面包酵母在催化不对称合成中的应用

介绍了当前国内外在以面包酵母为催化剂不对称催化合成手性化合物的研究情况,重点介绍了面包酵母催化各类潜手性羰基的不对称还原、潜手性碳一碳双键的不对称加成和碳一碳键形成的反应情况,讨论了各种提高酵母催化不对称合成反应立体选择性的方法,对酵母催化不对称合成有关生物学方面的研究进行了简单的介绍。     

吡唑酮化合物在催化不对称反应中的应用

吡唑-5-酮类化合物在具有生物活性化合物中占有重要地位,该类化合物得到化学家们的广泛关注。吡唑-5-酮及其常见衍生物具有多个反应位点,可参与多种类型的不对称反应(如不对称加成反应、不对称环化反应和其他不对称反应类型)。本文主要从吡唑-5-酮类化合物参与的不对称催化反应类型进行分类,阐述了各类底物参与的反应类型及其主要反应位点,对近年来吡唑酮及其常见衍生物参与的不对称反应研究进展进行总结,并对其未来发展方向进行展望。     

有机金属试剂对羰基化合物不对称催化烷基化反应新进展

有机金属试剂对羰基化合物不对称催化烷基化反应新进展吕士杰，姜茹，傅宏祥（中国科学院兰州化学物理研究所，兰州７３００００）１．前言手性是自然界的一个重要现象，手性化合物在医药、农药、化学及生物功能等众多方面具有很重要的作用。长期以来，得到高对映纯的化合...     

结晶诱导不对称转化在拆分手性化合物中的研究进展

结晶诱导动态拆分(CIDR)是对映异构体(或非对映异构体)的原位外消旋作用和选择性结晶过程的耦合.结晶诱导不对称转化(CIAT)包括了CIDR过程,也包括了结晶诱导分离具有单个或多个非对映异构体中心的异构体、顺反式烯烃的过程.概述了CIAT和CIDR在拆分手性化合物中的研究进展.     

手性催化剂在不对称羰基ene反应中的应用

手性高烯丙基醇类化合物是一类非常重要的有机合成中间体,被广泛应用于药物分子和天然产物的合成中,不对称羰基ene反应是构建此类化合物最有效的方法之一,近年来已经取得了巨大进展。目前,在不对称羰基ene反应中的手性催化剂主要有如Mg、Ca、Sc、Ti、Co、Ni、Cu、Rh、Pd、Pt等金属与手性配体络合形成的配合物,以及一些手性有机小分子,大部分都取得了较好的催化活性与对映选择性。本文就此评述了各类手性催化剂在不对称羰基ene反应中的应用,不对称诱导反应的机理,以及催化剂分子结构及反应条件对催化活性和对映选择性的影响。     

烯丙基二异雪松基硼烷的制备及其与羰基化合物的不对称反应

本文以(-)-α-雪松烯为原料, 制备了烯丙基二异雪松基硼烷(Icd~2B-CH~2CH=CH~2). 该手性硼烷很容易与醛反应生成相应的烯丙基取代的手性仲醇, 光学产率在60%e.e.左右. 与潜手性酮反应的光学产率低于30%e.e..     

面包酵母在不对称合成中的应用

总结了近期面包酵母在不对称合成中的应用进展，着重介绍了面包酵母在还原反应方面的应用。     

烷基偕二硼化合物在有机不对称合成中的应用研究进展

近年来,烷基偕二硼化合物(1,1-diborylalkanes)由于可以作为亲核试剂高效构建C—C键来合成各种有机硼化合物,并能够在温和的条件下进行后续转化,逐渐被开发为一类重要的有机硼试剂.最近研究表明,该试剂在不对称构建C—C键从而合成各类手性有机硼化合物方面也表现出广阔的应用前景.本文综述了近年来发展的烷基偕二硼...     

有机催化靛红亚胺与1,3二羰基化合物的不对称Mannich反应

将Takemoto型(硫)脲及方酰胺衍生物催化剂用于靛红亚胺与1,3-二羰基化合物的不对称Mannich反应,筛选出最佳催化剂体系为:10 mol%催化剂1h,1 mLCHCl₃为溶剂,室温反应,以82～92%的产率和最高达94%的对映选择性获得手性3-氨基-2-吲哚酮化合物。     

氮-氧偶极化合物在不对称催化反应研究中的应用

氮-氧偶极化合物中的氮-氧偶极具有较强的极性, 表现出良好的亲电、亲核性能, 可与许多物质形成分子加成产物, 也可与许多金属离子和可提供空轨道的非金属原子形成配合物和发生配位作用. 近年来已发现, 手性和非手性的氮-氧偶极化合物可用于一些不对称催化反应中, 着重讨论这方面的进展状况.     

Catalytic Asymmetric Hetero-Diels-Alder Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds and Imines

