功能性超薄有序分子沉积膜的制备及其结构研究

1991年G.Decher等首次探讨了阴阳离子与聚电解质交替沉积制备有机超薄膜的方法。我们在完善成膜技术和发展成膜基质的基础上,详细研究了其成膜过程与膜的结构,并定义这种新的自组装超薄有序膜为分子沉积膜——MD膜。MD膜是利用阴阳离子的静电吸附反应特性,通过相反离子体系的交替分子沉积制备的层状有序自组装多层超薄膜。需要指出的是,分子沉积既是有机超薄膜的制备技术,本身又是一种自组装超薄有序膜。MD膜制备工艺简单,热稳定性和长期稳定性好,不受基体形状与面积限制。     

在非水介质中制备聚电解质静电吸附自组装膜

静电吸附自组装是近年来得到广泛研究和应用的一种制备超薄膜的方法,具有操作简单,膜厚可控等很多优点,已经被广泛应用于制备各种功能薄膜材料[1~4].通常情况下,聚电解质的静电吸附自组装都是在水中进行的.一方面,聚电解质在水中可以很容易的实现电离;另一方面,以水做介质可以避免有机溶剂的污染,尤其对模仿各种生物环境非常有利.所以自1991年Decher首先报道该方法以来,绝大多数的聚电解质静电吸附自组装是以水为介质.但是,以水做介质也常常会遇到一些困难,尤其对于疏水性(包括非水溶性)聚电解质来说.在当前研究的许多热点领域中如导电、发…     

表面活性剂对污泥脱水性能影响的机理研究:Gemini表面活性剂与聚电解质相互作用的分子动力学模拟

表面活性剂可以与污泥表面的胞外聚合物(EPS)吸附形成胶束,释放出自由水和结合水,从而达到改善污泥脱水性能的目的.本文采用粗粒化的分子动力学模拟方法,研究了Gemini表面活性剂与EPS形成复合物的过程和结构.聚电解质链的亲疏水性对吸附过程有显著影响,亲水聚电解质链与Gemini表面活性剂吸附的主要驱动力为静电吸引,Gemini表面活性剂头基吸附在链上,尾链朝向溶剂;疏水聚电解质链与Gemini表面活性剂吸附过程由静电作用与疏水作用共同促进,Gemini表面活性剂以平行于聚电解质链的构型存在.Gemini表面活性剂联结基团长度对吸附过程的影响甚微;聚电解质链的电荷密度对亲水聚电解质链的吸附产生协同作用,对疏水聚电解质链的吸附不产生作用.     

一种含有偶氮磺酸基与吡啶基的高分子氢键自组装及自组装超薄膜

静电自组装是指将带相反电荷的聚电解质，于水溶液中交替沉积在片基上，制备多层超薄膜的技术．由于它在水溶液进行，技术简单，无需专用设备，再加上静电力比范德华力强，因此静电自组装膜比传统的LB(Langmuir—Blodget)膜稳定，在近年来得到很大发展．现在自组装成膜驱动力已从最初的静电力扩展到氢键、电荷转移相互作用、疏水相互作用等；用于组装的组分也从聚电解质扩展到多官能团小分子、胶体粒子、无机纳米     

聚电解质混合物在均匀带电平面上吸附的密度泛函研究

采用非局域密度泛函理论计算方法(NLDFT), 我们研究了两种带相反电荷的聚电解质混合物在均匀带电平面上的吸附以及吸附层的电荷反转现象. 我们对表面带电密度和聚电解质链段的价态对吸附的影响做了系统研究, 发现在体系中不含小离子的情况下, 当体系中两种聚电解质链段都为单价时, 和表面带相反电荷的聚电解质链能够吸附在平面上, 而和表面带相同电荷的聚电解质链和表面之间相互排斥, 整个过程就是表面电荷被与之带相反电荷的聚电解质链上所带电荷中和的过程, 没有出现明显的电荷反转现象|当体系中作为反离子存在的聚电解质链段价态为二价时, 和表面带相同电荷的聚电解质链能在表面上吸附, 出现明显的电荷反转现象. 理论研究表明, 以反离子居中为媒介的静电相关效应是聚电解质混合物出现多层吸附的主要驱动力之一.     

