single compartment electrochemical cell. Different PAni samples obtained by varying monomer concentration, acid concentration, applied potential, reaction time, and reaction temperature are subjected to conductivity and dielectric tests. The degree of crystallinity, d‐spacing, interchain separation, and crystallite size are determined form X‐ray analysis, the oxidation state is determined from infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis, and the doping level is estimated from TGA analysis for all the PAni samples synthesized under different conditions. All these structural properties are correlated with electrical properties. The whole result reveals that all the aforementioned reaction parameters affect the structural properties, which in turn affect the electrical properties of PAni. The mathematical model correlations between conductivity and reaction parameters are established from the regression analysis for individual variables as well as for all the variables together. These relationships give the conductivity as an output when we input the value of reaction variables. The output obtained from the model relations found in well agreement with the experimental results under identical conditions. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 2046–2059, 2007     

Thermodynamik und Kinetik des chemischen Transports von Ge mit GeCl4

Thermodynamics and Kinetics of the Chemical Transport of Ge with GeCl₄ The chemical transport of germanium according to the reaction Ge + GeCl_4,g = 2GeCl_2,g has been investigated under different experimental conditions. Only for the case of large reaction volumes connected by a relatively long and narrow diffusion path the transport rate agrees with the calculated values obtained by the conventional model for diffusion between equilibrium spaces. For experiments with simple cylindrical ampouls(inner diameter 1.8cm, length 15 cm) it depends clearly upon the reaction conditions whether the inhibiting influence of kinetics or the increase in reaction rate by the thermal convection are dominating.     

Response surface examination of the relationship between experimental conditions and product distribution in electrophoretically mediated microanalysis

This work presents the first known use of response surface methodology (RSM) in electrophoretically mediated microanalysis. This concept is demonstrated by examining the optimization of reaction conditions for the conversion of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, reduced form by glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH, EC 1.1.1.49) in the conversion of glucose-6-phosphate to 6-phosphogluconate. Experimental factors including voltage, enzyme concentration, and mixing time of reaction at the applied voltage were selected at three levels and tested in a Box-Behnken response surface design. Upon migration in a capillary under CE conditions, plugs of substrate and enzyme are injected separately in buffer and allowed to react at variable conditions. Extent of reaction and product ratios were subsequently determined by CE. The model predicted results are shown to be in good agreement (7.1% discrepancy difference) with experimental data. The use of chemometric RSM provides a direct relationship between electrophoretic conditions and product distribution of microscale reactions using CE, thereby offering a new and versatile approach to optimizing enzymatic experimental conditions.     

Mathematical modelling of sequential determinations by flow-injection sandwich techniques

Preliminary results obtained in the evaluation of a mathematical model for flow-injection systems, including chemical kinetics, with an eight-way injection valve are presented. The use of this kind of injection valve permits the insertion of the sample bolus between two different reagent solutions (sandwich techniques). The model considers the system as a tubular reactor with axially dispersed plug flow. As an example for systems with chemical reaction, the enzymatic determination of glucose was chosen. The parameters of the model (dispersion coefficients and reaction rate constants) were experimentally evaluated by using a tracer or by unidirectional optimization, respectively. The effect of different parameters of the flow system on the analytical signal for one analyte and one reagent was simulated, and the model results are compared with experimental data obtained under the same conditions.     

Competitive reactions model for the pyrolysis of lignocellulose: A critical study

The “two competitive reactions” model for the pyrolysis of lignocellulosic materials finds support in the dependence of charcoal yield on thermal conditions, particularly the reaction temperature. This paper reports a critical study of the model on the basis of our experimental data on the pyrolysis of cellulose and wood. The theoretical bases of the model are briefly reviewed. Experimental results and model predictions — using kinetic parameters calculated from our own data — are compared over a wide range of thermal conditions. The implications for reactor design purposes are briefly discussed.     

Kinetic Evidence for a Non‐Langmuir‐Hinshelwood Surface Reaction: H/D Exchange over Pd Nanoparticles and Pd(111)

The mechanism of hydrogen recombination on a Pd(111) single crystal and well‐defined Pd nanoparticles is studied using pulsed multi‐molecular beam techniques and the H₂/D₂ isotope exchange reaction. The focus of this study is to obtain a microscopic understanding of the role of subsurface hydrogen in enhancing the associative desorption of molecular hydrogen. HD production from H₂ and D₂ over Pd is investigated using pulsed molecular beams, and the temperature dependence and reaction orders are obtained for the rate of HD production under various reaction conditions designed to modulate the amount of subsurface hydrogen present. The experimental data are compared to the results of kinetic modeling based on different mechanisms for hydrogen recombination. We found that under conditions where virtually no subsurface hydrogen species are present, the HD formation rate can be described exceptionally well by a classic Langmuir–Hinshelwood model. However, this model completely fails to reproduce the experimentally observed high HD formation rates and the reaction orders under reaction conditions where subsurface hydrogen is present. To analyze this phenomenon, we develop two kinetic models that account for the role of subsurface hydrogen. First, we investigate the possibility of a change in the reaction mechanism, where recombination of one subsurface and one surface hydrogen species (known as a breakthrough mechanism) becomes dominant when subsurface hydrogen is present. Second, we investigate the possibility of the modified Langmuir–Hinshelwood mechanism with subsurface hydrogen lowering the activation energy for recombination of two hydrogen species adsorbed on the surface. We show that the experimental reaction kinetics can be well described by both kinetic models based on non‐Langmuir–Hinshelwood‐type mechanisms.     