Asymmetric catalysis is a challenge for chemists: How can we design catalysts to achieve the goal of forming optically active compounds? This review provides the reader with an overview of the development of catalytic asymmetric hetero-Diels-Alder reactions of carbonyl compounds and imines. Since its discovery, the Diels-Alder reaction has undergone intensive development and is of fundamental importance for synthetic, physical, and theoretical chemists. The Diels-Alder reaction has been through different stages of development, and at the beginning of the 21st century catalytic Diels-Alder reactions are one of the main areas of focus. The preparation of numerous compounds of importance for our society is based on cycloaddition reactions to carbonyl compounds and imines. There are several parallels between the reactions of carbonyl compounds and those of imines, which, however, begin to vanish on entering the field of catalytic reactions. Why? From a mechanistic point of view some similarities can be drawn, but the synthetic development of catalytic enantioselective hetero-Diels-Alder reactions of imines are several years behind those of the carbonyl compounds. For hetero-Diels-Alder reactions of carbonyl compounds there a number of different chiral catalysts, and great progress has been achieved in developing enantioselective reactions for unactivated and activated carbonyl compounds. In contrast the development of catalytic enantioselective hetero-Diels-Alder reactions of imines is in its infancy and only few catalytic reactions have been published. This review will focus on the most important developments, and discuss the synthetic and mechanistic aspects of enantioselective hetero-Diels-Alder reactions of carbonyl compounds catalyzed by chiral Lewis acids. For the hetero-Diels-Alder reactions of imines, the diastereoselective reactions of optically substrates catalyzed by Lewis acids will be presented first, followed by the catalytic enantioselective reactions.     

Catalytic Asymmetric Direct Mannich Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds with alpha-Imino Esters

No AbstractSupporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.angewandte.com or from the author.     

Substrate Range of the Titanium TADDOLate Catalyzed Asymmetric Fluorination of Activated Carbonyl Compounds

The substrate range of the [TiCl₂(TADDOLate)] (TADDOL=α,α,α′,α′‐tetraaryl‐1,3‐dioxolane‐4,5‐dimethanol)‐catalyzed asymmetric α‐fluorination of activated β‐carbonyl compounds has been investigated. Optimal conditions for catalysis are characterized by using 5 mol‐% of TiCl₂(naphthalen‐1‐yl)‐TADDOLate) as catalyst in a saturated (0.14 mol/l) MeCN solution of F‐TEDA (1‐(chloromethyl)‐4‐fluoro‐1,4‐diazoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bis‐[tetrafluoroborate]) at room temperature. A series of α‐methylated β‐keto esters (3‐oxobutanoates, 3‐oxopentanoates) with bulky benzyl ester groups (60–90% ee) or phenyl ester (67–88% ee) have been fluorinated readily, whereas α‐acyl lactones were also readily fluorinated, but gave lower inductions (13–46% ee). Double stereochemical differentiation in β‐keto esters with chiral ester groups raised the stereoselectivity to a diastereomeric ratio (dr) of up to 96.5 : 3.5. For the first time, β‐keto S‐thioesters were asymmetrically fluorinated (62–91.5% ee) and chlorinated (83% ee). Lower inductions were observed in fluorinations of 1,3‐diketones (up to 40% ee) and β‐keto amides (up to 59% ee). General strategies for preparing activated β‐carbonyl compounds as important model substrates for asymmetric catalytic α‐functionalizations are presented (>60 examples).     

Asymmetric Allylic Alkylation with Deconjugated Carbonyl Compounds: Direct Vinylogous Umpolung Strategy

An atom‐economic and highly efficient vinylogous umpolung strategy is developed for deconjugated carbonyl compounds, which generate electron‐deficient π‐allylpalladium complexes with Pd(OAc)₂ under ligand‐free conditions. In cooperation with a chiral‐phosphonium‐based phase‐transfer catalyst, the asymmetric direct oxidative allylic alkylations of 3‐substituted oxindoles are furnished under O₂ atmosphere. The γ‐ or even remote ?‐regioselective alkylation products, with substantial substituents, are delivered with excellent enantioselectivity, and can be further used to access diverse chiral spirocyclic architectures effectively. The Mukaiyama dienol silyl ether can be utilized similarly, indicating that the current active π‐allylpalladium species results from tautomerization of the Pd^II‐dienolate intermediate.     

Transformation of Aromatic Nitroalkanes into Carbonyl Compounds by the Improved Nef Reaction

An improved two-layer method of the Nef reaction which is effective for the conversion of a variety of aromatic nitroalkanes into carbonyl compounds is described.     

手性金属配合物催化的前手性羰基化合物的不对称硅氢化反应研究进展

评述了近年来手性金属配合物催化的前手性羰基化合物的不对称硅氢化反应研究进展。     

Cinchona‐based Primary Amine Catalysis in the Asymmetric Functionalization of Carbonyl Compounds

Asymmetric aminocatalysis exploits the potential of chiral primary and secondary amines to catalyze asymmetric reactions. It has greatly simplified the functionalization of carbonyl compounds while ensuring high enantioselectivity. Recent advances in cinchona‐based primary amine catalysis have provided new synthetic opportunities and conceptual perspectives for successfully attacking major challenges in carbonyl compound chemistry, which traditional approaches have not been able to address. This Review outlines the historical context for the development of this catalyst class while charting the landmark discoveries and applications that have further expanded the synthetic potential of aminocatalysis.     

简单芳香族醛、酮化合物相转移催化Kishner-Wolff反应

Kishner-wolff反应(简称K-W反应)是1911-1912年发现的,它是还原醛和酮的腙或缩氨脲为烃的著名方法。黄鸣龙、Cram、Grundon等人曾研究过此反应。1979年,我们用冠醚作相转移催化剂实现了相转移催化K-W反应。本文探讨了相转移催化K-W反应的适用范围。研究了八个芳香族醛、酮化合物的还原,其结果列于表1。     

羰基化合物的直接还原氯代反应

在甲基二氯氢硅烷存在下,FeCl3催化羰基化合物(1)的还原氯代反应,合成了氯代烷烃(2)。较适宜的反应条件为:11.00 mmol,甲基二氯氢硅烷1.10 mmol,FeCl30.05 mmol,乙二醇二甲醚20 mL,回流反应3 h~12 h。在该反应条件下,1均可直接转化为2,收率65%~95%。