超支化聚负离子/超支化聚正离子自组装膜的制备及反应

自1991年以来,静电吸附自组装已发展成为制备具有特定纳米微结构聚电介质多层超薄膜的有效技术。近年来,由于树枝状聚合物和超支化聚合物独特的物理化学性质,文献中已将它们与线性聚电解质一起用于静电吸附自组装过程,但完全基于超支化聚合物分子间的自组装过程还鲜见报道,超支化聚合物所具有的大量末端和内部（如叔胺基）官能团,不仅可以用于调节自组装行为及组装膜的表面形貌,     

纳米自组装聚电解质超薄多层膜

相反电荷的聚电解质在溶液中通过静电相互作用自组装形成超薄多层膜，这种膜的结构可实现分子水平上的控制。就其复合、结构及其影响因素、以及应用进行了概述。     

阳离子聚电解质强化絮凝去除有机污染物的化学成因

强化絮凝工艺已在去除有机污染物的水处理工艺中得到较好应用,但其作用机理一直未能得到明晰的结论,而且阳离子聚电解质强化絮凝具有“高效性”和“专属性”的问题也无法回答。近年来由于分子环境科学及先进化学分析手段的应用,基于不同絮凝化学成因的强化絮凝技术研究已成为环境水化学和水污染控制技术领域的研究热点。本文综述了国际上近年提出的专属吸附絮凝、聚电解质络合絮凝和胶束吸附絮凝等强化絮凝技术化学成因的研究现状,并对今后的研究提出了展望。     

阳离子聚电解质强化絮凝去除有机污染物的化学成因

强化絮凝工艺已在去除有机污染物的水处理工艺中得到较好应用,但其作用机理一直未能得到明晰的结论,而且阳离子聚电解质强化絮凝具有"高效性"和"专属性"的问题也无法回答.近年来由于分子环境科学及先进化学分析手段的应用,基于不同絮凝化学成因的强化絮凝技术研究已成为环境水化学和水污染控制技术领域的研究热点.本文综述了国际上近年提出的专属吸附絮凝、聚电解质络合絮凝和胶束吸附絮凝等强化絮凝技术化学成因的研究现状,并对今后的研究提出了展望.     

阳离子聚电解质强化絮凝去除有机污染物的化学成因

强化絮凝工艺已在去除有机污染物的水处理工艺中得到较好应用,但其作用机理一直未能得到明晰的结论,而且阳离子聚电解质强化絮凝具有“高效性“和“专属性“的问题也无法回答.近年来由于分子环境科学及先进化学分析手段的应用,基于不同絮凝化学成因的强化絮凝技术研究已成为环境水化学和水污染控制技术领域的研究热点.本文综述了国际上近年提出的专属吸附絮凝、聚电解质络合絮凝和胶束吸附絮凝等强化絮凝技术化学成因的研究现状,并对今后的研究提出了展望.     

Self-assembled polyelectrolyte multilayer membranes with highly improved pervaporation separation of ethanol/water mixtures

Ethanol/water pervaporation through ultrathin polyelectrolyte multilayer membranes is described. The membranes were prepared by the layer-by-layer technique, i.e. by alternating sequential adsorption of cationic and anionic polyelectrolytes on a porous support. The separation capability was optimized by variation of the chemical structure of the polyelectrolytes, by variation of pH and ionic strength of the polyelectrolyte solutions used for membrane preparation and by annealing of the polyelectrolyte membranes. It was found that the separation is mainly affected by the charge density of the polyelectrolytes which is controlled by the chemical structure and the degree of ionisation of the polar groups. Selectivity for water was highest, if polyelectrolytes of high charge density such as polyethyleneimine (PEI), polyvinylamine (PVA) and polyvinylsulfate (PVS) were used and if the pH of the polyelectrolyte solutions was equal to the mean of the pK_a values of the corresponding cationic and anionic polyelectrolyte. Best results were obtained for PVA/PVS and PEI/PVS membranes which are characterized in detail with regard to their separation behavior.     