Chemical kinetics with reagent dispersion in single-line flow-injection systems

Simultaneous chemical kinetics and dispersion kinetics in single-line flow-injection manifold can be modeled by using total rate laws for dispersion and chemical reaction. The model combines a (non-equilibrium) mass-transfer rate coefficient with residence-time theory based on extended tanks-in-series. Reagent dispersion is found to play a key role in defining a zone of mixing. Double product peaks and narrow analyte peaks observed in the literature are predicted by the model. When applied to a slow chemical reaction under conditions of constant length of mixing, predicted and experimentally observed response curves agree well.     

二苯甲烷二氨基甲酸甲酯热分解制备二苯甲烷二异氰酸酯的表观动力学研究

在癸二酸二(2-乙基己基)酯溶剂中研究了二苯甲烷二氨基甲酸甲酯(MDC)的分解反应机理,建立了二苯甲烷二氨基甲酸甲酯的分解反应动力学模型。通过实验测定,并对不同温度下体系中各物质的浓度数据进行线性拟合得到反应速率方程。结果表明：MDC的热分解分为两个步骤,均为一级反应。两步反应的活化能分别为：138.82kJ/mol,167.78kJ/mol;指前因子分别为：1.51×1012min-1,5.33×1014min-1。     

Kinetics of synthesis of bis‐(benzoxazolyl‐2‐methyl) sulfide under phase‐transfer catalysis conditions

Kinetics of synthesis of bis‐(benzoxazolyl‐2‐methyl) sulfide (BBMS) is investigated under phase‐transfer catalysis conditions. Thus, the reaction of 2‐chloromethylbenzoxazole and sodium sulfide is carried out in a two‐phase (organic/water) medium, and quaternary ammonium salt and quaternary phosphonium salt are used as phase‐transfer catalyst (PTC) in the reaction. The conversion of 2‐chloromethylbenzoxazole is dramatically enhanced by adding a small quantity of PTC and is also greatly affected by the reaction conditions. The effects of various reaction variables on the kinetics are investigated, including the amount of catalyst, the temperature, the kinds of catalysts, the kinds of solvents, and the agitation speed. An interfacial reaction mechanism is proposed to explain the characteristics of the reaction. A pseudo‐first‐order rate model is established to describe the relationship between the fractional conversion and the reaction time. The kinetics data demonstrate that the model is suitable to the reaction of synthesis of BBMS. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 41: 296–302, 2009     

含氟脯氨酸类配体在亨利反应中的应用

以脯氨酸为前体,设计并合成了一种新的含氟配体,并将其应用到铜催化的亨利反应中。 以硝基甲烷和对硝基苯甲醛的反应为模板反应,考察了配体、铜源、溶剂和碱对反应收率的影响,对反应条件进行了优化。 以含氟脯氨酸衍生物为配体,乙酸铜为铜源,甲醇作溶剂,三乙胺作为碱,不同取代基的芳香醛和硝基烷烃在室温下反应,得到53%～98%的收率。     

工业NiW/Al2O3催化剂上二苯并噻吩的加氢脱硫动力学

以二苯并噻吩(DBT)为含硫模型化合物, 在高压滴流床反应装置中,考察了工业NiW/Al2O3催化剂（RN-10）的加氢脱硫(HDS)动力学规律,研究了氢分压（1.5 MPa～4.5 MPa）、氢油体积比（150~700）、液体质量空速(15 h-1~60 h-1）、反应温度（280 ℃~380 ℃）等对DBT的HDS反应结果的影响。结果表明,当氢分压和氢油体积比较大时,两者变化对DBT的转化率基本无影响;温度对DBT的转化率影响较大,提高温度可有效提高DBT的转化率,随着温度的升高,DBT转化率的增加逐渐变缓。采用2级平推流反应动力学模型对不同温度实验数据进行了拟合,求得了不同温度的表观反应速率常数,模型的相关系数>0.989。活化能计算结果表明,RN-10催化剂在高反应温度区(>330 ℃)的DBT的HDS活化能明显低于较低温度时的活化能,分别为13.4 kJ/mol和121.4 kJ/mol。对于RN-10催化剂,不可单纯地通过提高反应温度来大幅度提高HDS转化率。