Human serum albumin self-assembly on weak polyelectrolyte multilayer films structurally modified by pH changes

Adsorption of proteins onto film surfaces built up layer by layer from oppositely charged polyelectrolytes is a complex phenomenon, governed by electrostatic forces, hydrogen bonds, and hydrophobic interactions. The amounts of the interacting charges, however, both in polyelectrolytes and in proteins adsorbed on such films are a function of the pH of the solution. In addition, the number and the accessibility of free charges in proteins depend on the secondary structure of the protein. The subtle interplay of all these factors determines the adsorption of the proteins onto the polyelectrolyte film surfaces. We investigated the effect of these parameters for polyelectrolyte films built up from weak "protein-like" polyelectrolytes (i.e., polypeptides), poly(L-lysine) (PLL), and poly(glutamic acid) (PGA) and for the adsorption of human serum albumin (HSA) onto these films in the pH range 3.0-10.5. It was found that the buildup of the polyelectrolyte films is not a simple function of the pure charges of the individual polyelectrolytes, as estimated from their respective pKa values. The adsorption of HSA onto (PLL/PGA)n films depended strongly on the polyelectrolyte terminating the film. For PLL-terminated polyelectrolyte films, at low pH, repulsion, as expected, is limiting the adsorption of HSA (having net positive charge below pH 4.6) since PLL is also positively charged here. At high pH values, an unexpected HSA uptake was found on the PGA-ending films, even when both PGA and HSA were negatively charged. It is suggested that the higher surface rugosity and the decrease of the alpha-helix content at basic pH values (making accessible certain charged groups of the protein for interactions with the polyelectrolyte film) could explain this behavior.     

偶氮聚电解质的合成及其pH敏感行为和热光性能研究

利用偶氮聚电解质上的羧基和偶氮生色基团的特性,研究了侧链偶氮聚电解质的pH值敏感性和热光性能.采用重氮-偶合反应方法合成了偶氮苯生色分子4-(4′-硝基苯基偶氮)苯酚,将生色分子、环氧氯丙烷和α-甲基丙烯酸通过自由基聚合法,合成了侧链偶氮聚电解质.利用傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)、紫外-可见光谱(UV-V is)和核磁共振(1H-NMR)等分析手段对所合成的侧链偶氮聚电解质进行了结构表征.采用差示扫描量热分析仪(DSC)对偶氮聚电解质进行了热稳定性表征,其玻璃化转变温度(Tg)为189.8℃,表明具有较高的热稳定性.研究了不同pH值的偶氮聚电解质溶液的紫外-可见光谱,结果表明,偶氮聚电解质对pH值具有高度敏感性.采用衰减全反射(ATR)原理测量聚合物波导薄膜在650 nm和TM偏振下的折射率和热光系数dn/dT,其值为-1.92479×10-4℃-1,是无机材料如硅酸锌玻璃(5.5×10-6℃-1)和硼硅酸盐玻璃(4.1×10-6℃-1)的10倍以上,较有机材料聚苯乙烯(-1.23×10-4℃-1)和PMMA(-1.20×10-4℃-1)大.     

Electrosteric Stabilization of Al(2)O(3), ZrO(2), and 3Y-ZrO(2) Suspensions: Effect of Dissociation and Type of Polyelectrolyte

The mechanisms of eight anionic polyelectrolytes stabilizing colloidal sized alpha-Al(2)O(3), pure ZrO(2), and Y(2)O(3)-doped ZrO(2) particles in aqueous solution are discussed. The polyelectrolytes studied were the Na(+) and NH(4)(+) salts of polyacrylic acid and polymethacrylic acid having different molecular weights. The particle-dispersant interactions were studied by measuring adsorption isotherms, particle size, thickness of adsorbed layer, and zeta potentials by elektrokinetic sonic analysis at different powder volume fractions (straight phi=0.01-0.3), pH, and electrolyte (KCl) content. The dissociation of the polyelectrolytes was studied by potentiometric titrations. The dissociation constant of the polymethacrylates was found to be 0.6 pH unit higher than that for the polyacrylates. High-affinity adsorption isotherms were observed over the pH range when the polyelectrolytes were fully ionized. The results show good correlation between adsorption isotherms and zeta potential data in systems of dispersed, dilute alumina particles. When particles and polymers were of equal charge (the same sign of charge) the polymer shell was thicker. At higher volume fractions (straight phi=0.3), and when alumina particles/added ammonium polyelectrolyte were of equal charge, a maximum in the absolute value of zeta potential resulted. Due to adsorption all the anionic polyelectrolytes studied provided electrosteric stabilization of the alpha-Al(2)O(3), and Y(2)O(3)-doped ZrO(2) suspensions by enhancing the zeta potential to 40 mV or over and by shifting the isoelectric point to lower pH, the low-molecular-weight polyelectrolytes decreasing the isoelectric point more than the polyelectrolytes having higher molecular weight. The polyelectrolytes studied failed to stabilize pure monoclinic ZrO(2) particles. Due to the shortness of the chain of polyelectrolytes studied, no bridging was observed between oppositely charged polyelectrolyte/alumina particles. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.     

Adsorption behavior of hydrophobically modified polyelectrolytes onto amino- or methyl-terminated surfaces

The adsorption of hydrophobically modified polyelectrolytes derived from poly(maleic anhydride-alt-styrene) (P(MA-alt-St)) containing in their side chain aryl-alkyl groups onto amino- or methyl-terminated silicon wafers was investigated. The effect of the spacer group, the chemical nature of the side chain, molecular weight of polyelectrolyte, and ionic strength of solution on the polyelectrolyte adsorbed amount was studied by null ellipsometry. The adsorbed amount of polyelectrolyte increased with increasing ionic strength, in agreement with the screening-enhanced adsorption regime, indicating that hydrophobic interactions with the surface play an important role in the adsorption process. At constant ionic strength, the adsorbed amount was slightly higher for polyelectrolytes with larger alkyl side chain and decreased with the hydrophobicity of aryl group. The adsorption behavior is discussed in terms of the side chain flexibility of the polymer. Characteristics of the adsorbed layer were studied by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and contact angle measurements. AFM images show the presence of aggregates and closed globular structure of polyelectrolyte onto the amino- or methyl-terminated surface, which agrees with a 3D and 2D growth mechanism, respectively. Fluorescence measurements showed that the aggregation of polyelectrolyte containing the hydrophobic naphthyl group occurs already in the solution. However, the aggregation of polyelectrolytes containing the phenyl group in its side chain is not observed in solution but is induced by the amino-terminated surface. This difference can be explained in terms of the higher flexibility of side chain bearing the phenyl group. The polyelectrolyte films showed a high chemical heterogeneity and moderate hydrophobicity.     

Characterization of non-linear adsorption properties of dextran-based polyelectrolyte displacers in ion-exchange systems

Experimental studies were carried out on the non-linear adsorption properties of dextran-based polyelectrolytes in anion- and cation-exchange chromatographic systems. By monitoring both the induced salt gradients and sequential breakthrough fronts, parameters were determined for use in a Steric Mass Action (SMA) model of non-linear ion-exchange chromatography. These parameters include: total ion capacity of the columns, characteristic charge, steric factor, equilibrium constant, and maximum adsorptive capacity for each of the polyelectrolytes. In addition the number of functional groups were determined by elemental analysis. The values of the SMA parameters were found to be independent of salt and polyelectrolyte bulk phase compositions. Parameters were also determined for a variety of proteins. Experimental isotherms for the polyelectrolytes and proteins were compared with those simulated by the SMA model. Finally, the implications of polyelectrolyte adsorption properties with respect to their ability to act as efficient displacers in ion-exchange displacement systems are discussed.     

Conformation of preadsorbed polyelectrolyte layers on silica studied by secondary adsorption of colloidal silica

The conformation of cationic polyelectrolytes preadsorbed on macroscopic silica surfaces was studied before and after addition of colloidal silica (CS) and compared to the fixation capacity of CS. The study included two polyelectrolytes of equal charge density, cationic polyacrylamide and cationic dextran. Adsorbed amounts were determined with stagnation point adsorption reflectometry (SPAR) and quartz crystal microgravimetry (QCM). Unsaturated layers of polyelectrolyte were formed in SPAR by stopping the adsorption at a fractional coverage relative to saturation adsorption. These layers were probed by secondary saturation adsorption of colloidal silica (CS). At low salt concentrations a high fractional coverage of polyelectrolyte was required to attain adsorption of CS, while significant adsorption of CS was found also for low fractional coverages of polyelectrolyte at salt concentrations above 10 mM NaCl. Saturation adsorption of cationic polyacrylamide (CPAM) and cationic dextran (Cdextran) onto the silica surface was found to be similar, while the secondary adsorption of CS was significantly higher onto preadsorbed CPAM compared with Cdextran. The QCM and SPAR data together indicated that the adsorbed layer of Cdextran was thinner than CPAM, and that a loose, expanded layer was formed after adsorption of CS on CPAM but not on Cdextran.     

Investigation of polyelectrolyte adsorption by means of a novel concept based upon the use of model surfaces and model polyelectrolytes

A concept to study the influence of molecular parameters in the adsorption of polyelectrolytes is presented. Characteristic for this approach is the use of model surfaces and model polyelectrolytes. The properties of both the surfaces and polyelectrolytes can be varied in a well defined way and over a broad range. First experiments show that the method is able to give structural information about the adsorbed polyelectrolytes. The method is very sensitive, adsorption experiments with polyelectrolyte concentrations in the region of micromoles per litre are possible.     

Adsorption behavior of anionic polyelectrolyte for chemical mechanical polishing (CMP)

In this work, we investigated the adsorption characteristics of anionic polyelectrolytes, which are used in shallow trench isolation chemical mechanical polishing with ceria abrasives. Specifically, the adsorption isotherms and chain conformation of anionic polyelectrolytes were studied in order to elucidate the difference in removal rates of silicon dioxide (SiO2) and silicon nitride (Si3N4) layers and the high selectivity characteristics of ceria slurry. Adsorption isotherms, FT-IR spectroscopy and contact angle measurements revealed that the anionic polyelectrolyte additives had much better adsorption affinities for the Si3N4 surface than for the SiO2 surface. Moreover, blanket wafer polishing results were successfully correlated with the adsorption isotherms of polyelectrolytes on the oxide particle suspensions.     

Layer-to-layer adsorption of oppositely charged polyelectrolytes: The effect of molecular mass: 2. Bilayer systems

The effect of molecular mass on the formation of a bilayer structure upon the layer-to-layer adsorption of a cationic polyelectrolyte (poly(dimethyldiallylammonium chloride), molecular mass M = 500000 and 100000-200000 Da) and an anionic polyelectrolyte sodium (poly(acrylate), M = 30000 and 2100 Da) on the surface of fused quartz is studied by the capillary electrokinetic method. The time required to reach constant adsorption values and the structure of bilayer systems depend on the ratio between molecular masses of the cationic and anionic polyelectrolytes. The deformability of the bilayer system significantly exceeds that of the first layer in the case when the second layer is formed from an anionic polyelectrolyte with a lower molecular mass, thus suggesting the loosening of the first adsorption layer of the cationic polyelectrolyte. The adsorption of the anionic polyelectrolyte with higher molecular mass insignificantly affects the density of the first layer. Variation in the deformability of the layer with time (its aging) depends on the ratio between molecular masses of the polyelectrolytes.